不同生态条件下籼粳稻杂交后代亚种特性的比较研究

以中优早8号×丰锦F₆重组自交系群体为试材,在辽宁和四川两个不同的生态区种植,研究亚种特性变化的结果表明,两个地区都呈偏粳分布。不同生态条件下亚种特征性状发生了明显变化,总体上四川表现比辽宁更加偏粳,进一步分析显示籼及偏籼型四川比辽宁表现更加偏籼,而粳及偏粳型更加偏粳。生态条件对程氏指数6性状的影响因性状而异,1~2穗节长、叶毛四川比辽宁偏粳,籽粒长宽比、抽穗时壳色四川比辽宁偏籼。生态条件对程氏指数6性状间和程氏指数与维管束性状间的相关性也有显著影响。籼粳稻杂交后代的维管束性状在不同生态条件下有显著变化,四川穗颈大维管束数比辽宁明显减少,而穗颈小维管束数和第二节间小维管束数明显增加,大小维管束比降低,大维管束比增加。总体上虽然有大小维管束比籼型>粳型,大维管束比籼型<粳型的趋势,但是大小维管束比和大维管束比不能作为籼粳稻分类的指标,籼粳稻杂交后代亚种特性与维管束性状已经重新组合。     

水稻亚种间杂种F_1的籼粳属性鉴定

采用程氏指数法对用4个籼稻和3个粳稻按完全双列杂交设计配制24个籼粳杂交组合的F_1进行籼粳属性鉴定,结果表明,所有水稻亚种间杂种F_1都表现偏籼和偏粳,并且偏籼多于偏粳,但没有一个完全表现为粳型和籼型的。母本的亚种类型对杂种F_1的籼粳属性有一定影响,也就是说,用籼稻母本容易获得(偏)籼型亚种间杂交水稻,反之亦然。该文还对用作鉴定籼粳属性的6个鉴别性状在亚种间杂种F_1表现进行探讨。     

水稻籼粳交后代亚种特性的变化及其与维管束性状的关系

以七山占／秋光重组自交系群体为试材,研究亚种特性的变化及其与维管束性状的关系。结果表明,籼粳交后代亚种特征性状、维管束性状都呈现连续变异,表现数量性状的遗传特点。籼粳交后代程氏指数与大小维管束比,大维管束比的相关达到极显著。依程氏指数法与维管束数目比法对籼粳交后代亚种分类的符合度不高。     

籼粳稻杂交育成品种的亚种特征性状及其与经济性状的关系

采用程氏指数法研究的结果表明:95个籼粳杂交育成水稻品种均划入粳型或偏粳型；6项亚种特征性状中穗壳色、酚反应、稃毛、叶毛及籽粒长宽比全部或大多表现典型粳型特性，少量为中间型或偏向籼型，穗节长表现中间类型最多，极少数为籼型和粳型；籼粳杂交F1和育成品种的程氏指数和亚种特征性状与经济性状关系不密切，而F2的相关     

亲本籼粳成分与两系杂交粳稻杂种优势的关系及遗传基础

以籼粳重组自交系(秋光×七山占,RILs)和粳型光温敏核不育系(GB028S)及其杂交F₁为材料,利用程氏指数法和分子标记法分析亲本的籼粳成分与杂种优势的关系及遗传基础。结果表明,采用程氏指数法和分子标记法在群体籼粳分类的结果上比较一致;RILs偏粳系数与F₁产量及其杂种优势均呈显著或极显著的二次曲线关系;F₁产量在偏粳系数0.55~0.70区间内出现高峰值,杂种优势在偏粳系数0.50~0.65区间内出现高峰值,即RILs偏粳系数为0.55~0.65时F₁有形成较高产量及杂种优势的潜力。Chr.8、Chr.11和Chr.12的籼粳成分与F₁产量及杂种优势关系密切,双亲的遗传距离与F₁产量和相关性状及杂种优势没有明显的关系。     

水稻粳型亲籼系的分子标记辅助育种

分子标记辅助聚合育种是累加有利基因的有效手段。培育粳型亲籼系是有效克服水稻籼粳亚种间杂种不育性，从而利用水稻亚种间杂种优势的重要途径之一。本研究利用以PCR为基础的分子标记进行辅助选择，对不同粳型亲籼系中不同分化度的特异亲和基因进行了聚合，并将4个抗白叶枯病基因和来源于IR24的两个恢复基因导入粳型亲籼系中。主要结果如下：1、以粳型亲籼系G2417-2-1和粳型广亲和系G2605为亲本构建分离群体，利用本研究筛选的与S-b，S-c,S-d三个F1花粉不育基因座位紧密连锁的PCR标记进行辅助选择。在F2共选择到特异亲籼聚合植株6株，它们分别是58号，93号，94号，115号，139号，200号；广亲和聚合植株4株，它们分别是11号，14号，121号，177号。2、对当选聚合系的亲籼性和亲粳性综合分析表明：各个特异亲籼聚合系的亲粳性之间及各个广亲和聚合系的亲籼性之间都有显著差异。特异亲籼聚合系的平均亲籼性和平均亲粳性与亲本G2417-2-1相比都没有显著差异。广亲和聚合系的平均亲籼性高于亲本G2605，平均亲粳性显著低于亲本G2605。这些聚合系的亲和性与其MAS基因型相一致。3、利用四类粳型亲籼系与携带有2个恢复基因和4个抗白叶枯病基因的品系构建回交群体，应用本研究筛选的以PCR为基础的分子标记进行辅助选择。在BC1F1共选择到2个恢复基因和4个抗白叶枯病基因全杂合的植株19个，其中以IC31为受体的5株，以IC32为受体的11株，以IC33为受体的2株，以IC34为受体的1株。4、当选的19个单株自交繁殖BC1F2，利用与目标基因紧密连锁的单一分子标记进行MAS。共选择到各类可供进一步利用的材料393株，其中携带有两个纯合恢复基因的植株158株，同时携带有两个纯合恢复基因和两个纯合显性抗白叶枯病基因的植株40株。5、从上述158个植株中选出两个显性抗性基因均纯合或者任意三个抗性基因均纯合的植株共45株，通过标记加密进一步验证其基因型。结果表明，在Rf3，Rf4，Xa4，Xa21，xa5和xa13等六个基因座位上均带有纯合基因型的植株有3株。本研究通过粳型亲籼系不同分化度的特异亲和基因的聚合获得了新粳型亲籼系；通过聚合恢复基因和抗白叶枯病基因到粳型亲籼系中，使粳型亲籼系不仅能解决亚种间杂种不育性，用于两系杂交稻育种，而且由于具有抗白叶枯病基因，可以改善其对白叶枯病的抗性；由于有恢复基因而具有恢复能力，从而可以实现籼粳亚种间的三系配套。     

