分子标记技术在禾本科作物基因定位上的研究进展

本文介绍了几种分子标记的特点,并简述了DNA分子标记技术在禾本科作物抗性基因、品质性状基因、产量性状基因、生育期和主要植株性状基因、育性基因等基因定位方面的研究进展,为以后禾本科作物分子标记辅助选择育种提供了理论指导。     

基于作物QTL的分子育种研究进展

分子标记技术和QTL(Quantitative Traits Loci)定位技术的迅速发展,使得以DNA多态性为基础的分子育种技术的研究不断深入,并在作物遗传育种中得到了一些成功的运用,为解决有关复杂性状的选择问题带来了希望。本文综述了近年来基于作物QTL的分子标记辅助选择及目标性状QTL克隆在作物的产量、品质、抗旱性等数量性状遗传育种中的主要应用,证实了分子育种的有效性;对目前影响分子育种效率的因素及存在的问题、应用前景进行了探讨。     

它们不是转基因

<正>紫薯"目前我国甘薯育种正处在以常规育种为主、生物技术育种为辅的阶段,主要利用分子手段,在基因水平上开发与甘薯重要性状相关的分子标记,用于辅助品种的选择鉴定,以期缩短鉴定时间、提高育种效率等。而转基因品种则是指通过分子手段将目标基因导入目的作物,目标基因既有可能来自其他生物,也有可能来自作物本身。目前市场上出现的紫薯品种都是通过常规育种手段育成,主要是在已有的研究基础上广泛引进优异种质资源、筛选     

分子标记辅助选择技术在水稻育种上的应用

分子标记辅助选择技术给水稻育种提供了新的途径,与传统育种技术相结合,可大大提高育种效率,缩短育种周期。因此,加强分子标记辅助选择技术在水稻育种上的应用研究具有重要的实践意义。在此,综述了分子标记的特点与类型及分子标记辅助选择原理,着重介绍了分子标记辅助选择在水稻育种上的利用现状,主要包括在回交育种、基因聚合、数量性状改良等方面的应用进展。同时讨论了该技术存在的问题,并展望了其应用前景。     

玉米籽粒主要品质性状的分子遗传研究进展

玉米是全球最主要的粮食作物之一,提高玉米籽粒品质是当今世界玉米育种领域高度关注的问题。因为传统常规育种方法具有育种时间长且转化率低等限制因素,所以解决这一问题最经济有效的方法就是利用分子标记进行辅助选择育种。为了给今后玉米品质性状的分子设计育种提供参考,本研究总结了国内外玉米籽粒品质性状的QTL定位、分子标记辅助改良和候选基因克隆及转基因技术应用的相关研究进展。指出玉米优质基因资源的利用还不够充分,现有分子标记技术在玉米育种中的应用还不够广泛,今后应改进育种方法和品质鉴定技术,以缩短玉米育种周期。     

棉花重要性状基因定位研究进展

随着棉花基因组学研究的不断深入和遗传图谱的不断饱和,为一些控制棉花重要性状基因的定位提供了便利.将各类分子标记定位于相应的遗传连锁图或染色体上,为研究棉花诸多性状基因的图位克隆、抗性机制的遗传揭示、分子标记辅助选择、有利基因的定向转移及基因聚合育种等奠定了坚实的基础.综述了近年来棉花重要质量性状基因和数量性状基因(QTLs)定位研究的最新进展,并对研究中存在的主要问题进行分析和展望.     

分子标记辅助选择及其在水稻育种中的应用

植物育种中分子标记最直接的用途是对性状进行辅助选择(MAS),也就是利用目标性状基因与分子标记之间的紧密连锁关系进行间接选择.MAS不受其它基因效应和环境因素的影响,是对目标性状在分子水平上的一种选择,因此选择结果十分可靠,同时又可避免等位基因间显隐性关系的干扰.MAS一般可在育种早代时期完成,从而大大缩短育种周期,已引起育种学家的广泛关注.该文主要就MAS在不同育种程序中和不同类型目标性状(质量性状和数量性状)进行选择时应用的基本原理进行了阐述,并简要综述了水稻MAS育种所得的一些具体成果.     

芸芥抗菌核病相关基因的分子标记

芸芥属于十字花科芝麻菜属植物,在中国分布广泛.长期以来,国内外学者从植物学特征、经济性状和抗逆性等方面对芸芥品种资源进行了研究工作[1~4];李方球研究了芸芥的抗油菜菌核病[5],但从分子水平上的研究还较少.目前,转基因技术和分子标记辅助选择为高效育种展示了广阔的前景.但应用这2项技术的前提是必须首先获得优良基因克隆或优良基因紧密连锁的分子标记.本文利用RAPD技术,通过对芸芥抗病相关基因的遗传分析和分子标记,阐明其抗病相关基因的遗传,并提供可利用的分子标记,以便为芸芥抗菌核病种质鉴定和芸芥抗菌核病的分子标记辅助选择提供准确快速的鉴定方法.     

