江西省统筹低碳城乡一体化研究

城乡一体化是中国的重大战略决策,也是中国工业化和城镇化顺利推进的根本保证。为了促进江西省低碳城乡一体化发展,需要就江西省城乡一体化发展过程中存在的问题进行剖析,分析出现这些问题的原因和本质,以及解决的方法和途径,并在此基础上提出相应的对策和政策建议。通过采用定性和定量的分析方法,从能源供应、绿色低碳、耕地保护、城乡差距、城市规模等方面,对江西省城乡一体化的现状、未来的发展趋势以及面临的挑战进行了分析。结果表明,江西省在发展经济的过程中,出现产业发展重工化和高碳化、能源供应短缺、粮食安全难以保障、城乡差距扩大以及城市规模不合理等问题。针对这些问题,江西省应从加强能源储备、发展低碳产业、保护农用耕地、缩小城乡差距等方面,积极实施有效的政策措施,以确保能源供应安全和粮食安全,并推动城镇化朝着绿色、低碳、城乡协调的方向发展,为江西省的低碳城乡一体化发展提供有力保障。     

中国农业科技发展障碍因素分析与对策

本文重点讨论了中国加入WTO之后,农业科技发展面临的问题、机遇和挑战,提出了进一步加强农业科技创新的政策建议。     

侯马市近30年霜及霜冻的气候特征分析

为了避免、减轻霜冻对果树的影响或损失提供科学的依据,为深入了解侯马市霜及霜冻的气候特征,利用1983—2012年侯马市气象局地面气象观测的霜、地温、气温观测资料,借助数理统计、气候倾向率法、线性拟合等方法,对侯马市的霜及霜冻气候特征进行统计分析。结果表明,侯马市平均年霜日数为94天;霜日出现最多的年份出现在1995年（115天）,最少的年份在1983年（63天）;侯马市平均初霜日为10月23日,平均终霜日为4月4日;初霜日呈现出微偏晚的趋势,气候倾向率为0.22 d/10 a,终霜日也表现出偏晚的趋势,气候倾向率2.34 d/10 a。终霜日结束在4月初或4月中旬时,果树均有不同程度冻伤,若遇寒潮南下使气温骤降时,多数果树很有可能绝收。所以做好终霜冻的预报,适时采取防御措施,能够避免或减轻果树的冻伤程度,从而最大程度的减小果农的损失。     

快中子诱变小豆京农6号突变体筛选

为了进行小豆种质创新和获得基因定位和克隆及其基因功能分析的突变体材料,分别用30、35、40、45、50、55 Gy剂量的快中子,辐照小豆‘京农6号’干种子。M1出苗率分别为31.72%、29.06%、30.29%、36.51%、16.15%和15.17%,变异率为3.20%、4.70%、6.75%、6.61%、4.00%和2.20%。辐射剂量增加,出苗率降低、变异率呈增加趋势,M3代共获得77份叶形、株型、粒型、籽粒大小、粒色、叶色、早熟、丰产等性状变异材料。40~45 Gy为小豆快中子诱变的适宜剂量,这些突变体为小豆相关基因定位克隆、功能分析和育种提供了有价值的材料。     

耕作模式对设施菜地根际土壤微生物群落和盐渍化的影响

为探究耕作模式对设施菜地盐渍化成因与土壤根际环境中微生物群落的分布和活性的影响,以宁波市某农业产业园区的大棚菜地和周边土壤作为取样点,选取封闭大棚地块、大棚与露天轮作地块,海边盐渍化的填海造田土,一般农业地块四种类型6个样品地上的5~15 cm浅层土,分析了不同耕种模式下根际土壤的物化性质、微生物的群落分布特性、土壤的呼吸度等特征。结果表明:不同的耕作模式下,土壤样品的有机质含量、盐分浓度、硝态氮的含量等有很大的不同。封闭空间耕作模式,有利于土壤有机质的增加,短期使用的大棚土中菌群总数和硝酸盐还原菌活度都比较高,长期使用有盐渍化现象的则活度明显降低;轮作和大田土中的硝酸盐还原菌的种类和数量明显多于大棚盐渍化土;尽管封闭体系的栽培模式有利于土壤微生物群落的增加,但土壤盐度的积累使微生物品种和能力退化,是形成土壤次生盐渍化的主要原因。在盐碱度比较大的土地环境下,封闭和露天轮作耕种设施菜地是改善根际土壤环境的良好模式。     

