抗马铃薯Y病毒的烟草种质资源抗性分析

为了解我国烟草种质资源对马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y,PVY)的抗性状况,为烟草抗病育种的亲本选择提供信息,本研究通过苗期PVY汁液摩擦接种,从500多份烟草种质资源中筛选出假川烟等15份抗PVY资源。与va位点缺失的抗PVY品种NC55杂交F1的PVY抗性鉴定结果表明,假川烟、Havana K-2-24的PVY抗性与NC55的va位点等位。e IF4E-1基因特异分子标记检测表明,假川烟、Havana K-2-24、Yellow speicial和C151的PVY抗性与e IF4E-1基因缺失有关。本研究鉴定的抗PVY烟草种质资源,可为种质资源的育种利用提供参考。     

抗主要病害烟草种质资源的筛选

为了筛选出抗主要病害的烟草种质资源推荐给育种者应用于选育抗病新品种,从云南烟草种质库中分别选择了56个、26个和146个烟草种质资源,采用人工接种的方法开展黑胫病、南方根结线虫病和TMV的抗性鉴定.结果表明,共有17个种质抗黑胫病,如筑波1号、津引1号、落地黄、Coker Tobacco、安选79-1、OX414、H80A432和革新3号等;有11个中抗黑胫病,如巴引1号、Carifoniavalle、8022、MC 101、Islangold、金星6007;13个中感黑胫病,15个感黑胫病.NC95、台烟7号、Carifoniavalle、筑波1号、巴引1号、巴引2号、小白筋和MC101等8个品种抗南方根结线虫病,16个品种中抗南方根结线虫病.抗、中抗、中感和感TMV的品种分别为38、45、52和11个,所占的百分比分别为26.03%、30.82%、35.62%和7.53%.所有筛选出的抗病品种都推荐给育种家选择用于选育新品种.     

烟杈上TMV发病情况与抗病性鉴定结果比较分析

119份烟草种质资源后期的烟杈TMV发病情况调查结果与TMV抗性鉴定结果比较看出,烟杈TMV发病情况与抗病性鉴定结果有一定的规律性。从某种意义上来说,烟杈TMV的病株率和病指可作为某种质对TMV抗性水平的参考值,在没有条件开展TMV人工接种鉴定的情况下,烟杈TMV发病情况基本能正确反映种质对TMV的抗性水平。该法可用于抗TMV烟草种质资源的初步筛选。     

烟草种质资源黑胫病抗性鉴定及亲缘关系SSR分析

黑胫病是烟草大田生产的主要病害之一。烟草种质资源抗病性的筛选、鉴定和亲缘关系分析是抗病育种的基础。利用黑胫病1号生理小种对49份种质资源进行了抗病性鉴定,并利用SSR分子标记进行了遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析。结果表明:24份材料表现为抗黑胫病,其中大叶永烟、G80、E9、MS212-8的抗性比较好;7份材料表现为中抗黑胫病;中感黑胫病和高感黑胫病材料共6份;12份材料表现为感黑胫病。49份烟草种质资源的平均有效等位基因数为3.06(1.31),平均Shannon’s信息指数为1.18(0.36)。23对SSR引物在遗传相似系数为0.66时将49份材料分为4个类群,第Ⅰ类群为抗病材料K326;第Ⅱ类群包括6份材料;第Ⅲ类群为4份感病材料;第Ⅳ类群包括38份材料。抗病材料主要集中在第Ⅳ类群,其遗传背景狭窄。     

高抗烟草花叶病毒的烟草种质资源筛选

为了解我国烟草种质资源对烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)的抗性状况,为烟草抗病育种的亲本选择提供信息,本试验通过苗期TMV汁液摩擦接种,对1 191份烟草种质资源进行了TMV抗性鉴定.筛选出的对TMV表现为枯斑反应的高抗资源有:白肋烟40份、国内烤烟20份、国外烤烟28份、晒烟1份,合计89份.接种后21 d表现为花叶的资源有:白肋烟29份、国内烤烟430份、国外烤烟270份、国内晒烟352份、国外晒烟(雪茄烟)21份,合计1 102份.枯斑资源的比例白肋烟＞烤烟＞晒烟.云南省烟草农业科学研究院2006年保存白肋烟、烤烟和晒烟资源合计1 652份,本试验较系统的鉴定了72％种质资源的TMV抗性状况,可为种质资源的育种利用提供参考.     

