Evaluating the role of seed priming in improving drought tolerance of pigmented and non‐pigmented rice

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of seed priming on drought tolerance of pigmented and non‐pigmented rice. Seeds of pigmented (cv. Heug Jinju Byeo) and non‐pigmented (cv. Anjoong) rice were soaked in water (hydropriming) or solution of CaCl₂ (osmopriming). Seeds were sown in soil‐filled pots retained at 70 (well‐watered) and 35% (drought) water‐holding capacity. Drought stress caused erratic and poor stand establishment and decreased the growth of both rice types. More decrease in plant height and leaf area under drought stress was noted in pigmented rice, whereas decrease in root length and seedling dry weight, under drought, was more obvious in non‐pigmented rice. Pigmented rice maintained more tissue water and photosynthesis and had more polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity than non‐pigmented rice. Seed priming was effective in improving stand establishment, growth, polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity; however, extent of improvement was more in pigmented rice under drought. In conclusion, drought caused erratic germination and suppressed plant growth in both rice types. However, pigmented rice had better drought tolerance owing to uniform emergence, and better physiological and morphological plasticity. Seed priming was quite helpful in improving the performance of both rice types under drought and well‐watered conditions.     

Varietal difference in physicochemical properties of pigmented rice varieties

The physicochemical properties of pigmented (Midorimochi, Jeokjinjubyeo, and Heukmichalbyeo) and non-pigmented (Hwayoungbyeo) rice varieties were investigated. Starch from non-pigmented rice consisted mainly of large polyhedral granules that were more loosely packed than those of the non-pigmented sample. Pigmented rice showed higher linoleic acid content (36–40%) and hydrolysis rate (63–79%) but lower oleic acid content (35–39%), blue value (0.05–0.17), and viscosity values than the non-pigmented one. Significantly higher mineral content, blue value, and pasting and viscosity values were observed in the Jeokjinjubyeo sample compared to those of the other pigmented rice samples. The Midorimochi variety, on the other hand, exhibited the highest total amino acid (816.82 ng mg⁻¹) and sugar (0.15–3.35 μg g⁻¹) contents and the lowest pasting and viscosity values. No substantial difference in the X-ray diffraction pattern was observed among the samples. Results of this study could serve as baseline information for the quality evaluation of three pigmented rice cultivars and provide a better understanding of their potential uses and food industry applications.     

密度和行距互作下色素辣椒产量及相关性状的多重分析

为解决色素辣椒优质高产问题，以色素辣椒品种0409为试材，采用裂区试验设计，通过多重分析法研究密度（A1：82 500株?hm-2，A2：67 500株?hm-2，A3：52 500 株?hm-2）和行距（70 cm+50 cm、60 cm+60 cm、80 cm+40 cm）互作对色素辣椒产量及相关性状的影响。结果表明：不同密度、相同行距处理下，色素辣椒生物产量和果实产量均随密度增加而递增（A1>A2>A3）；同一密度、不同行距处理下，均以行距80+40的生物产量和果实产量最高，其次为行距70+50，并且A1高密度下3种行距配置差异显著；随密度的增加，果长、果肩径、单果重、单株果重以及商品果数等产量性状均逐渐减小，但是除单株果重，其他性状差异不显著；商品果数（0.8357*）、单果重（0.8196*）和果肩径（0.7681）与果实产量的相关系数较大，而株高（-0.8394*）与果实产量呈显著负相关；多元逐步回归分析得出，株高、果肩径、单果重以及商品果数是影响果实产量的重要指标，相关系数R= 0.9998；将相关指标进行主成分分析得出，前2个主成分累计贡献率95.91%，其反应的信息与色素辣椒产量及相关性状的相关分析和通径分析结果基本一致。综上所述，高密度82 500株?hm-2、行距80+40时为色素辣椒最佳栽培方式，群体增产潜力最大。     

