Distribution models of extreme typhoon winds based on numerical simulation of wind data

To address the shortage of data regarding extreme winds in P. R. China, we examined Xiamen, located on the southwestern Chinese coast, as an example. We used the Batts wind field model and the Monte Carlo method to simulate extreme wind speed distribution models and to predict maximum wind speeds in different recurring periods. The simulated results coincided with the experical distribution function. Comparing the numerical analysis results of different extreme distributions, such as the Gumbel distribution function, the Frechet distribution function, the reverse Weibull distribution function, and the Generalized Parato distribution function, shows that the reverse Weibull distribution function provides the most precise prediction of maximum wind speed for a one hundred year return period, while the Frechet distribution function significantly differs from the results of all the other distribution functions. The extreme wind speeds of different return periods are estimated.     

Gear-bearing coupling dynamics characteristics of wind turbine planetary gear transmission system under variable load

Considering that the transmission system of wind turbine works in complex and changing load environment caused by stochastic wind speed,this paper uses sparse least squares support vector machine(SL-SVM) to simulate wind speed of true wind field,and obtains time-varying wind load caused by stochastic wind speed. The lumped-parameter method is used to develop a dynamic model of planetary gear transmission system of wind turbine coupled with bearing. The model includes the varying wind load,time-vary mesh stiffness of gear pair and time-vary stiffness of rolling element bearing. The numerical method is used to simulate the dynamic performance of planetary gear system of Multibrid Technology Wind Turbine with 1.5 MW rated power. The vibration displacement responses of the transmission system are obtained as well as dynamic meshing force each pair of gear and nonlinear bearing forces. The research can provide a foundation for optimizing dynamic performance and reliable design of gear transmission system of wind generator.     

system modeling and simulation of wind turbines

Wind turbines operate in harsh environment with transient and variable working conditions. As a result, wind turbines are complicated, nonlinear, uncertain systems. Modeling and analysis of these systems are crucial to their design. Based on MATLAB, a new dynamic simulation model of a stalled wind turbine was presented. The blade element momentum theory and the state space method were programmed into MATLAB/SIMULINK to calculate wind turbine aerodynamic performance. The generator was also modeled in MATLAB/SIMULINK, taking the coupling between the generator and the rotor speed into consideration. Based on the proposed MATLAB model, an analysis of a 600 kW wind turbine was carried out. The calculation values were compared with the measured data. The results indicate the correctness of the proposed MATLAB model. The simulation model can be applied to optimize design and control of stalled wind turbines.     

Modeling and Simulation of a Novel Drive Train for Wind Turbine with Large Capacity

On the basis of a planetary transmission, a novel hydrodynamic speed controlled transmission system for wind turbines with large capacity is presented. The new drive train consists of wind rotors, planet accelerators, hydro-mechanical and synchronous generators. The dynamic mathematical model of the drive train is established. The digital simulation of speed regulation characteristics for hydrodynamic speed controlled system is studied by using Matlab/Simulink. The simulation results show that continuously variable transmission and fixed speed control can be achieved, and the drive train works well in stability and dynamic performances. They can increase the power yield from the wind, smooth the electric power output, and alleviate the load peak in the new drive train .     

Analysis on the Control of Variable Speed Wind Turbine Using Neural Network Controller

It is very difficult to build the accurate mathematical model of the wind turbine generator system because of the uncertainty of air kinetics and the complexity of power electronics, especially when the wind speed changes abruptly or there is a disturbance. But the classical control needs the model. Using neural network controller to the wind turbine generator system can overcome these difficulties. The wind speed can be followed and the maximum power can be obtained under low wind speed by using the power coefficient curve BP neural network and the optimum pitch angle BP neural network. The maximum power can be kept and under the allowed range in the condition of high wind speed. The simulation model and result are given under the environment of MATLAB. The fluctuation of wind speed can be controlled and the disturbance can be cancelled by BP neural network controller.     

