小麦矮秆突变体的鉴定及其突变性状的关联分析

矮秆突变体是小麦育种和株高遗传研究的重要基因资源。通过‘云麦53’成熟种子的EMS (Ethyl methyl sulfonate)诱变及诱变植株连续自交,获得了33个M3代候选突变体。通过诱变亲本与M2和M3代候选植株的株高差异分析,筛选到26个矮秆突变体,其株高变幅为(13.61±0.11)~(44.08±1.73) cm。基于8个矮秆基因的12个特异性标记检测发现, 26个矮秆突变体至少携带2个矮秆基因标记位点。除株高外, 26个矮秆突变体还携带穗长、小穗密度、节间数和平均节间长4个不同突变性状。26个矮秆突变体可聚为5个亚类,第1亚类的小穗数和小花数最少;第2亚类的株高最矮,穗长和平均节间长最短,小穗密度最高;第3亚类突变体的节间数最少。株高与平均节间长和节间数呈极显著相关,偏相关系数分别为0.94、0.58,但与穗长、小穗数、小花数和小穗密度4个性状无相关性。26个矮秆突变体的株高与平均节间长和节间数关联遗传,携带不同的突变基因组合,可用于小麦矮化育种,以及株高、穗长和小穗密度等性状的遗传机制研究。     

西藏三联小穗小麦中三联小穗性状控制基因的SSR分子标记定位

西藏三联小穗小麦是中国西藏地区一种独特的小麦地方品种,拥有特殊的三联小穗性状,超多的小穗数和小花数。分子定位控制三联小穗基因的基因座,发掘与之紧密连锁的分子标记,可为小麦高产育种提供分子标记辅助选择工具。本研究利用西藏三联小穗小麦的衍生系TTSW-5与普通穗型小麦,间3和川麦55,分别构建F2群体,成熟后进行穗部性状的表型分析和SSR基因型鉴定。性状表型遗传分析表明,西藏三联小穗小麦的三联小穗性状由两个独立遗传的隐性基因控制;通过SSR标记鉴定来自TTSW-5/间3组合的F2群体,在2A染色体上检测到1个与三联小穗性状相关的QTL,定位于SSR标记Xgwm275和Xgwm122之间,两标记间的遗传距离为6.6cM,该QTL的LOD值为6.19,可解释的表型变异值为33.1%,初步命名为qTS2A-1。我们推测qTS2A-1可能是控制三联小穗性状相关的主效QTL,SSR标记Xgwm275和Xgwm122可能可用于三联小穗性状的辅助选择。     

小麦增小穗育种方法与新种质资源拓宽研究

为探求小麦超高产育种的新途径, 通过以“种内相对较少小穗早熟类型与相对较多小穗晚熟类型多次杂交形式”逐步完善了小麦双显性阶梯式增小穗育种新方法, 获得了早熟较多小穗(27～30个小穗)和晚熟多小穗(30～38个小穗)的新种质系列, 发现小麦中存在着显性可增性多小穗基因。 进一步研究表明, 新种质具有三个特点： 一是多     

我国科学家发现水稻增产新途径

<正>据报道,我国科学家日前通过研究证实,原始的"稻花"(水稻小穗)由三个小花构成,水稻小穗中的两个护颖是由侧生小花退化而来。该研究首次揭示了水稻小穗侧生小花的发育调控机制,为通过提高水稻每穗粒数实现增产提供了可能。据论文通讯作者、西南大学农学与生物科技学院何光华教授介绍,水稻产量的构成有"三要素"——亩穗数、每穗     

不同播期和品种小麦小花结实的粒位差异

确定小麦不同小穗位和小花位发育与结实特性是实现大穗多粒的重要前提，本文通过对冬，春性小麦品种分期播种试验得出，较高的小穗结实力是增加穗粒数的重要因素，不同播期，品种之间，小穗粒重和粒数呈现相同的变化趋势，中部以及基部小穗粒重与穗粒重之间呈高度正相关，体现环境差异的播期效应以对中部小穗发育的影响为主，而冬，春性品种的基因型差异可反映在各个小穗位上，第2小花粒的子粒发育状况反映整个小穗的生产能力，结果表明，促进中部优势小穗（第5－15小穗）结实和第1－3小花位子粒发育是提高小花结实率和穗粒重的关键。     