彩色马铃薯花青苷研究进展

彩色马铃薯含有丰富的花青苷,具有一定的保健功能。主要介绍了花青苷的生理功能,分析了彩色马铃薯中花青苷的提取、纯化技术及其分子结构,总结了花青苷定性分析方法及检测技术。     

洋葱幼苗形态快速鉴定技术研究

本研究通过采用不同光质培养与幼苗叶绿素测定的方法,对红皮、黄皮和白皮三个类型的洋葱种子进行了快速鉴定技术研究,结果表明,在适宜的暗培养条件下,肉眼可鉴定白皮洋葱与有色洋葱种子,对有色的红皮与黄皮洋葱种子进行鉴定具有局限性。叶绿素测定,暗培养条件下三种类型的洋葱种子未见显著差异。可见光下,叶绿素含量在三种类型的洋葱种子中存在显著差异,可以利用叶绿素含量鉴定区分。肉眼观测未见可识别的颜色变化。     

Inheritance of scent in rice

Summary Inheritance of scent in rice and its association with pigmented characters were studied in T-141 × K-44-1. Four complementary genes appeared to control scent, one of them showing linkage with a complementary gene for glume colour and a supplementary gene for red pigment in apiculus. This group formed part of V (Prp)linkage group of Misro et al. (1966) in which case Pg and P were additions.Pl.480 Project on linkage maps in rice.     

Performance of various grapefruit (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrus paradisi</Emphasis> Macf.) and pummelo (<Emphasis Type="Italic">C. maxima</Emphasis> Merr.) cultivars under the dry tropic conditions of Mexico

Grapefruit growers in the tropics require information about existing and new citrus cultivars with high productivity potential. The objective of this study was to determine the growth, yield, and fruit quality performance of seven pigmented and four white grapefruit cultivars under the dry tropic conditions of Colima, Mexico. The trees were budded on sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) rootstock and planted at a distance of 8 × 4 m. ‘Oroblanco’ and ‘Marsh Gardner’ white-fleshed grapefruit cultivars and ‘Chandler’, a pink-fleshed pummelo, were the largest trees with the greatest height (5.0–5.6 m), canopy diameter (6.2–6.3 m), trunk diameter (21.9–23.3 cm), and canopy volume (109–123 m³). Lower height (4.3–4.8 m) and canopy volume (73–96 m³), but with similar canopy diameter to the previously mentioned cultivars, were recorded for the remaining pigmented cultivars. ‘Chandler’ pummelo and four pigmented grapefruit cultivars (‘Shambar’, ‘Río Red’, ‘Ray Ruby’, and ‘Redblush #3’) had yearly productions of 34.8, 34.9, 34.1, 32.7, and 30.6 ton ha⁻¹, respectively. The most productive white grapefruit cultivar was ‘Marsh Gardner’ (30.5 ton ha⁻¹). Grapefruit cultivars having the largest fruit size showed a higher inverse relationship between fruit weight and yield than those with small fruit. Most genotypes had higher values of fruit weight, juice content, and maturity index than those required by the local market. The most promising grapefruit cultivars based on their acceptable growth, yield superior to 30 ton ha⁻¹, and acceptable fruit color were ‘Río Red’, ‘Shambar’, ‘Ray Ruby’, and ‘Redblush #3’.     

Morphogenesis of Pigment Glands and Metabolic Characteristics of Gossypol in Gossypium bickii

