调控小麦苗期性状的QTL定位

苗期地上部和根系的繁茂性对于小麦生长后期有重要影响,对调控小麦苗期性状的QTL进行定位,能进一步发掘调控小麦苗期性状的基因位点,有利于分子标记辅助选择育种.本试验以一套重组自交系群体为材料,检测了调控小麦苗期性状的QTL位点.共检测到调控4个性状的14个QTL位点,包括4个主效QTLs和10个微效QTLs,分布在3A、3B、4A、4B、5D、6A和6B共7条染色体上,贡献率在5.8％ ～ 18.4％之间.这些位点的发掘,有助于增进对小麦苗期性状的遗传基础的认识,并在小麦育种上具有潜在的应用价值.     

基于两个陆地棉低世代群体定位纤维品质相关QTL

【目的】定位棉花纤维品质性状相关的数量性状位点(Quantitative trait locus,QTL)。【方法】以陆地棉高强纤维品系中棉所679和纤维品质一般的农垦5号为亲本构建包含200个单株的F2群体及对应的F2:3家系群体,对2个群体的纤维长度、断裂比强度等5个纤维品质性状进行检测。用6 688对简单重复序列(Simple sequence repeat, SSR)引物在双亲间筛选,得到149对多态性引物,以F2为作图群体,使用QTL IciMapping软件进行连锁图谱构建,并对F2及F2:3群体进行QTL定位。【结果】根据F2群体基因型信息构建了1张包含119个标记、28个连锁群、总长为1 173.5 cM(centiMorgan)的遗传连锁图谱。分别在F_2、F2:3群体中检测到9个和11个与纤维品质性状相关的QTLs,这些QTLs分布在11个连锁群上。其中F2群体的qFL-D11-1、q BT-D11-1与F2:3群体的qFL-D11-1、q MIC-D11-1均定位在标记DPL0062与HAU0423之间,推测这些位点可能是控制纤维品质性状的重要QTL。【结论】利用多个群体进行QTL定位有益于发现稳定的QTL位点,控制纤维品质性状的基因可能成簇存在,为挖掘纤维品质性状相关基因及分子标记辅助育种奠定基础。     

基于两个陆地棉低世代群体定位纤维品质相关QTL

【目的】定位棉花纤维品质性状相关的数量性状位点(Quantitative trait locus,QTL)。【方法】以陆地棉高强纤维品系中棉所679和纤维品质一般的农垦5号为亲本构建包含200个单株的F2群体及对应的F2:3家系群体,对2个群体的纤维长度、断裂比强度等5个纤维品质性状进行检测。用6 688对简单重复序列(Simple sequence repeat, SSR)引物在双亲间筛选,得到149对多态性引物,以F2为作图群体,使用QTL IciMapping软件进行连锁图谱构建,并对F2及F2:3群体进行QTL定位。【结果】根据F2群体基因型信息构建了1张包含119个标记、28个连锁群、总长为1 173.5 cM(centiMorgan)的遗传连锁图谱。分别在F_2、F2:3群体中检测到9个和11个与纤维品质性状相关的QTLs,这些QTLs分布在11个连锁群上。其中F2群体的qFL-D11-1、q BT-D11-1与F2:3群体的qFL-D11-1、q MIC-D11-1均定位在标记DPL0062与HAU0423之间,推测这些位点可能是控制纤维品质性状的重要QTL。【结论】利用多个群体进行QTL定位有益于发现稳定的QTL位点,控制纤维品质性状的基因可能成簇存在,为挖掘纤维品质性状相关基因及分子标记辅助育种奠定基础。     

水稻特异粗茎相关性状QTL的初步定位分析

本研究以新颖的极端粗茎水稻材料R404及细茎品种日本晴为亲本杂交构建的F2分离群体(152个单株)为作图群体,对控制水稻茎秆粗、茎壁厚以及穗颈粗3个茎粗度相关性状的QTL进行定位分析。通过QTL Ici Mapping分子标记作图软件分析,在水稻3、8、11以及12号染色体上分别检测到7个QTLs,其中茎粗和穗颈粗的2个QTL q SDM8.1和qRDM8.1可能为同一基因位点调控,茎粗和茎壁厚的2个QTL qSDM3.1及q SWT3.1也定位在相近的位置,这2个染色体位置可能存在控制茎粗的一因多效的基因。qSWT3.1(15.39%)、qRDM3.1(44.66%)和q SDM8.1(19.16%)在其所控制的相应性状(茎粗,茎壁厚和穗颈部粗)中的贡献率是最大,是主效QTL。除了定位于3号染色体的QTLs外,其他与粗茎性状相关的QTLs均为新发现的QTLs。本研究结果为粗茎QTL的进一步精细定位奠定了基础,也为粗茎QTL应用于水稻抗倒伏品种的培育及种质创新提供重要的基因来源,对保障国家粮食安全具有重要的意义。     