小麦品种对赤霉病抗扩展性的稳定性研究

1982—1987连续5年,每年分3个播期,对23个小麦品种(品系)进行定位小花注滴接种菌液诱发赤霉病,统计其发病小穗数,利用 Tai G.C.C.(1971)所提出的分析方法,估测和分析了各种供试品种(品系)对赤霉病抗扩展性的稳定性参数,并研究了其中6个抗性不同的品种(品系)病小穗扩展的进程。其结果:(1)环境对品种感染赤霉病有较大影响,但品     

小麦茎顶端原基发育模拟模型的研究

本文系统地模拟了小麦植株茎顶端不同类型原基的发育过程，建立了叶原基分化、小穗原基分化和小花原基分化、退化、败育、受精结实及籽粒生长的子模型。模型引入每小穗分化的最大小花原基数、退化的最大小花原基数和籽粒潜在重量3个遗传参数，分别反映了不同小麦品种小花分化、退化和籽粒生长等方面的遗传差异。利用南京地区     

小麦顶端小穗退化突变体asd1基因定位

穗粒数是小麦产量三要素建成的关键因子,深入挖掘穗部发育调控基因有助于培育高产小麦品种。以小麦品种京411为野生型,经EMS诱变获得了表型稳定的小穗退化突变体asd1 (apical spikelet degeneration 1)。该突变体表现顶端小穗明显退化,穗长缩短了约40%,结实小穗数减少了约35%,穗粒数显著减少了54%,同时株高也明显降低。利用京411×asd1遗传群体的F2和F3代表型数据分析表明,顶端小穗退化性状受1对主效隐性基因控制。采用混合群体分离分析法(BSA),结合测序所得SNP位点,在7A染色体上开发了7个KASP标记,将目标突变基因定位在7A染色体短臂9.91 Mb物理区间内,遗传距离为17.62 cM,推断该区段存在一个新的控制小麦花器官发育及穗部形态发育的重要基因。本研究所鉴定的小麦穗发育控制区段有助于深入解析小麦小穗形成的遗传基础,为进一步揭示小麦产量形成的分子机理提供突变基因。     

水稻增产“新密码”被破解

<正>我国科研人员揭示了"稻花"发育调控机制,为提高水稻每穗粒数实现增产提供了可能。科学家日前通过研究证实,原始的"稻花"(水稻小穗)由三个小花构成,水稻小穗中的两个护颖是由侧生小花退化而来。该研究首次揭示了水稻小穗侧生小花的发育调控机制,为通过提高水稻每穗粒数实现增产提供了可能。据西南大学农学与生物科技学院何光华教授介绍,水稻产量的构成有"三要素"——亩穗数、每穗粒数、千粒重,其中每     

小麦小花发育与退化的研究

从研究和应用的角度出发将小麦小花发育过程分为八个阶段，即：小花原基形成期、雌雄药原基形成期、药隔形成期、花药四分期、花药伸长期、冠毛形成期、羽状柱头形成期、花药黄化期（开花期）。可以利用活动积温预测小花发育阶段。小花退化集中在冠毛形成期—羽状柱头形成期，但是当小花发育到花药伸长期时还处于花药四分期以前的小花都将退化。退化小花多分布于基部小穗各小花和中上部小穗的上位小花。     

Cytology of seed development related to floret position in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

In seed crops of perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., yields are low and only 15 to 20% of the florets produce a harvestable seed. This study was conducted to determine if seed abortion was a major cause of low floret site utilization (FSU) and therefore of low seed yield in spaced plants. Spikes of four spaced-planted genotypes of perennial ryegrass were harvested and fixed at one-week intervals one to five weeks after the beginning of anthesis. Of a total of 74 spikes, over 13,000 florets were examined with a binocular microscope and 66 whole spikelets were microtome sectioned. The histology of the pro-embryo is presented in relation to the development of the endosperm. In one low yielding, two intermediate and one high yielding genotype, biological FSU was 8, 72, 73 and 63%, respectively. In all genotypes, 90% of the unproductive florets showed ovule degeneration within a few days after flowering. A few florets were sterile or contained a degenerated embryo sac already before flowering and about 5% of the unproductive florets showed seed abortion later than one week after flowering. Within a spikelet, successful fertilization did not decline from the basal to the distal floret. Although in later stages distal florets had slightly less seeds, unproductive florets were found at all floret positions. Biological FSU decreased mainly by ovule degeneration shortly after flowering. In spaced plants, seed abortion was not important to low seed yield.     

