基于16S rDNA基因高通量测序分析农田栽参土壤改良后的细菌群落结构

为揭示农田栽参土壤改良中几种常用肥料施用后对土壤细菌群落的影响。利用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,分析测定肥料施用后土壤中细菌群落结构、物种丰度及物种组成。通过相关性分析研究土壤细菌群落多样性与土壤元素及土壤酶活性的关系。结果表明,施用肥料后鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、罗思河小杆菌属(Rhodanobacter)、norank_o_Saccharimonadales、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、norank_o_Gaiellales等菌属为土壤中优势菌属;F中细菌群落多样性最高,即ace指数与chao1指数最高。处理C细菌群落丰度最高,F处理细菌群落丰度最低;相关性分析发现土壤酶活性、土壤元素与土壤细菌群落结构存在显著相关性,UE、OM、p H、K、Fe、N、Ca等环境因子对土壤细菌结构影响较大。说明除了直接施入菌剂改变土壤细菌群落结构,通过改变土壤性质,也可以间接改变土壤细菌群落结构。研究表明,几种肥料的施用可以改善土壤细菌群落结构,其中,C肥料可以显著提高细菌群落丰度;A处理显著提高有益菌属鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)的丰度;E处理使拮抗菌属罗思河小杆菌属(Rhodanobacter)丰度增加。本研究为几种常用肥料对土壤改良后土壤细菌种类、群落结构及其功能的影响机制提供实验依据。     

水肥耦合对科尔沁羊草割草场植物群落多样性和生产力的影响

采用随机区组设计,探讨了不同时间及水肥耦合用量对科尔沁羊草(Leymus chinensis)割草场植物群落特征、草地生产力和物种多样性的影响。结果表明:在5月30日和6月15日时,加水量15 mm加尿素150 kg/hm~2(15N)的水肥耦合组合群落高度、盖度、密度和地上生物量较对照显著增加,其中,地上生物量是对照的2倍多;水肥耦合降低了物种多样性指数,5月15日的15N处理使得群落Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-wiener多样性指数和Simpson指数显著降低(P0.05)。在科尔沁沙质羊草割草场进行草地改良,最佳的实施时间应该在5月30日以后,15N可作为优先水肥耦合组合来推荐。     

长期不同施肥对农田土壤养分与微生物群落结构的影响

为了阐明长期不同施肥对土壤养分与微生物群落的影响及影响机理,以杭嘉湖平原典型稻麦轮作区长期定位施肥试验土壤为对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid fatty acid, PLFA)分析方法,研究了施用化肥(NPK)、秸秆(Straw)、栏肥(Manure)、化肥与秸秆配施(S+NPK)、化肥与栏肥配施(M+NPK)5种不同施肥方式对土壤主要养分指标与微生物量及微生物群落结构的影响,试验以不施肥处理为对照。结果表明,所有施肥处理均提高了土壤有机碳,其中秸秆与化肥配施、栏肥无论是单独施用还是与化肥配施所提高的有机碳含量均达到显著水平;施用化肥、有机肥、秸秆+化肥及有机肥+化肥均可在一定程度增加土壤氮、磷、钾养分。施用秸秆和栏肥显著提高了土壤中总PLFA、细菌、真菌、放线菌等含量以及微生物群落Shannon指数(P＜0.05),但施用化肥可引起土壤微生物量和多样性指数的下降。相关分析结果表明,土壤微生物PLFA含量及Shannon指数与土壤碳氮比呈显著正相关(P＜0.05)。典范对应分析结果表明,土壤有机碳含量(F=2.18,P=0.027)是影响微生物群落结构的主要环境因子。可得出结论,长期秸秆还田或施用栏肥可显著提高土壤微生物量并改变其群落结构,土壤有机碳含量及碳氮比对于土壤质量和肥力的提高具有至关重要的作用。     

不同提取工艺制备的海藻肥在盆栽小油菜上的肥效研究

为对比不同提取工艺制备的海藻肥在小油菜上的肥效,通过设置盆栽试验,对酸提海藻液、酸-碱提海藻液、史丹利酶提海藻液、史丹利微生物提海藻液在小油菜上的施用效果进行研究。结果表明：史丹利酶提海藻液、微生物提海藻液反应条件温和、易于制备,产品外观细腻稳定,海藻酸、赤霉素、吲哚乙酸等有效物质含量高,从工艺和产品品质方面优于酸提海藻液和酸-碱提海藻液;施用史丹利微生物提海藻液处理的油菜株高、叶绿素值均显著高于其他处理,其中株高和叶绿素值分别比酸-碱提海藻液处理高13.3%和22.5%、比酸提海藻液处理高23.5%和26.9%;施用微生物提、酶提海藻液处理的小油菜间地上植株鲜重与干重均无显著差异,均显著高于其他处理,其中微生物提海藻液处理鲜重分别比酸-碱提海藻液和酸提海藻液处理高12.6%和15.8%。研究表明,4 种提取工艺制备的海藻肥的肥效为：酸提海藻液＜酸-碱提海藻液＜史丹利酶提海藻液＜史丹利微生物提海藻液。     