[Objective]We studied the process of pigment gland formation and the dynamic change of gossypol synthesis, the dynamic relationship and molecular mechanism between the pigment glands and gossypol during the process of embryo formation and seed germination in G. bickii Prokh. [Method] We chose G. bickii as meterial and studied the tissue section observation, determination of gossypol contents and gene expression profile analysis of pigment gland formation and gossypol synthesis genes. [Result] The results showed that a large number of pigment protoglands formed on the cotyledons during embryo development process in G. bickii. The pigment protoglands formed to cavity structure at 12 hours after seed germination, and then converted into mature pigment glands. Analysis of gene expression profiles related to the pigment gland formation and gossypol synthesis during seed germination showing that GoPGF gene was highly expressed on the cotyledons of seed germination of 12 hours, which may be related to pigment protoglands forming to cavity structure of G.bickii. Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase gene (FPS) was highly expressed on the cotyledons of seed germination of 24 hours showing it may be associated with the gossypol transported into the cotyledon pigment glands. CYP706B1 gene was highly expressed on the cotyledons of seed germination of 0 hours and HMG1 were highly expressed on the cotyledons of seed germination of 0 hours, 36 hours and 48 hours showing these genes may be associated with the formation of pigmented cavities and the storage and transport of gossypol; Cadinene synthase genes(CAD1-A) and HMG2 genes were not closely related to the pigment gland formation. [Conclusion] The 12 hours after seed germination is the key period of the morphogenesis of the pigment glands, and the morphogenesis of the pigment glands is synchrony with the time of the occurrence of gossypol in G.bickii. GoPGF, FPS, CYP706B1 and HMG1 are associated with the formation of pigmented cavities and the storage and transport of gossypol.     

Linkage of genes for anthocyanin pigmentation in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary The inheritance of anthocyanin pigmentation and the interrelationship between genes governing anthocyanin pigmentation in different parts of the rice plant and genes governing panicle density were studied in the cross Suma × Wanar-1. A ratio of 45 pigmented: 19 non pigmented was realised for anthocyanin accumulation in sheath, nodal ring, internode, leaf tip, leaf margin and apiculus whereas a ratio of 3 normal:1 laxy was observed for panicle density. Pleiotropic action of a basic gene (A) and each of the two complementary duplicate genes (P _a or P _b) was detected. A linkage group of genes localising pigment in six plant parts was identified, the sequence of genes being P _nr-P _lm-P _la-P _a-P _sh-P _in. This may form part of the III S _p group of Misro et al. (1966), in which case the genes P _nr and P _la are proposed to be additions to this group.     

Variation among maize (Zea mays L.) accessions of Bendel State,Nigeria. Multivariate analysis of agronomic data

Summary Two multivariate techniques were used to characterize 30 maize accessions collected from three ecological zones of Bendel State, Nigeria. Differentiation of the 30 accessions into five distinct groups was achieved with the unweighted variable group method of the average linkage cluster analysis of 34 agronomic characters. Four of the taxonomic groups contained at least three accessions each, while a fifth group contained only one. The single accession contained in the fifth group was characterised by very early maturity, deeply pigmented leaves and ear husks and short statured plants. Clustering of the accessions into different phenetic groups followed substantially along geographical and traditionally trading routes. A few cases of overlapping of accessions from different geographical locations were obtained.Principal component analysis revealed that days to 50% tasseling and silking, number of nodes/plant, ear length, ear weight, leaf width, and kernel colour were the principal discriminatory characters that differentiated the accessions. Sixty-four percent of the total variation among the 34 characters were accounted for by the first five principal components while the first and second components accounted for 26 and 14 respectively.     

Inheritance of fruit colour in a wild Russian red raspberry seedling

Summary A new gene, i, from a self-incompatible wild Russian Rubus idaeus seedling is described. The gene i interacts with the fruit colour gene T, Tii plants having apricot instead of red fruits, and spines, leaves and stems pigmented to varying degrees. A deficit of apricot-fruited seedlings in progenies segregating for i could be explained by linkage between i and the self-incompatibility S locus with a crossover value of approximately 26.7%.Segregations for spine colour in crosses and backcrosses of the Russian seedling with two green-spined (ttII) raspberries selected for their yellow fruit colour, showed that both the latter carried the spine colour intensifier gene P. This suggests that earlier authors were incorrect in attributing the apricot fruit colour developed by some tt plants to a pleiotropic effect of P.     