Qualitative trait variation in Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] germplasm from Western and Southern Ethiopia

Three thousand tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] single panicle derived lines representing 60 populations from western and southern parts of Ethiopia were characterized for panicle form, pigmentation of lemma and anther, caryopsis color, number of main shoot culm internodes, and counts of florets/spikelet at the basal, middle and apical parts of the panicle at Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center during the 1999 main season. The objectives were to assess the diversity patterns of the germplasm with respect to regions and altitude zones. Among the eight characters, high Shannon-Weaver diversity indices (H’) were noted for anther color (0.71) and number of apical spikelet florets (0.68), and the lowest occurred for panicle form (0.40). Monomorphism (H’ = 0.00) was observed for panicle form, lemma color and number of middle spikelet florets each in three different populations. The overall diversity index for all populations was 0.53. In the analysis of variance of H’ estimates, substantial (p <0.05) regional differences were obtained for lemma color, number of culm internodes, and counts of middle and basal spikelet florets. Clinal variation was significant for panicle form, lemma and seed color, and for the overall mean of traits. Over all traits, mean H’ values declined from 0.60 to 0.46 with an increase in the altitude zone of origin from below 1800 to over 2400 meters above sea level. Overall, the study showed substantial diversity in the test tef germplasm. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A synthetic hexaploid (2n = 42) oat from the cross of Avena strigosa (2n = 14) and domesticated A. magna (2n = 28)

A synthetic hexaploid oat was produced by chromosome doubling of a sterile triploid hybrid between cultivated Avena strigosa (2n = 14) cv. Saia and a domesticated form of A. magna (2n = 28). The synthetic hexaploid was intermediate between its parents in panicle shape and lemma color, similar to the tetraploid parent in spikelet structure, and to the diploid parent in having a single, albeit partially shriveled seed per spikelet, and low protein content. By the third generation, plants with yellowish lemmas, mostly two seeds per spikelet and better filled grains had been selected. Rust resistance of the diploid parent was retained in the synthetic hexaploid, but not tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus disease (BYDV). Chromosome associations at meiosis in the triploid hybrid was low, with over 60% of them being univalents. Bivalent association was the rule in the synthetic hexaploid with an occasional one or two quadrivalents. Regular meiosis with 21 bivalents was observed in further generations. The preferential pairing of homologous chromosomes in the synthetic hexaploid was probably contributed by the A. strigosa genome which exhibits this tendency in artificial allopolyploid situations. Selection of yellow lemma color and two seeds per spikelet suggests that the genes controlling these traits are located on the chromosomes involved in quadrivalents in the synthetic hexaploid. The potential and limitations of utilizing the synthetic hexaploid in oat research and breeding are briefly discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fruiting Efficiency in three Bread Wheat (Tritkum aestivum) Cultivars Released at Different Eras. Number of Grains per Spike and Grain Weight

Increasing sink size (i.e. number of grains m⁻²) has been the way of the genetic improvement for obtaining higher grain yield of wheat. We have studied under field conditions the number of fertile florets and grains per spike and individual grain weight of three bread wheat cultivars ( Klein Favorito, Eureka FCS and Buck Pucara ) which were previously selected to represent cultivars released at different eras (1920, 1940 and 1980, respectively) in Argentina (S lafer and A ndrade 1989).
The three cultivars Buck Pucara, Eureke FCS , and Klein Favorito averaged 56.9, 48, and 34.5 grains spike⁻¹. Differences were observed in both main shoot and tiller spikes. The number of fertile florets at anthesis was greater in the modern cultivar than in the other two cultivars; however, the intermediate and old cultivars did not significantly differ in this trait. Differences in number of florets and number of grains spike were independent of the number of spikelets spike⁻¹; spikelet numbers did not vary among the three cultivars. Therefore, both the number of fertile florets produced per spikelet and the ability of the cultivar to set grains in those florets were responsible for the different number of grains spike⁻¹ among cultivars. The modern, high yielding cultivar had a lower individual grain weight than the old, low yielding cultivar when the average of all grains were considered; but basal grains of its central spikelets were as heavy as those of the other cultivars.
We suggest (i) that the modern cultivars of Argentina have increased their ability both to produce fertile florets and to set grains, and (ii) that the lower individual grain weight of the modern cultivars does not imply an increased competition for resources as a consequence of their higher number of grains.     