联想神经网络的风速序列预测分析

为了提高风速序列预测的可靠性,针对具有混沌特性的风速序列,构造了一种用于风速序列预测的联想网络。以风速序列的波动性作为相似性测度准则,构造联想网络的存储样本模式,根据存储模式中蕴含的关联信息完成网络的无监督学习,从而完成具有自相似性的风速序列的一步或多步预测分析。与传统前向型神经网络相比,该网络预测机理明确,预测结果唯一,且可一次给出多步预测结果。仿真实验结果表明,该网络的具有良好预测性能,适用于风速序列的动态预测。     

铁路沿线沙生植物种子风传扩散的数值风洞模拟

为了研究铁路沿线沙生植物种子风传扩散机制所体现出的生态适应策略,本文以辽西北铁路沿线沙区段5种蒿属植物为研究对象,借助流体动力学方程和计算机图形学技术,采用数值风洞方法,模拟预测了在不同风速及释放高度条件下各物种种子扩散时间和扩散距离的变化趋势。软件模拟结果表明,（1）在释放高度和风速条件相同的情况下,5种蒿属植物种子的飞行时间和飞行距离与种子重量表现出相反的趋势,即随着种子重量的增大,其水平飞行时间和飞行距离减短。（2）在释放高度相同风速条件不同的情况下,5种蒿属植物种子的飞行时间和飞行距离与风速表现出相同的趋势,即种子的飞行时间和飞行距离随着风速的增大而增加。（3）在风速条件相同释放高度不同的情况下,5种蒿属植物种子的飞行时间和飞行距离与释放高度表现出相同的趋势,即种子的飞行时间和飞行距离随着释放高度的增加而增加。种子重量、风速及释放高度是影响种子扩散时间和扩散距离的敏感因素,在铁路沿线沙化地区筛选适宜的植物防沙措施进行生态修复的同时应结合考虑这些影响因素。     

Overall control strategy and operational performances of a doubly fed wind turbine generator system

In order to comprehensively and correctly analyze the real-time operational characteristics of a grid-connected wind turbine generator system, it is necessary to analyze the overall control strategies and operation performances of the wind turbine generator system. According to the type of a doubly fed wind turbine generator system, the mathematical models of wind turbine, drive train and doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) are presented. From the viewpoints of the maximum wind energy capture and safe operation of the wind turbine, a maximum power output control strategy is proposed by considering the DFIG loss minimization, and a variable pitch control strategy is also presented by considering generator rotational speed restriction and the output power restriction. Combined with a power decoupling strategy of DFIG, the overall operational performances of the doubly fed wind turbine generator system are simulated. By comparing the simulation, theoretical analysis and actual operational data, the results show that the presented model and overall control strategies of the doubly fed wind turbine generator system are valid.     

Wind Power Utilization Efficiency on Roof of Rectangular Buildings

Installing small wind turbines on the roof of buildings is a new way of wind power utilization in recently years. Based on the annual mean wind speed, the efficiency of wind power utilization on roofs of buildings was studied and the evaluation indexes for the utilization efficiency were proposed. With the help of CFD numerical analysis, the analysis on wind power utilization efficiency on flat roofs of rectangular buildings was carried out. The performance indexes of reference points under different windward angles were investigated. The best position and arrangement of wind turbines on the roof were also discussed. Furthermore, the utilization efficiency of four roofs with different shapes were analyzed and compared with that of flat roof.     

Modeling and simulation of a grid connected wind turbine withdoubly fed induction generator

In order to fully research the effects of external excitations, such as wind speed, wind direction and voltage disturbance, on a grid connected wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator, a co-simulation model of MW-class wind turbine system is established by using Simpack and Matlab/Simulink software. Also, by considering the actual control strategies in the process of simulation, the relationship between external excitations and mechanical system is studied. According to time-domain simulation under the turbulent wind condition, the dynamic meshing forces of gears are analyzed. Besides, the vibration responses of tower are calculated under the different external excitations. Research results lay a foundation for dynamic performance optimization and reliability design of a wind turbine.     