草木灰对烤烟根际土壤微生物群落结构及功能多样性的影响

施用草木灰旨在改善土壤微生物群落结构,减少由土壤自身衰退而引发的土传病害,更好的维持土壤生态系统的平衡。通过田间小区试验,采用平板培养法和BIOLOG技术研究施用草木灰对烤烟根际土壤微生物数量和功能多样性的影响。研究结果表明:施用草木灰显著增加了烤烟根际细菌、放线菌和微生物总量(P0.05),真菌数量虽略有降低但差异并不明显;移栽后35、55、75天的3个时间段均有一致规律。同时,上述3个时间段烤烟根际微生物群落碳源利用率(AWCD)和对6类碳源的利用程度也以施用草木灰处理显著高于对照。施用草木灰后,烟株各时期根际土壤微生物群落Shannon指数(H)、Simpson指数(D)、均匀度指数(E)、丰富度指数(S)(P0.05)均有所提高,其中移栽后35天时差异显著。根际微生物群落的PCA分析表明,增施草木灰处理和对照在主成分坐标体系中差异十分明显,草木灰处理集中在第1主成分正方向,而未施用的对照则集中在第1主成分负方向,表明土壤微生物功能多样性差异显著。上述说明增施草木灰在改善烟株根际土壤微生物群落结构及功能多样性方面有明显效果。     

草木灰对烤烟根际土壤微生物群落结构及代谢功能多样性的影响

施用草木灰旨在改善土壤微生物群落结构，减少由土壤自身衰退而引发的土传病害，更好的维持土壤生态系统的平衡。通过田间小区试验，采用平板培养法和BIOLOG技术研究施用草木灰对烤烟根际土壤微生物数量和功能多样性的影响。研究结果表明：施用草木灰显著增加了烤烟根际细菌、放线菌和微生物总量(P＜0.05)，真菌数量虽略有降低但差异并不明显；移栽后35、55、75天的3个时间段均有一致规律。同时，上述3个时间段烤烟根际微生物群落碳源利用率(AWCD)和对6类碳源的利用程度也以施用草木灰处理显著高于对照。施用草木灰后，烟株各时期根际土壤微生物群落Shannon 指数(H)、Simpson指数(D)、均匀度指数(E)、丰富度指数(S)(P＜0.05)均有所提高，其中移栽后35天时差异显著。根际微生物群落的PCA分析表明，增施草木灰处理和对照在主成分坐标体系中差异十分明显，草木灰处理集中在第1主成分正方向，而未施用的对照则集中在第1主成分负方向，表明土壤微生物功能多样性差异显著。上述说明增施草木灰在改善烟株根际土壤微生物群落结构及功能多样性方面有明显效果。     

临沭县冬小麦复合微生物肥效对比试验

为了讨论复合微生物肥料在冬小麦上的肥料效应,开展同等地力条件下,冬小麦使用复合微生物肥料(含有机质)和测土配方研制的小麦专用配方肥(大量元素肥料)对比试验。试验表明:施用复合微生物肥料(含有机质),对改善冬小麦的农艺性状、增产增效等均有良好的效果。     

久佳复合微生物肥料对杂交水稻产量和性状的影响

为探讨久佳复合微生物肥料施用量与水稻产量和性状的关系,以杂交水稻品种宜香优2886为试材,采用田间试验研究了不同栽培方式(移栽、直播)和久佳复合微生物肥料不同施用量对产量和性状的影响。结果表明:施用久佳复合微生物肥料比不施的处理增产4.0%~9.64%。移栽方式施用久佳复合微生物肥料3kg/667m2处理的产量最高,为606.97kg/667m2,比移栽方式施用久佳复合微生物肥料的处理增产2.25%~4.6%,比移栽方式不施久佳复合微生物肥料处理增产9.64%。移栽方式施用久佳复合微生物肥料3kg/667m2处理的性状较好,每穗总粒数162.27粒、每穗实粒数143.31粒、结实率88.32%,分别比移栽方式不施久佳复合微生物肥料的处理增加2.56粒、8.49粒和3.9个百分点。久佳复合微生物肥料对株高、穗长和千粒重的影响较小。     