栽培种花生遗传图谱的构建及主茎高和总分枝数QTL分析

栽培种花生是异源四倍体,基因组大,构建花生的分子遗传连锁图谱并对相关性状进行QTL定位研究的工作缓慢。本研究以遗传差异大的亲本组配杂交组合富川大花生×ICG6375构建F2作图群体,采用公开发表的2653对SSR引物,构建了一张含有234个SSR标记、分布于20个连锁群的栽培种花生遗传图谱。该图谱覆盖基因组的长度为1683.43c M,各个连锁群长度在36.11~131.48 c M之间,每个连锁群的标记数在6~15个之间,标记间的平均距离为7.19 c M。结合F3在湖北武汉和阳逻环境下的主茎高和总分枝数鉴定结果,应用Win QTLCart 2.5软件采用复合区间作图法进行了QTL定位和遗传效应分析。共检测到17个与主茎高和总分枝数相关的QTL位点,贡献率在0.10%~10.22%之间,分布于8个连锁群上。综合分析武汉和阳逻环境的鉴定结果,获得重复一致的与主茎高相关的6个QTL,其中q MHA061.1和q MHA062.1位于连锁群LG06上TC1A2~AHGS0153标记区间,贡献率为5.49%~8.95%;q MHA061.2和q MHA062.2位于LG06上AHGS1375~PM377标记区间,贡献率为2.93%~5.83%;q MHA092.2和q MHA091.1位于连锁群LG09上GM2839~EM87标记区间,贡献率为0.53%~9.43%。     

玉米叶型相关性状QTL定位及上位性效应分析

为了研究玉米叶型性状的QTL以及它们的上位性效应,本研究以豫82为母本、豫87-1为父本发展而成的一套重组自交系群体为材料,通过一年3点的表型鉴定,利用遍布玉米全基因组的SNP标记,对玉米叶向值、叶夹角、叶长、叶高点长和叶宽5个性状进行QTL定位及上位性效应分析。定位结果表明,5个性状共定位到24个QTL,贡献率6.89%~13.43%,所有主效QTL均与环境没有显著的互作效应。其中,q LA1-1、q LA8-1、q Lf2-1、q Lf5-1、q LOV3-1、q LL2-1、q LL4-1、q LW1-1和q LW3-1的贡献率均在10%以上,说明这些位点对叶型的影响较为重要。上位性效应分析结果表明,共检测有15对上位性互作位点表现出显著性,并且所有的互作位点对都发生在不同染色体之间;多数互作位点对,均发生在未显著性效应的位点之间;所有的上位性互作位点对间的互作效应与环境也无显著的互作效应,这表明叶型相关性状的加性效应和上位性效应,均不受地点间环境条件的影响。本研究为进一步图位克隆相关关键基因及分子标记辅助育种改良玉米株型提供了重要的参考价值。     

栽培种花生荚果大小相关性状QTL定位

以远杂9102为母本,徐州68-4为父本杂交衍生的F5和F6共188个家系,构建了一张包含365个标记,总长度713.07 c M,标记间平均距离1.96 c M的栽培种花生遗传图谱。图谱包含22个连锁群,各连锁群平均长度12.37~81.39 c M,连锁群上标记数量3~46个。结合2013和2014年采集的荚果表型数据,采用Win QTLcart 2.5软件的复合区间作图法(composite interval mapping,CIM)进行QTL定位和效应估计。2个环境下共检测到41个QTL,其中与荚果长、宽、厚和百果重相关的QTL分别为13、7、13和8个,表型变异解释率为3.14%~18.27%。有6个QTL在2种环境下被重复检测到,其中百果重相关的2个(q HPWLG13.1、q HPWLG14.1),分布在LG13和LG14连锁群,遗传贡献率为6.95%~14.60%;与荚果长相关的3个(q LPLG2.2、q LPLG13.1、q LPLG14.1),分布在LG2、LG13和LG14连锁群,遗传贡献率为3.14%~18.27%;与荚果厚相关的1个(q TPLG3.4),分布在LG3连锁群,遗传贡献率为8.24%~9.24%。本研究涉及性状存在9个QTL热点区,每个热点区涉及2~3个性状,表型贡献率为3.57%~18.27%。     

