乳酸菌发酵尖椒 生姜蜜汁饮料的开发研究

以尖椒、生姜为主要原料,经乳酸菌发酵后与蜂蜜等调配成为功能性饮料。通过单因素及正交试验确定尖椒汁(质量分数80.0%)的最佳发酵条件为:接种量2.3%,白砂糖添加量3.0%,食盐添加量1.5%,发酵温度25℃,发酵周期8 d。生姜汁(质量分数80.0%)的最佳发酵条件为:接种量2.0%,白砂糖添加量4.0%,食盐添加量0.8%,发酵温度30℃,发酵周期12 d。乳酸菌发酵尖椒、生姜蜜汁饮料产品的最佳配方为:尖椒发酵液9.0 g,生姜发酵液8.0 g,蜂蜜5.0 g,白砂糖3.0 g,柠檬酸0.08 g,稳定剂(海藻酸钠与CMC-Na质量比为1∶1)添加量0.15%。     

胡萝卜—番茄混合汁乳酸菌发酵饮料的研究

开发研制胡萝卜—番茄混合汁乳酸菌发酵饮料。以鲜榨胡萝卜、番茄原汁为原料,以保加利亚乳杆菌为菌种,综合研究了接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间等因素对混合汁品质的影响,从而确定出最佳工艺参数。实验结果表明,发酵液最佳工艺参数为:发酵温度41℃,发酵时间24h,接种量3%;发酵饮料最佳配方为:蔗糖10%,柠檬酸0.05%,稳定剂(CMC—Na)0.4%。     

红枣玫瑰花功能饮料的研制

为充分开发利用红枣、玫瑰花,选用新鲜红枣和可食用玫瑰花为主要原料制作饮料,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定最佳配方。结果表明,红枣玫瑰花功能饮料的最佳配方为红枣汁添加量50%,玫瑰花汁添加量35%,柠檬酸添加量0.10‰,冰糖添加量8%。在此工艺条件下制得的饮料颜色清澈透明,具有红枣与玫瑰花特有的颜色和香气,是一种营养丰富、口感风味俱佳的新型功能饮料。     

小白杏干格瓦斯饮料发酵条件的研究

以小白杏干为原料,酵母菌和乳酸菌混合发酵制作格瓦斯饮料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定小白杏干格瓦斯饮料的最佳发酵工艺。结果表明,小白杏干格瓦斯饮料发酵的最佳条件为:小白杏干汁可溶性固形物含量9%,接种量4%(V/V),其中酵母菌与乳酸菌比例为3∶1,发酵温度28℃,发酵时间18 h。在该条件下制得的小白杏干格瓦斯饮料酒精含量为0.49%(V/V),可溶性固形物含量8%~9%,总酸含量6.0~7.0 g/L,外观呈深黄色,澄清、透明,具有明显的杏干香气和风味,口感醇厚,酸甜适中。     

发酵型菠萝低醇饮料的研制

以优质成熟的菠萝为原料,将发酵后的菠萝液与新鲜的菠萝原液进行调配得到新型的菠萝低醇饮料。重点对发酵菌种、产品配方和热灌装温度进行研究。结果表明,菠萝的最适发酵菌种为安琪酵母,产品的菠萝发酵液与菠萝原液的配比为50∶50,白砂糖最适添加量为6%,并最终确定了产品最佳热灌装温度为70℃。     

牛蒡红枣莲子营养保健饮料的研制

以干红枣、干牛蒡和干莲子为原料,研制牛蒡红枣莲子复合饮料。在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面优化试验,研究牛蒡浸提液、红枣浸提液和绵白糖添加量对复合饮料的影响。结果表明:牛蒡浸提液添加量21%,红枣浸提液添加量31%,绵白糖添加量3%,莲子汁添加量10%时,可制得一种色泽金黄、澄清透明、无沉淀和杂质、具有牛蒡和红枣特有香气、甜度适中的牛蒡红枣莲子营养保健饮料。     

核桃红枣复合饮料加工工艺的研究

以核桃、红枣为主要原料,研究核桃红枣复合饮料的加工工艺。结果表明:核桃仁烘烤的最佳工艺条件为110℃温度烘烤20 min;核桃仁适宜打浆温度为80℃;核桃红枣复合饮料的最佳配方为:核桃浆添加量20%,红枣汁添加量20%,蜂蜜添加量8%,pH为6.5~7.0;最佳稳定剂配方为:卡拉胶0.07%、羧甲基纤维素钠0.07%、黄原胶0.08%和单硬脂酸甘油酯0.25%。制得的核桃红枣复合型保健饮料风味独特,口味柔和纯正,组织状态良好,营养丰富,具有广阔的市场前景。     

红枣鹰嘴豆粉复合饮料的研制

以红枣和鹰嘴豆粉为主要原料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定红枣汁浸提的最佳条件为料液比1∶6,浸提温度60℃,浸提时间1 h;红枣鹰嘴豆粉复合饮料的最佳配比为红枣汁与鹰嘴豆粉汁的质量比7∶3,白砂糖添加量7.5%,柠檬酸添加量0.15%,黄原胶添加量0.25%,制成的复合饮料酸甜适口,具有浓郁的红枣香气和轻微的鹰嘴豆汁的味道,是集营养和保健于一体的天然饮品。     

食用仙人掌红枣复合饮料的研制

以食用仙人掌与红枣为原料,研制出复合饮料生产工艺。通过对仙人掌汁和红枣汁配比的单因素试验和L9（34）正交试验结果表明,食用仙人掌红枣复合饮料的最佳工艺配方为：仙人掌红枣复合汁的配比为5∶5,加糖量为4%,加柠檬酸量为0.03%,复合稳定剂加入量为羧甲基纤维素钠0.2%＋海藻酸钠0.3%,杀菌温度为100℃,杀菌时间为8～15min。     

玉米波杂饮料自然发酵工艺研究

以玉米粉为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化玉米波杂饮料的制作工艺。结果表明,玉米波杂饮料自然发酵的最佳工艺条件为:酶制剂添加量3.0%,煮制时间50 min,第2次发酵时间12 h,发酵温度35℃。此条件下制得的玉米波杂饮料总糖含量6.43 g/L,总酸含量2.73%,酒精含量2.60%(V/V),感官品质得分95分,饮料呈米黄色,泡沫洁白细腻,酒香味浓郁,有愉快的偏酸味和较强的杀口感。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Breeding barriers between the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa, and related wild germplasm

Five-hundred interspecific and intergeneric crosses were performed among accessions of the wild strawberries Fragaria vesca(2x), Duchesnea indica (8x), Potentilla tucumanensis (2x) and 9 genotypes of the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria×ananassa (8x), following an incomplete diallele mating design. Crosses between D. indica and F.×ananassa produced many putative hybrids when D. indica was used as female but a few achenes and plants when used as male; therefore, pollen-pistil compatibility relations were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy in this direction of the cross. Of the genotypic combinations, 78.6% were incompatible at the stigma level and 17.2% at the first third of the style. Only 3.6% were pollen-pistil compatible and produced fruits with achenes (seven did not germinate or originated short-lived plants and nine produced normal plants). F.vesca×F.×ananassa crosses produced 35 hybrid achenes but only 14% germinated, yielding short-lived plants; histological analyses revealed that inviable seeds had less developed (or collapsed) endosperms and smaller embryos than control plump F. vesca seeds. P.tucumanensis was only used as male, with negative results. These species and genera are partially isolated by a complex system of pre- and post-zygotic barriers. Knowledge of their nature would allow the breeder to devise strategies to put the genetic variability available in the group into a useful form. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.