生物炭施入对盐碱土壤影响的研究现状

盐碱土壤是中国重要的一种中低产土壤类型,由于土壤退化,盐碱地成了重要的后备耕地资源。生物炭作为农业的土壤改良剂、碳封存体和肥料的缓释载体越来越被广泛地认识和关注,在促进农业可持续发展中前景重大。通过综合分析生物炭的施加对盐碱土壤的物理化学性质、养分含量变化、微生物方面及作物生物量的研究进展,分析生物炭在盐碱地的改良效果,总结了生物炭在盐碱地改良的可能机制,以期为盐碱地的治理提供参考。     

土壤入渗特性影响因素研究综述

土壤入渗特性是评价土壤水源涵养作用和抗侵蚀能力的重要指标,也是模拟土壤侵蚀过程的基本输入变量,受制于许多外在和内在因素的影响。综述了影响土壤入渗特性的主要因素,这些因素主要有土壤理化性质、下垫面性质、降雨强度、水质及水温等。并提出了今后应该加强研究的内容。     

农作物产生药害的原因及预防

<正> 在农业生产中,各种作物难免会发生这样或那样的病虫危害。在使用农药进行防治时,经常发现一些农民朋友不按说明书的规定配药,而随意加大药量。结果不但没有达到防治效果,还使庄稼产生了药害,甚至还误认为农药有问题。因此,针对这个问题,笔者认为有必要向农民朋友介绍一些有关农作物产生药害的原因及预防措施方面的知识。一般情况下,低剂量农药对植物生长有刺激作用,高剂量对植物的正常生长起破坏作用。在生产实践中,因使用技术不当,常常会出现因农药影响农作物的正常生长,我们把这种现象称为药害。植物药害按其症状发展的快慢可以分为急性药害和慢性药害两种。急性药害是指在喷药后几小时或几在内出现的药害,主要症状表现为种子发芽率下降;叶片出现斑点(颜色、大小、形状各异),叶片穿孔(药害后出现的斑点变焦脱落),整     

小麦种子活力相关性状研究进展

种子是农业的“芯片”，种子活力是种子品质的重要指标，反映了种子发芽、出苗、幼苗生长潜势、植株抗逆能力和生产潜力等。高活力种子具有显著的生长优势和生产潜力，是实现粮食作物高产稳产的一种方法途径。近年来，随着现代生物技术的快速发展，种子分子生物学研究进一步加快，但高活力种子的相关分子研究进展还比较薄弱，因此，本文从影响种子活力的多方面进行深入发掘，阐述了影响种子活力的遗传因素、理化因素、生理因素和基因发掘等方面的研究进展，旨在探寻提高种子活力的有效方法，提供高活力种子，为现代种业质量控制提供现实参考。     

陈年普洱茶香气成分及清除DPPH自由基活性研究

为研究陈年普洱茶的特征风味成分及生物活性,采用顶空-固相微萃取-气质联用法测定了3种陈年普洱茶中挥发性物质,结合质谱和保留指数共鉴定出57种化合物,其中甲氧基酚类、醇类及酮类化合物为主要香气成分。同时采用比色法测得3种普洱茶的沸水提取物的茶多酚含量分别为(41.91±1.98)、(43.84±2.56)及(41.28±2.57) mg GAE/(g·DW),并对3种普洱茶的1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼(DPPH·)自由基清除效果进行研究。结果表明3种普洱茶均具有较好的清除DPPH自由基能力,且呈剂量依赖性,测得3种普洱茶提取物清除DPPH·自由基的IC₅₀分别为(129.03±0.25)、(139.47±1.58)及 (152.57±3.34) mg GAE/L。     

纳罗克非洲狗尾草结实性及适宜收种时间的研究

纳罗克非洲狗尾草在昆明市的抽穗持续时间较长，抽穗高峰期为7月下旬至8月中旬；抽穗后3天内多数花序进入开花期。开花高峰期为始花后第10～15天，开花期前25天内所开小花约占总数的87．5％。开花后10天种子具备正常发芽能力，此时小穗风干物质含量〉60％。始花至成熟种子脱落时间平均为18天，95％种子脱落持续时间平均为45．4d；种子开始脱落后的第15～30天为脱落高峰期，此阶段饱满种子脱落占总数的54．5％。适宜的收种时间为抽穗后第5周。根据本次所有观测结果的变异系数，非洲狗尾草结实性个体间差异极大，是导致种子收获率低的重要原因。     