Comparative analysis of petal proteins in red and white lines from near-isogenic Portulaca sp. ‘Jewel’ plants

Summary A couple of near-isogenic lines, JR and JW from Portulaca sp. Jewel has red and white petals respectively. The difference in petal color in the two lines is caused by an alteration of single genetic locus which is involved in the biosynthesis of betalain pigmentation. In order to detect this genetic difference at the polypeptide level, we have now attempted the comparative analysis of petal proteins between JR and JW. The protein profiles of SDS-polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis from three different stages of the developing petals, and the autoradiographic protein profiles of in vivo labeled petals howed that a 27 KD fragment strongly appeared as a characteristic of JR petal fraction. Thus, this fragment can be considered as a candidate for certain polypeptides which is associated with the betalain synthesis pathway functioning in the pigmented petals.Abbreviations SDS sodium-dodecyl sulfate - KD kilo-dalton - DOPA 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine     

彩色马铃薯二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶(DFR)基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

花色素苷是影响花色的主要色素,二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶(DFR)基因是花色素苷合成的关键酶基因.本研究以云南地方彩色马铃薯品种‘剑川红’和‘转心乌’,外引品种‘黑美人’为实验材料,通过RT-PCR方法从其块茎表皮中克隆到DFR基因的完整cDNA序列,并进行了生物信息学分析.分析结果显示供试的三个彩色马铃薯的DFR基因编码3...     

Hybridization, Through Culture of Embryos and Immature Seeds, of a Range of Tomato Cultivars with a Tomato Somatic Hybrid [Lycopersicon esculentum (+) L. peruvianum]: Emergence of a Possible New Marker Gene for Tomato Breeding

Two hexaploid somatic hybrids [Sh; L. esculentum (+) L. Peruvianum] accessions 6 and 18 were back-crossed with two diploid L. Esculentum cultivars ‘Moneymaker’ (mm) and ‘pusa Ruby’ (pr). Twenty-two plants of the bc2 generation were produced by backcrossing 7 bcl plants (mm x sh, 6, 18) with five tomato cultivars. Fourteen of the bc2 plants were self-fertile, five produced anther cones with anthocyanin pigmentation not present in the parents. A bc3 generation was developed by crossing the four cultivars as female parent with three bc2 generation plants. The bc3 progeny derived from one pollen parent plant were produced without the need to culture immature seeds. They segregated with respect to pigmented anther cones and were self-fertile. The anther cone pigmentation of the pollen parent plant was associated with increased seed set, greater fruit size and an orange-red fruit colour. These features were transmitted to the fertile bc3 generation. Conversely, bc3 offspring involving the other two parent plants were only recovered by culture of immature seeds. The recovery of diploid plants in BCl and self-fertility in BC2 resulted in almost total recovery of the tomato cultivar characteristics (fruit size, colour and number of seeds) by BC3.     

Effect of cold storage on vitamin C,phenolics and antioxidant activity of five orange genotypes [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck]

The effect of cold storage on antioxidant profile and the antioxidant activity of five sweet orange genotypes [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck], three blood (pigmented) varieties with different anthocyanin contents (‘Tarocco Messina’, ‘Tarocco Meli’ and ‘Moro’) and two blond varieties (‘Ovale’ and ‘Valencia late’), stored at 6 ± 1 °C for 65 d was investigated. During fruit storage, anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, vitamin C, flavanones and total phenolics were determined, and juice antioxidant capacity was measured by two different in vitro tests (DPPH scavenging activity and inhibition of induced linoleic acid peroxidation). The results showed an increase in anthocyanins, flavanones and hydroxycinnamic acids and a slight decrease in vitamin C in the blood oranges. Cold storage negatively affected flavanone concentration, while positively influenced vitamin C in blond orange varieties. Both antioxidant activity tests showed an increase in antioxidant capacity during storage caused mainly by phenolic accumulation (blood oranges) and vitamin C increase (blond oranges). Finally, correlations between antioxidant activity and total or individual phenolic components were examined.     

