福建南平不同植烟土壤微生物数量与养分状况分析

为探究福建省南平地区不同质地土壤中微生物数量与土壤养分状况,对南平地区不同质地植烟土壤pH、土壤养分含量（有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾）和土壤微生物数量（细菌、真菌、放线菌、解磷菌、解钾菌、纤维素分解菌）进行测定。实验结果：供试南平地区不同质地植烟土壤pH均偏酸（pH均小于5.5）,不同质地土壤中粘土的有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量最多,其次是壤土和砂土。植烟土壤中微生物以细菌为主,其次是放线菌和真菌。对不同质地土壤养分与微生物数量相关性分析,得出南平地区土壤样品中细菌与全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾相关性较高;真菌与全钾、全磷、速效磷呈负相关,与有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾呈正相关,与全钾显著相关;放线菌与速效磷显著相关;解磷菌与土壤多种养分呈正相关,但相关系数不高;钾细菌与速效磷显著相关,与全磷含量极显著相关;纤维素分解菌与碱解氮相关性最高,与速效钾、全磷、速效磷呈负相关。这些相关性分析表明,南平地区不同质地植烟土壤微生物数量与土壤养分含量虽呈一定的相关性,但相关系数不高,说明该地区的气候条件、施肥方式,特别是水稻—烟草的轮作方式也是影响微生物的数量和种类的重要因素。本研究是对南平地区植烟土壤信息的必要补充,也为今后如何合理利用菌肥,有目的地地开发南平地区植烟土壤的功能菌提供了实验基础和理论依据。     

黑龙江省不同类型土壤养分差异及对水稻养分吸收与分配的影响

采用单因素方法研究黑龙江省不同类型土壤在水稻生长发育期间土壤氮、磷、钾养分变化特征及对水稻氮、磷、钾养分吸收与分配的影响。结果表明:不同类型土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、速效钾、碱解氮、速效磷在水稻各生长发育期差异极显著;不同类型土壤全氮、碱解氮含量排序为白浆土>草甸黑土>草甸土>黑土>盐碱土,土壤全磷、速效磷含量排序为黑土>白浆土>草甸土>草甸黑土>盐碱土,土壤全钾、速效钾含量排序为盐碱土>白浆土>黑土>草甸黑土>草甸土;水稻对不同类型土壤氮、磷养分吸收量与土壤中氮、磷养分含量呈正相关,对钾的吸收无规律性变化,水稻植株中氮、磷、钾养分的累积量主要受水稻生物产量和植株中养分含量的影响;成熟期水稻穗部氮、磷含量高于茎部和叶部,茎部钾含量高于穗部和叶部。     

三峡库区花岗岩母质石英砂土不同经济林模式土壤养分特征研究

为了解三峡库区花岗岩母质不同经济林模式的土壤养分状况,研究了各模式下土壤pH、有机质、全量养分和速效养分的特征,并利用主成分分析法对不同模式的土壤质量进行了综合评价。结果表明,除土壤pH外,经济林土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾等含量的变异较宽,为中等变异。随土壤层次的增加,各模式下土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量呈递减趋势,而全磷和全钾则存在不规律变化。土壤有机质、全氮和速效钾对经济林土壤质量的高低产生着主要作用,土壤养分综合排名表现为柑橘（精细管理）>柑橘（常规管理）>板栗林>茶园。因此,利用生物措施和精细化管理措施,可有效提高该区域经济林的土壤质量。     

海南主要益智生长区土壤养分调查与分析

为了解海南益智土壤养分状况,比较海南益智自然野生区与人工栽培区土壤养分。分别对海南益智生长区土壤养分进行检测,对海南主要天然野生和人工栽培区土壤养分状况进行分析。结果表明,除了海南省少部分地区栽培区的土壤养分比野生区高以外,大部分益智人工栽培区的养分含量比野生区低。海南大部分益智生长区土壤全氮、全钾处于Ⅲ级水平以上,全磷处于Ⅲ级水平以下。大部分地区速效磷和碱解氮含量很低,而速效钾含量较丰富。碱解氮主要以铵态氮为主。土壤有机质与全氮、全磷呈极显著正相关关系（相关系数均为0.789）,而与碱解氮呈显著相关关系（相关系数为0.576）。全氮与碱解氮、全磷呈显著正相关关系（相关系数为0.825、0.999）。碱解氮与全磷呈极显著正相关关系（相关系数为0.825）,而与速效磷、速效钾呈显著正相关关系（相关系数为0.679、0.622）。全钾与速效钾呈显著正相关关系（相关系数为0.599）。总体来说,益智自然野生区与栽培区各养分水平差异很大。     