Drought stress in sunflower causes inhibition of seed filling due to reduced cell-extension growth

Cultivation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) as one of the most important oil crops is of great importance, especially with focus on drought tolerance under the current climate change. Less precipitation and increasing temperatures lead to more regions with drought problems. In a container experiment, with two different sunflower cultivars, drought stress of 40% water-holding capacity was applied at the seed-filling phase and compared to a control group with regular irrigation to 70% water-holding capacity. Four intermediate harvests during the seed-filling phase and a final harvest at maturity were conducted. During the seed-filling phase, sugar and α-amino-acid concentrations of seeds were not reduced by drought stress. Thus, assimilate availability was sufficient, pointing to no source limitation of seed development. The DNA content of the seeds was also not affected and pointed to no limitation of cell division. However, 40 days after flowering a reduction of cell extension was found. Consequently, a sink limitation occurred under drought stress. At final harvest, seed yield was significantly reduced under drought stress due to a lower single seed weight, whereas seed number per plant was unaffected. Oil concentration was not reduced by drought stress. Thus, oil synthesis did not limit oil yield. Consequently, a reduced oil yield under drought stress during the seed-filling phase was caused by a lower seed weight, which resulted from a decreased cell extension.     

野扇花种子繁殖技术的研究

野扇花(Sarcococca ruscifolia Stapf),又名清香桂,黄杨科野扇花属植物,是具有极大开发价值的野生观赏园林植物资源,本试验研究了果肉、化学试剂以及温度对种子萌发的影响.结果表明:果肉能够显著抑制种子萌发;100 mg/LNAA和0.5% KNO_3+100 mg/L GA3都能够显著提高种子发芽率;种子在15、20℃恒温以及20℃/15℃变温下,种子的发芽率可达90%以上.     

滇重楼种子休眠机理研究

探讨滇重楼种子休眠机理,为打破种子休眠促进滇重楼实生育苗提供理论基础。采用重量法、胚率测定、ELISA等方法对种子吸水特性、萌发抑制物及种胚休眠与发育的内源机理进行了研究。结果表明,滇重楼种子休眠属于形态学-生理学休眠类型。滇重楼种胚发育不完全、种子中存在萌发抑制物质是种子休眠的主要原因。种子不存在吸水障碍,与休眠无关。内源激素ABA和GA3在滇重楼种子休眠与萌发过程中起着重要作用,ABA是引起休眠的关键因素,ABA含量的降低是滇重楼种胚发育的始动因子,GA3有助于种子的生理后熟。萌发抑制物的存在可能抑制了种胚发育,而与生理学后熟过程无关。在自然条件下,滇重楼生境中较长的低温时期可能是滇重楼种子具有较长时间休眠的外界原因。     

Problems related to seed production in the African region

Improved seeds can make a substantial contribution to agricultural productivity in African countries. Seeds are one of the most important sources of innovation, particularly in resource-constrained small farm environments. They carry the genetic potential of the crops, determining the upper limit on yield and, therefore, the ultimate productivity of other inputs. Furthermore, new roles for seeds are rapidly recognized all over the world for the delivery systems of many innovative biotechnological products and as carriers of plant protection chemicals, biologicals and growth regulators. The seed sector development in Africa varies considerably among countries. Rather effective and diversified seed industries have slowly emerged and are operational in a few countries (e.g. Egypt, Kenya, Zimbabwe). In a growing number of other countries (e.g. Malawi, Zambia) the seed production and supply system has developed reasonably well in some areas for some crops. However, in most countries (e.g. Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Tanzania and Uganda) progress has been very limited in spite of investments and assistance. During the last decade a number of countries have undergone privatisation and/or seed market liberalisation as potential solutions to under-performance in the seed sector. However, it is not certain that this will produce a practical improvement and solve the problems of the poor rural majority of the population. In this paper the main problems related to the seed sector in Africa are discussed together with the possible roles of the private and public sectors in developing and maintaining an efficient and active seed industry. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

种子沙引发对转基因抗虫棉耐盐性的影响

 以转基因抗虫棉花品种中棉所41和浙905为材料,以其遗传背景品种中棉所23为对照,研究了种子沙引发处理对转基因抗虫棉品种在0%、1.0%和1.5% NaCl浓度下的萌发率、出土率和幼苗生长特性的影响。结果表明,沙引发处理对转基因抗虫棉品种在盐胁迫下的种子萌发和幼苗生长具有明显的效果,但对于非转基因棉品种的效果不明显。幼苗子叶、茎秆和根的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量测定结果表明,沙引发处理使棉花幼苗的子叶和根部维持了较高的SOD与POD活性,但显著减少幼苗体内MDA的积累,说明沙引发有助于促进棉花在逆境下幼苗生长发育和抗逆性的提高。     

How does the harvest index affect water‐use efficiency and nutrient‐utilization efficiency of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.)?

