MiR156 and its Target Gene TBCC in Flower Development of Gossypium harknessii Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Line and its Maintainer

This study aimed to analyze the expression level and relationship between miR156 and its target gene TBCC (Tubulin binding Cofactor C) in buds of Gossypium at different developmental stage in a cytoplasmic male sterile(CMS) line and its maintainer line, to clone the full-length cDNA of the TBCC gene, and to determine the possible role of the TBCC gene in pollen development. Real-time RT-PCR showed that the expression levels of miR156 gradually increased with the development of pollen between the CMS line and the maintainer line. The expression of GhTBCC was strikingly complementary with the expression of miR156 in the maintainer line, but showed very low expression levels in the CMS line, which demonstrated that TBCC is related to male sterility. The full-length cDNA sequence of TBCC was cloned from the buds of the maintainer line, and the gene was named as GhTBCC. The CDS of GhTBCC is 1713 bp and encodes a predicted protein of 570 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 62.79 kDa. Conserved TBCC and CARP domains were observed in the predicted protein sequence. GhTBCC showed 81 %, 80 %, and 77 % sequence similarity to the TBCC protein sequences of Populous trichocarpa, Ricinus communis, and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively.     

甘蓝细胞质雄性不育相关基因orf138的分子特性分析

为了研究甘蓝雄性不育机制,根据萝卜CMS相关基因orf138的序列信息,设计特异引物,并在甘蓝不同类型不育系和保持系中鉴定PCR产物的稳定性。随后利用Tail-PCR技术,扩增获得此基因的侧翼序列并进行了生物信息学分析。结果表明在甘蓝不育型材料中,能够稳定扩增出300 bp左右的单一条带,而在其他细胞质不育类型和可育材料中均未扩出条带,经多次验证结果稳定可靠。甘蓝中orf138的上下游侧翼序列有效碱基1789 bp,通过生物信息学分析,获得包括起始密码和终止密码的orf138的完整序列共417 bp。同源性比对结果显示：与甘蓝型油菜﹑白菜和萝卜的orf138片段具有高度保守性。分析侧翼序列表明甘蓝orf138的3’端是由ORF83、trnfM、ORF125等基因片段构成的一个复杂序列。获得了甘蓝OguCMS特异的分子鉴定标记,明确了orf138在甘蓝线粒体中的位置,以上结果为甘蓝雄性不育的进一步研究奠定良好的基础。     

Detection and characterization of two new CMS systems in faba bean (Vicia faba) *

Wide crosses were made to identify new cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) systems in faba beans, based on the interaction of cytoplasm with restorer and maintainer alleles. A total of 330 F₁ hybrids were produced in both reciprocal forms. Male sterile segregates were observed in one reciprocal version in the F₂ generation of six crosses. Two of these crosses with female parents originating from Afghanistan and Egypt expressed stable male sterility in subsequent backcross generations. Based on the female parents of the two crosses, these two CMS systems were designated CMS 199 and CMS 297. CMS 199 was more stable than CMS 297 during backcross generations and across different environments. Maintainer and restorer lines for both CMS systems were identified. Lower expression of male sterility occurred in CMS 297 in the greenhouse during the winter generations than in isolation cages during the summer generations, which may be utilized to maintain male sterile lines by selfing. Regarding practical applications, the CMS 199 shows great promise for hybrid breeding in faba beans.     

胡萝卜atp8基因的克隆表达及细胞质雄性不育的相关性研究

摘 要：线粒体基因重组而形成的异常开放阅读框的表达导致了植物的细胞质雄性不育现象,在这种现象的研究中具有重要的意义。本研究分离克隆了胡萝卜细胞质雄性不育相关的线粒体基因片段,并利用半定量RT-PCR和Real-time PCR技术研究了该基因在不育系和相应保持系中的表达情况。结果表明,与不育系相比,胡萝卜保持系atp8基因序列在30 bp-170 bp之间核苷酸突变很多,且在154 bp-162 bp发生了缺失。Blast分析发现保持系atp8基因与胡萝卜nad6基因的同源性高达100%。表达分析表明,atp8基因在不育系花蕾的前五个时期表达量都明显低于相应的保持系,而在盛花期的表达量与保持系趋于一致。推测atp8基因的异常表达与胡萝卜细胞质雄性不育有着密切关系。     

洋葱细胞质雄性不育系及保持系小孢子发生的细胞学观察

为揭示洋葱细胞质雄性不育系小孢子的败育时期,利用石蜡切片技术对洋葱细胞质雄性不育系8A及其保持系8B的小孢子发育过程进行观察和比较。结果表明：石蜡切片洋葱细胞质雄性不育系8A和保持系8B造孢组织时期小孢子的生长发育没有明显的差异;洋葱不育系8A花药绒毡层在花粉母细胞时期就与中层完全分离,并逐渐膨大挤压花粉母细胞,最后逐渐降解。其降解后的残余物侵入药室,与小孢子混合粘连在一起,占据药室的一部分空间,并且不能供给小孢子生长发育所需要的营养物质,最终小孢子降解,花药败育。试验明确了洋葱细胞质雄性不育系8A的小孢子败育时期为花粉母细胞时期。因此,在洋葱雄性不育系8A的不育机理研究中,应重点在花粉母细胞时期进行深入研究。     