不同牧草种植模式对退化农田土壤养分的影响

为了筛选出牧草最优种植模式,为退化农田地力提升和土地可持续利用提供理论和技术支撑,以敖汉苜蓿和老芒麦为材料,设置3种不同种植模式：单播敖汉苜蓿(Ms)、单播老芒麦(Es)和混播牧草（敖汉苜蓿+老芒麦,In）,以休闲处理为对照(CK)。结果表明：随种植年限增加,土壤速效磷含量先降后升;有机质、速效钾、全氮、全钾含量上升。与CK比较,第1年,各种植模式均提高了土壤有机质、速效钾、碱解氮和全氮含量;Ms和In提高了土壤全磷、全钾含量。第2年,Ms、Es和In土壤碱解氮含量在10~20 cm土层显著降低20.91%~40.05%,速效磷含量在20~40 cm土层显著降低32.19%~39.65%;土壤有机质、全钾含量总体呈升高趋势,速效磷、速效钾含量呈下降趋势,全磷含量在20~40 cm土层显著降低。     

不同烟草栽培地区土壤理化性质与AM真菌分布关系

此文主要研究丛枝菌根分布特点和土壤理化性质及其之间的关系。以山东省和云南省部分烟区为例,在大田栽培条件下分析烟区土壤理化性质,利用蔗糖密度梯度离心方法分离土壤中的丛枝菌根真菌孢子。烟草栽培地区的土壤中丛枝菌根孢子量较高,其土壤中的有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾以及碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均呈下降趋势,且以速效养分的变化较为显著,但土壤pH与孢子含量之间则无明显的关系。各烟草栽培地区除pH没有显著差异外,土壤中残留的有机质和氮、磷、钾含量存在着较大差异;丛枝菌根孢子量较高的青岛地区烟草栽培土壤中残留的碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量较其他地区明显低,说明土壤中AM真菌能够明显促进烟草对土壤中速效养分的吸收和利用。     

山地果园土壤肥力调查与评价——以重庆市金果园为例

采集重庆市金果园9个园区的土壤样品,调查和评价果园土壤的肥力状况。结果表明果园各园区土壤均呈强酸性,pH在4.55以下,且pH随土层深度的增加而降低。结合全国第2次土壤普查的养分分级标准,各园区表土中有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效磷的含量基本处于中等或中上水平;全磷、全钾和速效钾含量偏低,处于较缺和缺乏状态;不同深度果园土壤样品中养分含量存在明显差异,表现为表层含量显著高于下层。分析果园常施的2种有机肥（鸡粪和油饼）的肥力状况,发现油饼中有机质含量较丰富,但2种有机肥的氮、磷、钾含量配比难以满足高需钾果树的需求。     

山区小流域不同海拔和坡位土壤养分分布及相关性分析

通过对河北省易县观坐岭小流域不同海拔和坡位土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾测定分析,得出了该小流域土壤在不同海拔和坡位的肥力状况。结果表明：随海拔降低,土壤有机质和速效氮含量有增加趋势,增幅分别为40%和35%;土壤速效磷和速效钾的变化比较复杂,主要与土壤母质有关。不同坡位土壤养分表现出向下汇集的趋势,下坡位土壤养分含量高于上坡位和中坡位养分含量,但有机质变化趋势相反,是人为活动的影响结果。相关分析结果表明,海拔与土壤有机质、速效氮和速效钾呈显著负相关,与速效磷不相关;各养分含量间,土壤有机质、速效氮、速效钾之间分别呈相关关系,速效磷与速效氮相关显著,与速效钾无相关性。在不同坡位上,土壤养分间的差异不显著。     

贵州玄参主产地土壤养分丰缺现状及评价

为了解贵州地产玄参种植土壤养分的丰缺现状,以玄参产地土壤为对象,分析了土壤pH值、有机质和氮磷钾含量,并评价了土壤养分的丰缺现状,讨论了土壤各养分间的关系。结果表明：玄参产地土壤属于弱酸性土壤,土壤有机质含量处于24．86～120．12g／kg之间,土壤有机质含量较高;玄参产地土壤全氮含量处于1．64～1．88g／kg之间,全磷处于0．11～0．21g／kg之间,全钾处于14．34～16．73g／kg之间;玄参产地土壤碱解氮含量处于123．73～269．37mg／kg之间,有效磷处于7．17～21.37mg／kg之间,速效钾处于90．56～251．38mg／kg之间;玄参产地土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量比较丰富,全钾、有效磷和速效钾含量适宜,全磷含量属于缺乏水平。玄参产地土壤各养分中pH值与有机质、土壤有机质与土壤全磷、土壤全磷与土壤全钾成极显著正相关。贵州玄参产地土壤肥力水平总体较高,能够提供玄参生长过程中所需要的养分。     