“一种鉴定烟草PVY抗性的分子标记”发明专利获公开

<正>国家知识产权局近日公开一件由云南省烟草农业科学研究院申请的发明专利:一种鉴定烟草PVY抗性的分子标记。该发明属于分子生物学领域,是一种鉴定烟草PVY抗性的分子标记。该发明涉及扩增该分子标记的引物、该分子标记和引物在烟草抗病资源筛选和抗病育种辅助选择中的用途。该发明的分子标记将基因组DNA序列与烟草PVY抗性基因联系起来,有利于烟草分子标记育种辅助选择体系的建     

26份玉米材料灰斑病抗性鉴定及分子标记检测

为了解不同来源玉米自交系灰斑病抗性位点分布,探索利用分子标记筛选玉米灰斑病抗性种质,本研究以26份玉米骨干自交系为材料,按照国家标准(NY/T 1248.11-2016)进行人工接种鉴定,选用6个与抗灰斑病主效QTL(或基因)紧密连锁的分子标记进行分子检测.结果表明,经接种鉴定,抗性级别表现为中抗及以上的有15份,其中...     

烟草PVY抗性的遗传分析与分子标记筛选

本文以抗马铃薯Y病毒(简称PVY)的烟草品种RY5,感病品种Coker176为亲本,构建F1、正反交F2和正反交BC1群体,苗期摩擦接种PVY的抗性遗传分析结果表明,接种后第21d群体PVY抗性数据符合孟德尔单基因隐性质量性状的遗传模型。接种后第28d群体PVY抗性数据偏离孟德尔单基因隐性质量性状的遗传模型。提取F2代群体中抗病和感病单株DNA,从多条RAPD引物和一对SCAR引物中,筛选出两个紧密连锁的分子标记。RAPD标记O12V3695与RY5的抗病基因对应的显性等位基因位点(Va)间的遗传距离为2.10cM,而SCAR标记与Va间的遗传距离为2.52cM,这两个分子标记可用于抗PVY抗性育种。     

抗黑胫病烟草种质的遗传多样性分析

为了从分子水平上了解种质库抗黑胫病种质的遗传多样性,为拓宽黑胫病种质的遗传多样性、提高黑胫病抗性种质的利用率提供理论和技术支持,利用筛选出来的34对烟草多态性引物,对取自国家烟草种质资源库的73份抗黑胫病烟草种质进行遗传多样性分析,根据材料类型将其中的68份普通烟草种质分为烤烟和晾晒烟2个群体。结果表明：这34对引物共扩增出88多态性条带,每对引物平均扩增出2.6个变异位点,其中有效变异占94.12%。遗传多样性指数(Nei’s)为0.4200,Shanno’s指数为0.6803,种质间遗传相似系数变异范围在0.5140~0.9818的占63.57%,表明烟草抗黑胫病种质遗传多样性较差,其遗传多样性与栽培类型没有必然联系。加大对抗性野生烟的利用,对拓宽烟草抗黑胫病种质资源的遗传多样性有重要意义。     

烤烟品种NC196抗性分子检测及特征特性分析

NC196于2009年从美国金叶种子公司引进,2012-2013年在全国9个省(市)进行田间小区试验,并进行抗性分子标记检测及人工接种鉴定。结果表明,该品种含有Ph基因、抗黑胫病(0号);无抗烟草普通花叶病(TMV)的N基因、但中抗TMV,抗性来自其他抗原;有感马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)的Va基因、感PVY;中抗青枯病、中感根结线虫病和赤星病。该品种株型塔形,叶片长椭圆形。南方烟区,有效叶数21片,生育期115 d;北方烟区,有效叶数23片,生育期123 d。NC196综合经济性状与对照品种K326、NC89相当,整体外观质量优于对照品种K326,主要化学成分含量与对照品种K326、NC89相近,协调性好。原烟烟叶质量档次中等偏上,整体吸食品质与对照品种K326相当。2014年通过全国烟草品种审定委员会农业评审。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.