乙烯与水稻细胞质雄性不育的关系

从幼穗发育的IV到VII期,水稻细胞质雄性不育系(珍汕97A)幼穗和叶片的ACC含量和乙烯释放速率均高于其保持系(珍汕97B)。外施乙烯释放剂乙烯利使保持系花粉可育度明显下降;外施ACC合成酶抑制剂AVG引起两系幼穗ACC含量和乙烯释放速率下降,并使不育系花粉育性得以部分恢复,而在外施AVG的同时再施以乙烯利则AVG的恢复作用消失。     

Development of a cytoplasmic male‐sterile line NJCMS4A for hybrid soybean production

Cytoplasmic male‐sterile (CMS) lines are being used to produce hybrid seeds. Thus far, four CMS sources in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] have been reported in China. However, they are not sufficient or efficient in meeting the requirements of commercial soybean hybrid seed production. In this study, 33 varieties were tested for CMS using 45 crosses among 37 landraces and 17 annual wild soybean accessions (Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc.). The cross of N23661 × N23658 showed partial to complete male sterility in backcross generations, while the corresponding reciprocal cross showed normal male fertility. Thus, the cytoplasm of N23661 is male‐sterile, the continuously backcrossed line is a male‐sterile line (designated NJCMS4A), and N23658 is its maintainer (designated NJCM4B). The male fertility of NJCMS4A was restored by another accession, Nansheng9403. Accordingly, NJCMS4A along with its maintainer and restorer composes a complete set of three lines for producing hybrid soybean. Using mitochondrial markers and sequence analyses, NJCMS4A is a CMS line with its cytoplasm not identical to the four previously reported CMS sources in soybean.     

红麻GMS与CMS小孢子败育过程的细胞学及组织化学比较

以红麻细胞质雄性不育系(GMS)L23A、保持系L23B及从该保持系中发现的细胞核雄性不育系(CMS)L23BS为材料,采用石蜡显微制片技术,在光学显微镜下比较观察了三者花药发育过程中小孢子的发育过程及组织化学变化。结果表明,L23A的花药发育过程中,小孢子发育的不同阶段均出现败育现象,最早的败育表现为花粉母细胞在减数分裂之前的退化解体,最终形成空的花粉囊; 有的因花粉母细胞减数分裂过程异常而导致不能形成小孢子四分体;有的因小孢子在四分体中不能正常释放而败育,同时绒毡层细胞过度液泡化,并提早解体死亡; 花药发育早期含有少量蛋白质和淀粉,随着花药的发育逐渐变少。而L23BS小孢子败育的时期集中于四分体至单核花粉期间,表现为小孢子发育异常,有些小孢子不能从四分体里释放出来而影响其正常发育。在四分体以前与可育系类似,花药含丰富的蛋白质和淀粉。在败育的过程中,花药中的蛋白质和淀粉含量渐渐减少,但药隔组织中的在颗粒淀粉含量几乎不变。     

甘蓝型油菜白花突变体的遗传研究和白花胞质雄性不育系的选育

用白花突变体和白花不育突变体分别选育白花品系G95150和白花胞质不育系7600 A。遗传研究表明,白花对黄花由一对不完全显性基因控制。7600A在农艺性状上与其保持系G95150完全一致：叶色浓绿,植株较矮（163.5 cm）、生育期较长（243天）、抗寒能力较差（冻害率100%,冻害指数33.8）。7600A花色纯白、花瓣皱缩、花药小、低温存在微量花粉。G95150和7600 A的芥酸含量为0.8854 %,硫甙含量70.5461μmol/g。     

烟草细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系的花蕾差异蛋白质分析

为探讨烟草雄性不育的分子遗传机理,对烟草细胞质雄性不育系和保持系进行差异蛋白质组学研究。采用固相pH梯度SDS-PAGE双向电泳,对烟草细胞质雄性不育系MSK326及其保持系K326雄蕊原基分化期、四分体时期及单核时期花蕾蛋白质进行分离,经考马斯亮蓝染色,获得了分辨率和重复性较好的双向电泳图谱。使用PDQuest软件分析蛋白质图谱,利用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间串联质谱分析,然后用Mascot软件对NCBInr数据库搜索。在分子量14.4~97.6 kD、等电点4~7线性范围内,检测到约365个蛋白点,其中7个蛋白质点在保持系中出现, 在不育系中缺失,分别被鉴定为核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶、多酚氧化酶、Patatin homolog蛋白、PSI 9 kD蛋白4类蛋白,推测不育系MSK326雄性不育性可能与营养代谢紊乱、间接抑制雄性器官发育、养分供给不足、免疫能力低和能量转移受到抑制等有关。     