西藏尼洋河中上游流域不同土地利用方式土壤养分含量差异分析

为研究西藏尼洋河中上游流域不同土地利用方式土壤养分含量变化特征,以尼洋河中上游流域耕地、草地和林地为研究对象,采用标准取样法分层采集土壤样品216份(0~10、10~20、20~30 cm),并测定土壤全氮、碱解氮、全钾、速效钾、全磷、速效磷和有机质。结果表明,西藏尼洋河中上游流域土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量,林地>草地>耕地,且三者之间均表现出显著差异(P<0.05)。草地和林地的全钾含量相差不大,速效钾含量林地>草地>耕地。在不同土地利用方式下土壤全量养分和速效养分的分布均表现出一定的表聚性,0~10 cm深度土壤全量养分和速效养分的含量明显高于10~20 cm和20~30 cm,且三者之间表现出显著差异(P<0.05)。研究区3种土地利用方式下林地土壤中的碱解氮平均含量最大,耕地的含量最小。耕地的土壤速效磷平均含量(19.47 mg/kg)显著大于草地(5.73 mg/kg)和林地(5.19 mg/kg)平均含量。上述结果说明长期开展植被恢复能够提升尼洋河中上游流域流域的土壤质量。研究结果为改良该区域的土壤效应提供了基础支撑。     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

Inheritance of fruit colour in a wild Russian red raspberry seedling

Summary A new gene, i, from a self-incompatible wild Russian Rubus idaeus seedling is described. The gene i interacts with the fruit colour gene T, Tii plants having apricot instead of red fruits, and spines, leaves and stems pigmented to varying degrees. A deficit of apricot-fruited seedlings in progenies segregating for i could be explained by linkage between i and the self-incompatibility S locus with a crossover value of approximately 26.7%.Segregations for spine colour in crosses and backcrosses of the Russian seedling with two green-spined (ttII) raspberries selected for their yellow fruit colour, showed that both the latter carried the spine colour intensifier gene P. This suggests that earlier authors were incorrect in attributing the apricot fruit colour developed by some tt plants to a pleiotropic effect of P.     

Flag Leaf Senescence, as Evaluated by Numerical Image Analysis, and its Relationship with Yield under Drought in Durum Wheat

Senescence was evaluated at different stages of the grain‐filling period in eight durum wheat varieties using numerical image analysis (NIA). The varieties were grown under early, severe drought conditions on the high plains of Sétif in Algeria. After flowering, three different irrigation treatments were applied. Treatment effect was small, while a genotypic effect was noted for most of the senescence parameters. Senescence correlated to biomass, while the maximal rate of senescence, V_smax, correlated to thousand‐kernel weight. The potential of the method of numerical image analysis for monitoring flag leaf senescence, detecting genotypic variability and selecting genotypes with delayed senescence is discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata): Genetics,genomics and breeding

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.), is an important grain legume grown in the tropics where it constitutes a valuable source of protein in the diets of millions of people. Some abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect its productivity. A review of the genetics, genomics and breeding of cowpea is presented in this article. Cowpea breeding programmes have studied intensively qualitative and quantitative genetics of the crop to better enhance its improvement. A number of initiatives including Tropical Legumes projects have contributed to the development of cowpea genomic resources. Recent progress in the development of consensus genetic map containing 37,372 SNPs mapped to 3,280 bins will strengthen cowpea trait discovery pipeline. Several informative markers associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to desirable attributes of cowpea were generated. Cowpea genetic improvement activities aim at the development of drought tolerant, phosphorus use efficient, bacterial blight and virus resistant lines through exploiting available genetic resources as well as deployment of modern breeding tools that will enhance genetic gain when grown by sub‐Saharan Africa farmers.     

Screening for resistance to take-all in wheat,triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines

Summary Fifteen triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines were evaluated for resistance to the take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and compared with five wheat and two rye lines in inoculated field and pot trials. The triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines varied in rye chromosome number and degree of resistance expressed. One line, Venus with seven pairs of rye chromosomes consistently showed levels of resistance intermediate between wheat and rye. A trend was observed where increasing rye chromosome content led to greater resistance but exceptions showed that variation within triticales could not be ascribed to rye chromosome content alone.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.