Besides oilseed rape and soybean, sunflower is one of the most important annual oilcrops. Apart from seed yield, which is the most important trait in many crops, oil yield is of utmost interest for sunflower breeders and farmers. Compared to the seed yield of sunflowers, their total biomass is often very high, and it is of great agronomic interest to increase the ratio of both parameters, which is defined as harvest index. With an increase in harvest index, improvements of resource‐use efficiencies can be expected. To generate an adequate seed yield, water and nutrients are key factors and their efficient use becomes increasingly important under conditions of aridity and higher production goals. A pot experiment was conducted in summer 2017 to determine differences in harvest index of various sunflower genotypes which could have an influence on the use efficiencies of water and nutrients (N, P, K). In total, 25 genotypes of different origin and with various morphological traits were investigated under optimal growth conditions. The harvest index varied from 29% to 47% and showed significant differences among some genotypes. The harvest index was less affected by the total biomass of the plants but more by the seed yield. The seed yield itself was mainly determined by the single seed weight rather than by the number of seeds. The experiment also confirmed significant positive correlations between harvest indices and all use efficiencies. Genotypes with high harvest indices were characterized by high oil concentrations in the seeds and particularly by high oil yields. In conclusion, cultivation of sunflower genotypes with high harvest indices most likely results in high water‐use efficiency and high nutrient‐utilization efficiencies as well as in high oil yields.     

种子包衣及其在我国的应用研究

根据国内外种子包衣的研究和发展,通过介绍种子包衣现有技术方法,种衣剂的概念、作用机理、成分和分类、以及种衣剂的功能的研究进展,包衣机械研发和使用概况,提出了我国种子包衣研究的薄弱方面,以期为我国的种子包衣研究和生产实践提供参考。     

杭白芍结实性状及籽油品质分析

分析杭白芍结实性状及其籽油品质,为芍药籽油专用品种培育及籽油开发利用提供理论参考。对杭白芍的结实性状相关性和籽油理化性质进行测试和分析,结果表明：（1）单心皮种子数和心皮长均与单株产量呈极显著正相关,蓇葖果数与单株产量呈显著正相关,分株数与单株产量呈显著负相关;主成分分析表明,前4个主成分累计贡献率达88.8768%。（2）籽油测试结果表明,种子含油率21.31%,油酸40.56%,亚油酸29.16%,亚麻酸22.11%,籽油不饱和脂肪酸91.83%,维生素E含量79.64 mg/100 g。因此,在选育高产品系时要重点关注单心皮种子数、心皮长和蓇葖果数等性状指标。杭白芍籽油具有较高的食用价值,可以作为一种新型的油料作物,具备深入研究推广的价值。     

Heat stress during seed development affects forage brassica (Brassica napus L.) seed quality

In two consecutive seasons, forage rape (Brassica napus L.) plants were exposed to short periods (240°C hr) of heat stress (30°C day/25°C night) during seed filling (80% seed moisture content = S1), at physiological maturity (50% seed moisture content = S2) and at both S1 plus S2 (=S3) in a Biotron before being returned to the field until seed harvest. Seeds were hand harvested at 14% seed moisture content and their quality assessed by measuring germination, seed vigour (using the accelerated ageing and conductivity tests) and seed mass (as determined by thousand seed weight). Heat stress at both S1 and S2 caused a small (<10%) but significant reduction in germination in both seasons. There was a significant heat stress timing interaction in the first but not the second season. Reductions in germination were a result of increased abnormal seedling production not seed death. All three heat stress treatments significantly reduced seed vigour, with S3>S2>S1. Seed mass was reduced by heat stress at S1 but not at S2. Variable seed vigour in high‐germinating New Zealand‐produced forage rapeseed lots is most likely explained by short periods of heat stress during seed development.