大豆质核互作雄性不育系W 931 A及其保持系不同器官的可溶性蛋白的电泳分析

目的:对大豆质核互作雄性不育系W931 A及其同型保持系W931 B不同器官的蛋白质组进行比较性研究,获得差异蛋白质组的重要信息.方法:采用SDS-PAGE方法.结果:发现不育系W931 A与其保持系W931 B种子和苗期叶片的蛋白质SDS-PAGE电泳图谱基本没有差异带,二胞花粉期花药SDS-PAGE图谱间有3条差异带.结论:雄性不育基因表达具有时空和器官特异性.与育性有关的蛋白主要在花药中表达.     

Breeding a genie and cytoplasmic double-MS line of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

All rapeseed lines with Polima male sterility (MS) that are applied in hybrid cultivars have the problem that their sterility varies with temperature. To overcome this problem, two double-MS lines with genie (GMS) as well as cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) genes were synthesized through seven generations of breeding, based on a systematic study of changes in fertility of the genie and cytoplasmic male sterility lines. The fertility of the new sterility lines was determined by observation of the floral organs and by pollen staining. The results showed that, in the double-MS lines, half the plants maintained the features of the Polima CMS line, while the other half behaved like the GMS line. The GMS genes were correctly expressed in the Pol cytoplasm, but there was little interaction between the GMS and CMS genetic systems.     

红莲型水稻不育系和保持系线粒体基因组BAC文库的构建

以红莲型(HL)细胞质雄性不育系和保持系为材料, 构建了水稻线粒体基因组的BAC文库. 每个文库保存约2300个菌落, 外源插入片段介于9～25 kb之间. 以线粒体基因为探针对文库进行菌落原位杂交验证, 均筛选到了阳性克隆. 构建的两个文库为进一步研究水稻线粒体基因组的结构特点, 为克隆与红莲型水稻细胞质雄性不育相关的线粒体基     

大豆细胞质雄性不育系MADS-box基因的分离分析

采用cDNA-AFLP差异显示技术对大豆细胞质雄性不育系NJCMS2A与其保持系NJCMS2B间基因差异表达进行研究,结果从NJCMS2A花蕾中分离到一个差异表达片段,对该差异片段进行克隆、测序和序列比对分析,Blast检索结果显示它与大豆基因组中Gm13上g29510.1 cDNA片段的同源性达98.7%,与大豆中一个MADS-box基因的同源性达98%,氨基酸序列比对结果表明它与大豆中一个MADS-box蛋白有96%的同源性,与豌豆中MADS-box M7蛋白有83%的同源性,与苦瓜中MADS-box2蛋白有88%的同源性,与海岛棉典型的MADS-box基因编码的AGAMOUS蛋白保守区有83%的同源性,进一步对其氨基酸序列进行结构和功能预测显示该差异片段具有MADS-box转录因子的典型结构域K-box,证明其编码蛋白为一MADS-box转录因子,半定量RT-PCR分析结果显示其在NJCMS2A花蕾中表达量很高,而在NJCMS2B花蕾中表达量很低,推测该差异片段可能与大豆细胞质雄性不育有关。     

甘蓝型油菜细胞核 细胞质雄性不育三系的研究与利用 Ⅳ.隐性细胞核 波里马细胞质雄性不育三系的创建

甘蓝型油菜隐性细胞核雄性不育与波里马细胞质雄性不育可能具有完全不同的不育基因系统;采用有性杂交和连续回交的方法,将甘蓝型油菜隐性细胞核不育基因导入到含有波里马不育细胞质的基因型中,并得到甘蓝型油莱隐性细胞核 波里马细胞质雄性不育系RGCMS—S45A和RGCMS—117A及其相应的保持系S45B和117B;采用测交方法,从隐性细胞核雄性不育系中筛选出甘蓝型油菜隐性细胞核 波里马细胞质雄性不育保持系9个;波里马细胞质雄性不育的恢复系均是隐性细胞核 波里马细胞质雄性不育的恢复系。     