芸苔属主要油料作物黄籽性状分子遗传研究进展

油菜黄籽性状由于较好的营养和加工品质,得到现代油菜育种越来越多的重视,正逐渐成为油菜育种的重要目标.本文主要从芸苔属3个主要油料作物黄籽性状的遗传规律、基因定位和比较基因组学研究进展进行综述.在黄籽性状遗传方面,白菜型油菜、芥菜型油菜的遗传模式己基本清楚,由两对隐性基因控制,而甘蓝型油菜由于黄籽基因来源不同,存在多种遗传模式.在黄籽基因的定位方面,白菜型油菜、芥菜型油菜均已筛选到多个与黄籽性状紧密连锁的分子标记,并成功转成适合大规模筛选的SCAR标记,为分子标记辅助育种奠定了基础.甘蓝型油菜中也获得一些与黄籽性状紧密连锁的分子标记,并应用于分子标记辅助育种,但由于黄籽来源的不同,这些标记缺少通用性.在比较基因组学方面,根据拟南芥的相关种皮颜色基因,在白菜型油菜、芥菜型油菜、甘蓝型油菜中已克隆出一些与种皮颜色合成有关的基因,这些基因的克隆为油菜色素合成途径和通过转基因创造新型黄籽油菜研究奠定了基础.     

分子标记技术在甜菜育种中的应用

分子标记技术与常规育种技术相互紧密结合能显著提高育种效率。为了更好地阐明分子标记在甜菜育种中的作用,总结了国内外分子标记在甜菜亲缘关系及遗传多样性研究、遗传连锁图谱构建、数量性状基因定位（QTL）、分子标记辅助选择育种、杂种优势及种质鉴定中的研究现状和存在的问题。指出建立相应的高效分子标记辅助选育体系,创造出高产、优质、多抗或具广谱抗性的甜菜种质或品种是甜菜分子育种的研究方向。当前甜菜种质资源鉴定的关键任务是大力开发新型的分子标记进行甜菜种质资源遗传分析,绘制指纹图谱、进一步构建甜菜种质分子身份证。今后应加强对甜菜重要农艺性状基因进行精细定位,充分发掘QTL的信息,构建更为饱和的分子标记连锁图谱。     

小麦主要品质性状研究进展

小麦作为保障中国粮食生产安全和助推农业高质量发展的主要粮食作物,尤其对小麦品质的提高显得越来越迫切。小麦品质性状较为复杂,经过多年的遗传改良,小麦品质性状研究取得了一些重要进展,但中国小麦品质改良仍处于中低水平。笔者对小麦几个重要品质性状的研究现状进行了简要概述,重点是对控制小麦营养品质、加工品质的性状遗传改良进行总结。主要分析了小麦蛋白含量、面筋含量、淀粉含量及沉淀值遗传特点,综述了各品质性状的分子遗传规律及相关调控的主要基因。尤其随着分子生物学及生物技术的发展,小麦品质性状的遗传调控规律的明晰,未来可将分子设计育种作为重点研究方式。     

番茄遗传资源的聚类分析研究

通过测定番茄品质特性的遗传多样性和分子标记的多态性,对番茄品种资源进行了聚类分析。结果表明,品质特性聚类分析和分子标记聚类分析最后都形成了四大类群,而且都把果实硬度大、软化速度慢、果型长圆、含水量低、可溶性固形物含量高的加工番茄聚合在了一起,说明一些分子标记可能和控制番茄加工品质特性的基因有比较紧密的连锁关系。分子标记更能灵敏地区分不同品种间的遗传差异。不同类群间品质性状的差异明显大于群内不同品种间的差异,说明聚类分析是鉴别品种资源遗传差异程度、筛选核心资源的有效手段。     

QTL Mapping of Fiber Quality in Low-Generation Upland Cotton Populations and Functional Annotation of Candidate Genes

[Objective] This article aims to provide a theoretical basis for molecular marker-assisted breeding by quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping and gene function annotation of fiber quality. [Method] F₂ populations were constructed using the two cotton cultivars (lines), CCRI 49 and 396289, as parents. Based on high-density genetic maps, the F_2:3 families with three environments were included in the F2 population. The QTL mapping of seven fiber quality traits including fineness and maturity, etc., was performed using the Clusters of orthologous groups (COG), Gene ontology (GO), and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) databases to annotate QTLs for gene function. [Result] A total of 157 QTLs related to fiber quality were obtained and distributed on 20 chromosomes. QTLs with more traits on A03, A04, D02, A11 and D07 chromosomes clustered and may be the key chromosomes controlling fiber quality traits. A total of 13 stable QTLs were obtained, of which qFL-A03-1 and qFin-A11-4 were repeated in three environments, and nine other QTLs were repeated in two environments. And 4 763 candidate genes were annotated, with 2 416, 4 188, and 2 512 genes being annotated in COG, GO, and KEGG, respectively. Among them, 429 genes were annotated in stable QTLs. Some of these genes may be closely related to fiber quality. [Conclusion] The high-density genetic map obtained by high-throughput sequencing can help to obtain more QTLs, which is beneficial to the screening of candidate genes related to fiber quality and the improvement of fiber traits, and improves the breeding efficiency.     