风廓线雷达资料在沈阳冰雹天气过程中的分析应用

本文利用风廓线雷达的基本产品、Micaps实况资料和区域自动站资料,对沈阳城区发生的一次冰雹天气过程进行分析,结果表明：此次冰雹是在冷涡背景下,高空存在横槽、逆温,触发的局地的强对流天气过程。降雹前高空由西北风转为偏西风,预示着横槽的到来,风廓线雷达对冷空气侵入的判别提前于常规观测资料。1000 m以下水平风的变化与降雹时间及强度有较好的对应。高空水平风速≥12 m/s的风速带在降雹前1h达到峰值。高空急流区在冰雹发生前20~25min出现急流动量下传,为冰雹的产生提供动力条件。降雹阶段探测高度明显增加,主要是由于空气湿度增大和高层存在大量冰晶粒子所致。冰雹过程中,冰晶粒子主要集中在1900 m以下。降雹前25min垂直风切变增大,并在降雹前20min达到极值,垂直风切变的变化与急流的变化相对应。垂直速度达到极值对应的并不是降雹的开始,低层信噪比＞60 dB,对应降雹开始,信噪比对于冰雹的敏感程度比垂直速度高。垂直速度大于4 m/s与降水的开始、结束时间有着很好的对应关系。     

葡萄园风障防风固沙效果研究

为解决砂质土壤上葡萄生产过程中引起的土壤风蚀问题,以高粱杆、苇席和树枝为风障试验材料,利用风速廓线仪和风蚀盘对设置不同风障的葡萄园内外风速和风蚀量变化进行研究。结果表明葡萄园风障可有效降低葡萄园内风速,不同的风障材料对风速的降低效果不同,高粱杆风障防风效果最好,最高可降低风速38.22%。不同材料风障对葡萄园土壤保护效果不同,高粱杆风障的固沙效果最好,比对照降低了68.43%的风蚀量,风障在防风固沙的同时显著降低了因大风对葡萄叶片及果穗的危害。     

利用CFD模型研究苹果冷藏库内的空气流动

苹果冷藏库内的空气流动可调节库内环境,且气流速度对改善果实品质具有重要的作用,因此有必要研究苹果贮藏库内的空气流动特性。本研究采用CFD（Computational Fluid Dynamics）方法,运用大型计算流体动力学软件Fluent建立模型,以标准湍流模型对苹果冷藏库内的空气流动做三维模拟。模拟时以苹果堆码区作为多孔介质,研究库内堆码苹果时的空气流动状况,并对库内的空气流速进行试验测定和验证。结果表明,通过气流场模拟能较为直观地显示冷库内部的流场特征和流动状态,气流从风扇流出,在风机与货物堆码区形成明显的涡流;气流在货物堆码区分布较为均匀,靠近风机的货物堆码区气流速度均高于远离风机的货物堆码区气流速度。冷库流场的测量值与CFD模拟的结果进行对比,最大误差在10%以内,测量值和模拟值之间的相关系数在0.9以上,说明了CFD模拟的可靠性。该模拟结果可为商用苹果冷藏库的优化和库内环境调节提供一定的理论依据。     

安徽省最大风速时空分布不均匀性分析

利用安徽省近30年逐日最大风速资料,对安徽省最大风速集中度（MWSCD）和集中期（MWSCP）时空分布不均匀性进行了分析,最后讨论了影响安徽省MWSCD异常时的环流特征,结果发现：安徽省大部MWSCD多在0.06上下,其中山区MWSCD相对较低。淮北和江淮之间中东部MWSCP主要集中在18~24候之间,山区的MWSCP较晚,多集中在24~28候之间,MWSCD和MWSCP空间的差异主要是受地形分布影响的。MWSCD具有明显的年际变化,其高值年与低值年环流差异的对比上,高值年对流层高层,中国河套以西和以东为“+-”位势高度距平控制,同时对应一个气旋性环流和一个反气旋性环流,安徽处在气旋性环流的中心地带,对流层中层,安徽处在偏北风异常控制之下。在对流层低层,安徽省处在负异常位势高度的西南侧,在西北风的控制之下。     

通辽市固日班花风电场风能储量分析

为了开发科尔沁沙地的风能资源,为其治理提供便捷、安全的能源,利用科尔沁沙地最典型地区奈曼旗固日班花风电场测风塔和奈曼气象站的风向、风速资料,对固日班花风电场的风能储量进行分析。结果表明,固日班花风电场塔高10、60、65、70、80 m处的年平均风速订正后分别为4.9、6.8、7.0、7.2、7.3 m/s;相应风功率密度分别为136.5、315.4、341.3、365.6、382.1 W/m2。逐月风速与逐月风功率密度年内变化规律基本一致。风电场风能资源较为丰富,达到了建设大型风电厂的要求。     