褐煤腐殖酸对旱作燕麦上壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量及土壤酶活性的影响

以燕麦坝筱一号为试验材料,设置不施揭煤腐殖酸常规处理(CK),仅2011年施用腐殖酸,连续2年、连续3年、连续4年施用腐殖酸,以研究腐殖酸对土壤微生物量及酶活性的影响,从而明确腐殖酸对土壤生物学性状的改善效果。试验结果表明,连续多年施用腐殖酸可增加燕麦苗期土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量,增强土壤蔗糖酶、服酶、过氧化氢酶活性,有利于培肥土壤,促进土壤中有机物质的分解和转化以及土壤碳、氮等养分的循环,达到提高土壤质量的目的。不同施用年限腐殖酸对土壤酶活性及微生物量的影响不同,连续施用腐殖酸4年的作用优于连续施用3年、2年、1年,4种处理均优于CK处理,说明土壤腐殖酸的累积效应对土壤微生态环境的改善起到积极的作用,其中多年施用腐殖酸对改善10~20cm土壤脉酶活性、微生物生物量氮含量作用显著,能为作物根系生长提供充足的氮素。试验发现土壤酶活性与土壤微生物量之间具有很好的相关性,土壤酶活性可以作为评价土壤微生物量高低的指标。     

褐煤腐殖酸对旱作燕麦土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量及土壤酶活性的影响

以燕麦坝莜一号为试验材料,设置不施褐煤腐殖酸常规处理(CK),仅2011年施用腐殖酸,连续2年、连续3年、连续4年施用腐殖酸,以研究腐殖酸对土壤微生物量及酶活性的影响,从而明确腐殖酸对土壤生物学性状的改善效果。试验结果表明,连续多年施用腐殖酸可增加燕麦苗期土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量,增强土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性,有利于培肥土壤,促进土壤中有机物质的分解和转化以及土壤碳、氮等养分的循环,达到提高土壤质量的目的。不同施用年限腐殖酸对土壤酶活性及微生物量的影响不同,连续施用腐殖酸4年的作用优于连续施用3年、2年、1年,4种处理均优于CK处理,说明土壤腐殖酸的累积效应对土壤微生态环境的改善起到积极的作用,其中多年施用腐殖酸对改善10~20cm土壤脲酶活性、微生物生物量氮含量作用显著,能为作物根系生长提供充足的氮素。试验发现土壤酶活性与土壤微生物量之间具有很好的相关性,土壤酶活性可以作为评价土壤微生物量高低的指标。     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

Inheritance of fruit colour in a wild Russian red raspberry seedling

Summary A new gene, i, from a self-incompatible wild Russian Rubus idaeus seedling is described. The gene i interacts with the fruit colour gene T, Tii plants having apricot instead of red fruits, and spines, leaves and stems pigmented to varying degrees. A deficit of apricot-fruited seedlings in progenies segregating for i could be explained by linkage between i and the self-incompatibility S locus with a crossover value of approximately 26.7%.Segregations for spine colour in crosses and backcrosses of the Russian seedling with two green-spined (ttII) raspberries selected for their yellow fruit colour, showed that both the latter carried the spine colour intensifier gene P. This suggests that earlier authors were incorrect in attributing the apricot fruit colour developed by some tt plants to a pleiotropic effect of P.     

Flag Leaf Senescence, as Evaluated by Numerical Image Analysis, and its Relationship with Yield under Drought in Durum Wheat

Senescence was evaluated at different stages of the grain‐filling period in eight durum wheat varieties using numerical image analysis (NIA). The varieties were grown under early, severe drought conditions on the high plains of Sétif in Algeria. After flowering, three different irrigation treatments were applied. Treatment effect was small, while a genotypic effect was noted for most of the senescence parameters. Senescence correlated to biomass, while the maximal rate of senescence, V_smax, correlated to thousand‐kernel weight. The potential of the method of numerical image analysis for monitoring flag leaf senescence, detecting genotypic variability and selecting genotypes with delayed senescence is discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata): Genetics,genomics and breeding

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.), is an important grain legume grown in the tropics where it constitutes a valuable source of protein in the diets of millions of people. Some abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect its productivity. A review of the genetics, genomics and breeding of cowpea is presented in this article. Cowpea breeding programmes have studied intensively qualitative and quantitative genetics of the crop to better enhance its improvement. A number of initiatives including Tropical Legumes projects have contributed to the development of cowpea genomic resources. Recent progress in the development of consensus genetic map containing 37,372 SNPs mapped to 3,280 bins will strengthen cowpea trait discovery pipeline. Several informative markers associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to desirable attributes of cowpea were generated. Cowpea genetic improvement activities aim at the development of drought tolerant, phosphorus use efficient, bacterial blight and virus resistant lines through exploiting available genetic resources as well as deployment of modern breeding tools that will enhance genetic gain when grown by sub‐Saharan Africa farmers.     

Screening for resistance to take-all in wheat,triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines

Summary Fifteen triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines were evaluated for resistance to the take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and compared with five wheat and two rye lines in inoculated field and pot trials. The triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines varied in rye chromosome number and degree of resistance expressed. One line, Venus with seven pairs of rye chromosomes consistently showed levels of resistance intermediate between wheat and rye. A trend was observed where increasing rye chromosome content led to greater resistance but exceptions showed that variation within triticales could not be ascribed to rye chromosome content alone.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.