基于顶端发育的小麦产量结构形成模型

小麦产量由单位面积穗数、每穗粒数与粒重构成。本研究以试验资料为基础,通过定量分析小麦茎顶端发育过程及其与环境因子和品种特性的动态关系,构建了小麦穗粒发育与结实的模拟模型,包括对叶原基数、叶片数、小穗原基数、小穗数、籽粒数及籽粒重的预测;进一步结合茎蘖发生与穗数决定模型,最终建立了小麦产量结构形成的模     

QTL detection of seven spike-related traits and their genetic correlations in wheat using two related RIL populations

Spike-related traits contribute greatly to grain yield in wheat. To localize wheat chromosomes for factors affecting the seven spike-related traits??i.e., the spike length (SL), the basal sterile spikelet number (BSSN), the top sterile spikelet number (TSSN), the sterile spikelet number in total (SSN), the spikelet number per spike (SPN), the fertile spikelet number (FSN) and the spike density (SD)??two F_8:9 recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations were generated. They were derived from crosses between Weimai 8 and Jimai 20 (WJ) and between Weimai 8 and Yannong 19 (WY), comprising 485 and 229 lines, respectively. Combining the two new linkage maps and the phenotypic data collected from the four environments, we conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) detection for the seven spike-related traits and evaluated their genetic correlations. Up to 190 putative additive QTL for the seven spike-related traits were detected in WJ and WY, distributing across all the 21 wheat chromosomes. Of these, at least nine pairwise QTL were common to the two populations. In addition, 38 QTL showed significance in at least two of the four different environments, and 18 of these were major stable QTL. Thus, they will be of great value for marker assisted selection (MAS) in breeding programs. Though co-located QTL were universal, every trait owned its unique QTL and even two closely related traits were not excluded. The two related populations with a large/moderate population size made the results authentic and accurate. This study will enhance the understanding of the genetic basis of spike-related traits.     

粳稻恢复系宁恢3-2育性恢复

两套粳稻雄性不育系(A)及其保持系(B)分别与宁恢3-2(R)杂交、回交、自交、获得两个组合的 F_1(A/R)、B_2(A//A/R)、B_2′(A//B/R)、F_2和 F_3,以花粉育性和种子育性作为恢复度指标,研究宁恢3-2育性恢复力的遗传。 结果表明,BT 六千辛 A 和 L 平壤3号 A的花粉以染败为主,在光学显微镜下不易区分分离世代植株中可育和不育花粉,故不宜用花粉育性作为恢复度指标进行遗传分析。以种子育性为指标,发现两个不育系是配子体不育类型,宁恢3-2对它们的育性恢复力是由一对显性恢复基因控制的。     

淡绿叶色标记水稻光温敏核不育系开花习性

以4个淡绿叶粳稻光温敏核不育系和正常叶色粳型不育系浙农大11S(ZAU11S)及籼型不育系培矮64S(PA64S)共6个不育系为材料，在杭州自然条件下观察了上述6个光温敏核不育系的开花习性。结果表明：(1)淡绿叶色不育系同对照正常叶色不育系的叶色差异显著，易于肉眼分离；(2)淡绿叶色不育系的开花天数、开花率、柱头外露率都低于正常叶色不育系，日开花率、颖花张开时间和张开角度易受环境条件影响，表现较大差异；(3)除TS1外，其他三个淡绿叶色不育系在不育期和可育期的开花高峰都位于午前9：00或10：00，表现较强的早花特性。     

Is it possible to diagnose at harvest a problem of pollen sterility in wheat?

We tested if various plant parameters, easy to measure at maturity in a wheat crop, could discriminate between situations with and without limitations in grain set caused by pollen sterility. In a pot experiment, plants were subjected to two treatments: shading during stem elongation, reducing growth; and climatic stress (low radiation and chilling) at meiosis, inducing pollen sterility. The percentage of grain setting among the two oldest florets within each spikelet (LF) and the ratios of grain number to (i) biomass of the chaff and (ii) biomass of the straw plus chaff were markedly reduced by the stress at meiosis and either little or not affected by shading during stem elongation.

Two indices were tested in the field: LF and the ratio, RK, of the grain number per ear to an estimate, based on chaff biomass, of the potential number in the absence of sterility. These indices were measured in a network of five field experiments with six cultivars. The fluctuations in the indices were compared to those of a reference criterion that identified sterility: the rate of grain setting among the two oldest florets of each spikelet, measured in bagged ears to prevent cross-pollination. Both indices were reduced when the reference criterion diagnosed a major sterility but they did not always decrease in case of minor sterility. Classification of the cultivars based on the reference criterion was similar to that based on LF, but not on RK. LF diagnosis of sterility was in agreement with the occurrence of climatic conditions likely to induce sterility.