不同沙冬青配置方式对土壤风蚀的影响

笔者针对当前防风固沙体系的衰败及防风阻沙效果较低的问题,基于沙冬青的生物特性,通过人工模拟的方法定量研究了单株沙冬青流场特征及沙冬青不同配置方式的防风阻沙特征。研究结果表明：（1）单株沙冬青对其两侧的风速没有显著地消减作用,而当风越过植株后,风速会被显著降低,降低率最大可达59.77%,并在其背风面1~3 H范围内形成一个低速的静风区,在7 H处风速与旷野基本相当,成为尾流区;（2）单株沙冬青对集沙量的影响和对风速的影响具有相似的变化规律;（3）沙冬青行带配置方式的防风效能最好,均匀式居中,随机式最低。3 种配置方式在林带后缘5 H内输沙率都有所减少,在林带后1、3 H减弱最明显。     

海上大风延伸期预报研究进展

海上大风是海洋产业的重大灾害性天气,而延伸期预报是世界性难题。目前,延伸期预报主要分成动力延伸、低频振荡、经验波传播、数理统计、气候扰动分解和集合预报等6种方法,以动力延伸中的数值模式和低频振荡中的MJO监测诊断最为流行。随着大数据时代的到来,基于大数据分析,以数值预报产品为基础的集合预报成为未来业务发展的重点方向。这6种方法都可以用于海上大风等重大灾害性天气预报,许多学者尝试较多的是气候扰动分解、低频振荡中的低频天气图等方法中的溯源技术,通过找到源头,实现重大灾害性天气的延伸期预报。     

Analysis on drag coefficients of bundled conductors under wind load

Drag coefficients of quad-bundled conductor under different wind speeds and attack angles are firstly determined by means of wind tunnel test. Meanwhile, the drag coefficients are obtained by numerical simulation method and the results are consistent with those by the wind tunnel test. Furthermore, cross flows around six-bundled and eight-bundled conductors are numerically investigated, and the drag coefficients are then determined. Compared with the determination method of wind load on conductor in current Chinese code and the IEC code for the design of transmission line, the drag coefficients defined in the Chinese code may be too large for bundled conductors, and may need to be adjusted based on further theoretical and wind tunnel test investigation.     

Influence Factors on Wind induced Fatigue Life of Steel Circular Antenna with Asymmetric Brace

Wind induced responses of a single steel circular antenna with an asymmetric brace were computed considering wind speed and direction joint distribution function at location of the structure, and then wind induced fatigue life of the structure was estimated in frequency domain and time domain, respectively. Some parameters, including wind direction, surface roughness, vortex induced resonance and mean wind speed, which would have effects on the wind induced fatigue life of the structure,were discussed. It is found that 1) wind direction has great effects on wind induced fatigue damage, that is, significant fatigue can occur in wind direction of high probability; 2) the more roughness the surface of structure is, the shorter the wind induced fatigue life is; 3) the effects of vortex resonance on wind induced fatigue life should not be neglected; 4) the mean velocity has slight impact on the wind induced fatigue life of the structure.     

Dynamic Responses of the High Slender Structure Under Non-Gaussian Model of Wind Load

With reference to the effect of the quadratic component of turbulent-wind fluctuation, the statistical moments of wind load up to the 4~(th) order are derived and the spectrum densities are given based on the Fourier transformation. By means of the Gram-Charlier series, the first-order probability densities of the structure responses are then constituted with the former 4~(th) order central moments of responses. Under the independent hypothesis of the structural displacement and its derivative, whose applicability is verified by the correlation between the two signals, the joint probability density function is developed and a numerical scheme for the analysis of the dynamic behaviors of the high-slender structure under wind excitation is obtained. Parametric analysis on dynamic responses and reliability under both Gaussian and non-Gaussian models of wind load are then investigated.