水稻抽穗期QTL的遗传定位和效应验证

水稻抽穗期是一个重要的农艺性状,与产量密切相关。为了探索抽穗期的遗传基础,本研究利用中国香稻和川香29B构建的重组自交系(recombinant inbred lines,RIL)群体,对控制水稻抽穗期的数量性状位点(quantitative trait loci,QTL)进行定位分析。结果显示:2010年和2011年两年共检测到q Hd1a、q Hd1b、q Hd4、q Hd6a、q Hd6b、q Hd6c、q Hd7、q Hd8a、q Hd8b等9个控制抽穗期的QTL,分别位于第1、第4、第6、第7和第8染色体上,贡献率在3.31%~29.64%之间。其中,q Hd1a、q Hd6b、q Hd6c、q Hd7、q Hd8b在两年中均被重复检测到。位于第1染色体上RM3746~RM259区间内的q Hd1a是一个尚未克隆的QTL位点,贡献率为8.21%。针对q Hd1a,本研究采用分子标记辅助选择的方法,构建其近等基因系(near isogenic lines,NIL)群体BC3F2并进行遗传效应分析。与携带纯合川香29B来源的q Hd1a位点的NIL(q Hd1a CX29B)相比,携带纯合中国香稻来源的q Hd1a位点的NIL(q Hd1a ZX)的抽穗期长7 d,差异达到极显著水平。本研究可望为水稻育种的生育期选择提供基础性数据。     

不同基因型燕麦萌发期耐盐碱性分析及其鉴定指标的筛选

为探究不同燕麦品种萌发期的盐碱胁迫耐性,筛选适宜于松嫩平原种植的燕麦品种,用NaHCO₃胁迫模拟松嫩平原盐碱环境,对49份来自国内外不同地区的主栽燕麦品种进行了研究。试验测定了150mmol/LNaHCO₃胁迫下燕麦种子的发芽率（GR）、发芽势（GP）、发芽指数（GI）、活力指数（VI）、胚根鲜重（RFW）、胚芽鲜重（GFW）、胚根干重（RDW）、胚芽干重（GDW）、胚根长（RL）和胚芽长（GL）10个生长指标,运用不同方法对其进行数据分析,进而评定不同燕麦品种的耐盐碱等级。结果表明：通过对各生长指标的耐盐碱系数进行主分量分析,得到GP、RFW、RL相互独立的3个综合指标,涵盖了全部数据92.182%的信息量;通过隶属函数分析和聚类分析将49份燕麦品种分为4类,其中蒙燕1号、SX3、晋燕9号为高度耐盐碱品种,T6、T13等5个品种为耐盐碱品种,坝莜12号、SX2等29个品种为中度耐盐碱品种,HLJ 1、白燕7号等12个品种为盐碱敏感品种;由逐步回归分析方法得到最优回归方程D=-0.09+0.447GP+1.018RFW+0.366RL（R ²=1.000）,可为快速筛选耐盐碱燕麦品种提供科学依据。     

利用C×E群体定位雾培马铃薯块茎建成相关性状QTL

本研究以二倍体马铃薯C为母本,E为父本的杂交F1群体共90个株系,构建了一张包含12个连锁群和78个SSR标记,总长度1 141.99 c M,标记间平均距离14.64 c M的遗传图谱。结合2015年和2016年鉴定的与块茎建成相关性状表型数据,采用QTL Ici Mapping V4.1软件的完备区间作图法(ICIM)进行QTL定位和效应估计。共检测14个与株高、根长、匍匐茎长、匍匐茎数、微型薯数相关QTL。表型变异解释率为3.05%~19.19%。有5个QTL在2个环境中被重复检测到,其中在5号染色体上有2个(q TN5-1,q TN5-2)与微型薯相关的QTL,遗传贡献率为9.64%和9.67%。在9号染色上有3个(q SL9-1,q SL9-2,q SL9-3)与匍匐茎长相关的QTL,遗传贡献率为3.05%~14.17%。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

Inheritance of fruit colour in a wild Russian red raspberry seedling

Summary A new gene, i, from a self-incompatible wild Russian Rubus idaeus seedling is described. The gene i interacts with the fruit colour gene T, Tii plants having apricot instead of red fruits, and spines, leaves and stems pigmented to varying degrees. A deficit of apricot-fruited seedlings in progenies segregating for i could be explained by linkage between i and the self-incompatibility S locus with a crossover value of approximately 26.7%.Segregations for spine colour in crosses and backcrosses of the Russian seedling with two green-spined (ttII) raspberries selected for their yellow fruit colour, showed that both the latter carried the spine colour intensifier gene P. This suggests that earlier authors were incorrect in attributing the apricot fruit colour developed by some tt plants to a pleiotropic effect of P.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.