大葱雄性不育分子标记辅助选择的研究

大葱雄性不育在杂种优势利用中具有重要价值,传统方法选育不育系效率低,分子标记辅助育种可提高育种效率。本研究试图建立大葱雄性不育辅助育种的技术体系,加快大葱不育系、保持系的育种进程。利用RAPD技术分析了多态性片段S132800、S38960、S72300、S731100、S2002400与大葱育性的连锁关系,重组率分别为0、7．5％、0、4．2％、0。其中S132800、S2002400能在多数品种中区分N、S胞质,且重组率接近0,用于胞质鉴定具有很高的准确率,因而具有较高的利用价值。以S132800、S2002400为探针对不育系和保持系mtDNA的酶切片段进行了Southern杂交分析,结果表明它们在N、S胞质中存在多态性。预示着它们可能是与大葱CMS相关的片段。鉴于RAPD标记的应用有一定局限性,进一步对特异片段S132800、S2002400进行了克隆、测序和SCAR标记转化,其中S132800成功转化为SCAR标记,而S2002400转化后多态性消失。为进一步降低成本,简化了SCAR扩增产物的检测技术,初步建立了大葱不育系、保持系分子标记辅助选择的技术体系。研究表明,SCAR产物加入EB直接检测存在一定误差,而通过快速电泳可以快速、准确地鉴定单株的胞质类型。RAPD标记和SCAR标记在育种中应用有望提高大葱不育系、保持系的育种效率。     

向日葵细胞质雄性不育性的机制与利用

向日葵杂种生产采用三系配套系统完成。因此,向日葵细胞质雄性不育性的研究备受关注。其中研究较为清楚的是PET1细胞质,其不育机理是线粒体DNA重组形成嵌合基因,编码新的多肽,导致小孢子的败育。然而,这些基因如何影响小孢子发育的生理机制仍不清楚,有待进一步深入研究。丰富多样的向日葵CMS会大大降低因遗传单一性给大规模生产带来的风险;未发现恢复系的CMS可以用于无花粉观赏向日葵杂交种的生产。     

Identification and characterization of important sterile and maintainer lines from various genotypes for advanced breeding programmes of onion (Allium cepa)

Onion is one of the major vegetable crops in terms of production as well as consumption. In the current research, available onion genetic stock was evaluated to identify male-sterile lines and produce high-yielding F₁ hybrids for future breeding programmes. A mitochondrial DNA-based marker was mapped and correlated with phenotypic traits to isolate male-sterile plants. Based on the floral and pollen structure, nine putative male-sterile lines were identified. On the other hand, for nuclear marker identification at Ms locus, two sets of primers were used, one for Ms dominant allele and another for sterile and maintainer plants. Results revealed that 70% of open pollinated varieties (OPVs) possess plants with sterile cytoplasm coupled with genetic sterility at Ms locus, called sterile “A” line. Approximately 20% of plants in some genotypes were identified with normal (N) cytoplasm having recessive fertility gene at Ms locus, called maintainer “B” line. Based on the present findings, “A”, “B” and “R” (restorer line), future F₁ hybrid seed production systems in onion is discussed.     

Modified complementation test of male sterility mutants in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): preliminary study to convert male sterility system from GMS to CMS

The male sterility system in hybrid seed production can eliminate the cost of emasculation and ensure seed hybridity through avoidance of self pollination. GMS and CMS are two types of male sterility system that currently employed in pepper breeding. Conversion from GMS to CMS will increase the male sterility proportion of female parent from 50 to 100%. In this study, segregation analysis of four male sterile mutants consisting of one CMS mutant (CA1) and three GMS mutants (GA1, GA3 and GA4) showed that each had single recessive gene inheritance. A modified complementation test was performed by replacing male sterile mutants with their maintainer line as male parent. The nuclear restorer gene for CMS was independent of all nuclear restorer genes for GMS and all nuclear restorer genes for GMS were independent each other. Further observation on CMS and GMS male sterility loci revealed that GA1 and GA3 had mutated in both nuclear restorer genes for CMS and GMS, while CA1 and GA4 each carried mutation in single male sterility system of nuclear restorer gene for CMS and GMS, respectively. Conversion from GMS to CMS in the case of lines carried mutations in both sterility systems required only S-type cytoplasm donor, while lines carried mutation in single nuclear restorer gene for GMS required not only S-type cytoplasm but also rf allele donors. The important finding is the broader function of maintainer line in certain male sterility system that can be used as a maintainer or restorer line for other male sterility systems. We also confirmed that line CC1 is the general restorer for both CMS and GMS systems.     

棉花细胞质雄性不育育性恢复基因的定位及分子标记辅助育种研究进展

棉花细胞质雄性不育系统在实现棉花杂交种子大规模生产和培育高产、优质、抗逆等棉花新品种中具有重要的应用价值,而恢复系的好坏对细胞质雄性不育系杂交种的选育的利用起着举足轻重的作用。因此,培育优良恢复系至关重要。主要介绍了棉花细胞质雄性不育系、恢复系的类型,综述了棉花细胞质雄性不育育性恢复基因的遗传方式和遗传定位研究进展,讨论了恢复基因的精细定位和分子标记鉴定在分子标记辅助育种中的意义和应用前景,并针对目前存在的问题提出相应对策。