籼粳中间型水稻光温敏核不育系浙科82S的选育

籼粳亚种间杂种优势利用是杂交水稻育种的重要研究方向,而选育利于实现籼粳亚种间优势利用的亲本材料是发挥籼粳亚种间杂种优势遗传潜力的重要材料基础。浙科82S是以粳型光温敏核不育系7001S为核不基因供体,以自育的籼粳中间型育种材料GS2066为父本,杂交选育的籼粳中间偏粳型光温敏核不育系。对浙科82S的育性、开花习性、自交和异交特性及配组优势等研究表明,浙科82S不育起点温度低,花时较早且集中,较高的异交率,且株型理想和具弱广亲和性,配组杂一代在穗粒数上具有较强的竞争优势,是籼粳亚种间优势利用的重要两系不育系。2015年通过浙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

利用籼粳交探讨水稻株高和抽穗期的遗传基础

广亲和基因的发现,克服了籼粳交杂种不育的矛盾,但杂种后代株高过高、抽穗期延迟等问题仍然限制着籼粳亚种间杂种优势的利用。本试验利用一个籼粳交(珍汕97/武育粳2号)双单倍体群体(doublehaploidpopulation,DH系)及其分别与两亲本回交构建的两个回交群体,考查了株高和抽穗期的遗传,将三个群体的表型值和两个回交群体的中亲优势值进行了数量性状位点(quantitativetraitlocus,QTL)检测及效应分析,并对结果进行了比较。2个性状在3个相关群体中一共检测到了21个主效QTL和10个上位性QTL,主效QTL的数目和贡献率都比上位性QTL大,而且,在10个上位性QTL中,发生在2个主效QTL间的互作有3个,主效QTL与背景位点间的互作有6个,2个互补位点间的互作仅有1个,进一步说明了主效QTL在株高和抽穗期遗传中的重要作用。比较加性和非加性QTL的作用,发现加性效应、显性效应和上位性效应是籼粳亚种间杂种株高和生育期变化的共同遗传基础。     

水稻籼粳亚种间杂种不育性的研究进展

克服杂种不育性是利用籼粳亚种间杂种优势的关键。由此对水稻亚种间杂种不育性的原因、细胞学基础及两种主要基因遗传模式进行了总结,并详细综述了利用“亲和基因”克服籼粳杂种不育性的两种有代表性的学说-广亲和基因和特异亲和基因分子定位的最新研究进展,并提出了两“亲和基因”共同利用的初步设想:将聚合了Si等位基因的粳型亲籼系与聚合了不同广亲和基因(中性亲和基因的广亲和力强、亲和谱广泛的粳型品种进行杂交和回交,选育出聚合不同广亲和基因和Si等位基因的粳型亲籼系,再与籼稻品种杂交,真正实现直接利用籼粳亚种间杂种优势。     

利用SNP标记进行水稻品种籼粳鉴定

亚洲栽培稻(Oryza sativa L.)分为籼、粳2个亚种,随着杂交水稻的发展、种间杂种优势的利用,籼粳之间的界限变得越来越模糊。本研究利用3000份水稻种质资源信息,通过计算约2000万个单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)位点的SNP-index值,进行籼粳特异SNP位点筛选,最终得到4084个籼粳特异SNP位点(4k-SNP);同时确定以籼粳指数作为水稻品种籼粳鉴定的指标。研究进一步采用大规模简单随机取样等统计分析方法对籼粳特异位点进行数据降维处理,将4k-SNP精简至40个SNP位点(40-SNP),用于水稻籼粳鉴定。为了验证40-SNP的籼粳鉴定效果,本研究一方面利用水稻生产上推广的82份选育品种,对40-SNP籼粳鉴定结果与4k-SNP鉴定结果进行比较,结果发现40-SNP与4k-SNP得出的粳型指数非常接近,相关系数为0.99;另一方面利用全球6类型(indica、aus、rayada、aromatic、tropicaljaponica、temperatejaponica)水稻品种共49份材料,对40-SNP籼粳鉴定...     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.