棉花优异品质及抗性基因挖掘与分子育种

棉花品质、产量、抗性等均是多基因控制的数量性状,其表现型受基因型和环境的共同影响,且纤维品质和产量性状之间存在较大的负相关,采用常规育种手段实现棉花纤维品质与产量的同步改良具难度很大,针对棉花品质、产量、抗性等性状形成的遗传基础这一关键科学问题,棉花品种分子设计研究团队以陆陆种内分离群体、陆海种间分离群体等材料,交叉利用分子数量遗传学、功能基因组学和分子育种学等研究手段,在陆地棉优质品质及抗性基因挖掘、海岛棉优质品质及抗性基因挖掘以及分子标记辅助方法开发及棉花新品种培育等方面取得了一系列研究成果。为棉花品质、产量、抗性性状形成的同步改良奠定了重要基础。     

Genetic analysis for oil and protein contents of rapeseed (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> L.) at different developmental times

The dynamic expression of genes for oil and protein contents of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was carried out with time-dependent measures by using the developmental genetic models for quantitative traits in diploid plant. The unconditional and conditional analysis showed that the accumulated genetic effects or net genetic effects from diploid embryo nuclear genes, cytoplasmic genes and diploid maternal plant nuclear genes were all important for the performance of both nutrient quality traits at most developmental times/stages. Results from the conditional analysis further revealed that the activation of quantitative genes was gradually carried through the developmental process with maternal genes playing more active role at most developmental stages. Additive effects from embryo and maternal plant were found more important than the dominant effects at most developmental times/stages for both traits, and especially for protein content of rapeseed. Heritability analysis confirmed that the maternal heritability for protein contents were considerably stronger throughout developmental period except for the developmental time at 22 days, while for oil content the heritability components were dynamic and time dependent. The differences of genetic relationships from various genetic systems were found for oil and protein contents among the developmental times or between the two quality traits. M. T. Variath and J. G. Wu are contributed equally to this paper.     

A QTL atlas for grain yield and its component traits in maize (Zea mays)

Grain yield and its component traits are essential targets in maize breeding. These traits are genetically complex and controlled by a large number of quantitative trait loci (QTL). The aim of this study was to compile reported QTL and major genes for grain yield and its component traits in a QTL atlas, as a valuable resource for the maize community. To this end, 1,177 QTL related to maize yield were collected from 56 studies published between 1992 and 2018. These QTL were projected to genetic map “IBM2 2008 Neighbors”, which led to the identification of 135 meta-QTL. Some genomic regions appear to be hotspots for yield-related meta-QTL, often affecting more than one of the investigated traits. Moreover, we catalogued 20 major maize loci associated with yield and identified 65 maize homologs of 21 rice yield-related genes. Interestingly, we found that a significant proportion of them are located in meta-QTL regions. Collectively, this study provides a reference for QTL fine-mapping and gene cloning, as well as for molecular marker-assisted breeding of yield-related traits in maize.     

Research Progress on the Mendelian Genetic Analysis and Molecular Mapping of Morphological Qualitative Traits in Cotton

Genetic analysis and molecular mapping of qualitative traits are important tools in cotton breeding. Research on cotton qualitative traits has been reported since the early 1900s. Rapid advances in cotton genomics and molecular mapping over the past several years have facilitated the mapping and cloning of important qualitative trait genes in cotton. Although most of the 101 genes and alleles related to cotton morphological qualitative traits have not been mapped to linkage groups or chromosomes, several genes have been cloned and identified via map-based cloning. This paper describes research progress on the genetic and linkage analysis, molecular mapping, and candidate gene cloning of eight major types of morphological qualitative traits: plant color, leaf color, leaf shape, bract, flower, nectary, gland, and fiber characteristics. The presented information lays a foundation for studying the molecular basis of qualitative traits, favorable gene-based transfer, and gene pyramiding in cotton.     

作物数量性状(QTL)克隆研究进展

此文首先简述了数量性状基因（QTL）克隆研究方法,然后较全面的总结了作物QTL克隆的研究进展,最后讨论了QTL调控的分子机理。对37个已成功克隆的QTL进行汇总分析表明：控制作物数量性状的有转录因子、蛋白激酶、细胞分裂素氧化酶类等基因;其中12个已成功克隆的QTL编码转录因子,说明转录调控因子是新的植株形态进化和变异的重要原因。随着测序技术的发展,海量的基因组数据将为QTL的遗传定位和分子剖析提供更多便利,越来越多的QTL将会被克隆出来。     

稻米外观品质的研究进展与分子改良策略

本文综述了稻米外观品质(长、宽、长宽比和垩白)的经典遗传及分子遗传研究状况，归纳列举了已定位的外观品质性状的QTLs，提出了稻米外观品质改良的分子策略。