Morphology and heredity of tepal spots in Asiatic and Oriental hybrid lilies (Lilium spp.)

Petal spots constitute an important trait for ornamental flowers, because they generate variation in flower colour and pigmentation patterning. However, only a few reports have described the morphologies and inheritances of petal spots. Two types of spots—raised spots and splatters—appear on the flower tepals of lily (Lilium spp.). Here, we microscopically analysed the morphologies of raised spots and splatters, and compared them with those of petal spots in other species. The raised spots of lily showed an increase in the numbers of parenchymal and epidermal cells, and accumulation of anthocyanin pigments in these cells. We did not observe this type of morphology in the petal spots of rhododendron or Tricyrtis macropoda, indicating that the morphology observed in the raised spots is unique to lily. In the splatters of lily, anthocyanin pigments accumulated only in epidermal cells, and the shape of pigmented cells did not differ from that of unpigmented cells. These features were also observed in spots of T. macropoda. We subsequently investigated the inheritance of raised spots and splatters in an F₁ segregating population. We revealed that F₁ plants with raised spots, splatters, raised spots and splatters, or no spots showed a 1:1:1:1 segregation ratio, indicating that the two types of spots are genetically independent. Such knowledge will facilitate efficient selection during breeding programs focused on the development of cultivars with (or without) spots.     

The allelic relationship between A IP(internal pigmentation) and A RC (red cabbage) in Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.

Summary Internal anthocyanin pigmentation (IP), previously reported to be controlled by a single gene dominant to aa of normal green cabbage, was studied further to determine its relationship to A ^RC A ^RC of red cabbage. When IP line R52 was crossed with an early red cabbage line. F₁ heads were pigmented throughout, but pigment intensity was intermediate. Subjective classification of F₂ plants by pigmentation intensity and distribution scores gave a ratio of 1 intense red throughout (red cabbage):2 medium red throughout:1 medium to light red, restricted to the central portion of the head (IP). The genotypes A ^RC A ^RC: A ^RC A ^IP: A ^IP A ^IP. respectively, are proposed to explain these 3 phenotypic classes. F₂ progenies contained no normal green plants, supporting the conclusion that A ^IP and A ^RC are alleles.Technical Paper 7052, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station.     

Some evidence on the genetic structure of present-day raspberry varieties and some possible implications for further breeding

Raspberry varieties can be classified into four groups on the basis of the extent to which outcrossing is thought to have occurred in their evolution. The groups are considered to differ in genetic structure, particularly in respect of the amount of inbreeding which they will tolerate without showing inbreeding depression. The immediate task of the breeder is largely to incorporate major genes for specific improvements while retaining and stabilising the good qualities already present. The achievement of this stability through inbreeding is most easily obtained in varieties which, by the nature of their origin, are able to give good phenotypic performance following inbreeding. The alternatives of basing new varieties on F₁ hybrids or on material selected for inbreeding tolerance are discussed: it is concluded that F₁ hybrids should be more easy to produce and may have the advantage of possessing greater developmental stability. Some evidence for this is presented.Three possible explanations are discussed for the frequent occurrence of heterozygosity at the gene loci H:h (hairy: non-hairy canes) and T:t (pigmented canes and red fruits: non-pigmented canes and yellow fruits) but is is unlikely that heterozygosity at these loci is important for cultivated varieties. It is suggested that virus resistance may play an important role in the breeding system of the species: if this is so, high levels of resistance may not always be desirable in wild populations, and their occurrence in a cultivated variety may therefore be influenced by the nature of the variety's origin. Protection against fungal diseases of the canes, however, is unequivocally desirable in both wild and cultivated raspberries. Since escape from two diseases of this kind is favoured by the presence of cane hairs (gene H), the choice of forms with sub-glabrous canes (gene h) for many modern varieties has perhaps been unfortunate.