MINIMAX INEQUALITY FOR VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTION

Minimax inequality is proposed in this paper.The minimax inequality for affinecontinuous vector-valued mapping is established.A kind of the minimax inequality for set-valuedmapping is derived.     

EXISTENCE OF QUASI-VECTOR VARIATIONAL INEQUALITY

Quasi-vector variational inequality is proposed in this paper, Under certain conditions, existeuce of quasi-vector variational inequality with discontinuous mapping is obtained.     

Fixed Point Theorems for Upper Semicontinuous Set-Valued 1-Set-Contractive Mapping

According to the extensive theory of topological degree for set-valued mapping ,the authors derive the topological degree for upper semicontinuous set-valued 1-set-contractive mapping. With the topological degree, the fixed theorems for upper semicontinuous set-valued 1-set-contractive mapping is studied.     

Extension association analysis method for product family configuration

A product family extension configuration method based on evaluation model for customer demands, relational mapping and extension association rules is introduced to better realize rapid and effective product configuration. A demand-based evaluation model is confirmed by the information of customer demands and a mapping relationship between demand-based model and characters of product family cases is built. The similarity between evaluation model and product family cases is up to the association rules and a product family case with the highest similarity can be extracted according to association rules. According to the situation of the similarity, the extracted case is modified to meet the demands of configuration with case-based reasoning method. The method is validated by a speed reducer case.     

Positive Fixed Points for Upper Semicontinuous Set-valued 1-set-contractive Mapping

Using topological degree for upper semicontinuous set-valued 1-set-contractive mapping and the fixed point theorems for upper semicontinuous set-valued 1-set-contractive mapping, the boundary conditions of existing positive fixed points is studied for upper semicontinuous set-valued 1-set-contractive mapping. In fact, it is a natural conclusion in the cone for the fixed point theorems of upper semicontinuous set-valued 1-set-contractive mapping, and it is a natural extend for positive fixed point theorems of single-valued 1-set-contractive mapping.     

Efficiency of low heritability QTL mapping under high SNP density

The efficiency of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping methods needs to be investigated assuming high single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) density and low heritability QTLs. This study assessed the efficiency of the least squares, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian approaches for QTL mapping assuming high SNP density and low heritability QTLs. We simulated 50 samples of 400 F₂ individuals, which were genotyped for 1000 SNPs (average density of one SNP/centiMorgan) and phenotyped for three traits controlled by 12 QTLs and 88 minor genes. The genes were randomly distributed in the regions covered by the SNPs along ten chromosomes. The QTL heritabilities ranged from approximately 1–2% and the sample sizes were 200 and 400. The power of QTL detection ranged from 30 to 60%, the false discovery rate (FDR) ranged from only 0.5–1.2%, and the bias in the QTL position ranged from 4 to 6 cM. The QTL mapping efficiency was not influenced by the degree of dominance. The statistical approaches were comparable regarding the FDR. Regression-based and simple interval mapping methods showed equivalent power of QTL detection and mapping precision. Compared to interval mapping, the inclusive composite interval mapping provided slightly greater QTL detection power and mapping precision only for the intermediate and high heritability QTLs. By maximizing the prior number of QTLs, the Bayesian analysis provided the greatest power of QTL detection. No method proved to be superior.     

中国居民收入差距的成因、演进与分解

基于1978-2009年以来的省级面板数据,本文首先利用泰尔指数估计了中国居民收入差距演进趋势,然后按地区结构和城乡结构进行了分解。结果显示,城乡收入差距占据了整体收入差距的70%以上,三大地区间的收入差距虽较为明显,但并没有地区内的收入差距显著。究其原因,中国收入差距的演进除了内在的经济规律使然外,经济政策也有较为明显的影响。因此,加快经济发展、强化农村偏向型的经济政策是缩小收入差距的必然途径。     

The relationship between China's income inequality and transport infrastructure,economic growth,and carbon emissions

Since the beginning of the 21st century, accompanied by the tremendous achievements of China's economic growth is an increasingly severe income gap between the rich and the poor. Based on panel data from 2000 to 2018, this study systematically examined the relationship among transport infrastructure, economic growth, carbon emissions, and income inequality in China, using the panel vector autoregressive model estimated by the generalized method of moments. We further divided China into three regions to investigate the regional heterogeneity of these relationships. The results show a long‐run equilibrium relationship between transport infrastructure, economic growth, carbon emissions, and income inequality. Income inequality in the previous year significantly affects that in the current year positively. Whether at the national or regional level, economic growth affects income inequality negatively. For the national sample, the highway reduces income inequality, while the railway increases income inequality. For both the subsamples and the national sample, carbon emissions significantly increase income inequality and are the Granger test cause for income inequality. Furthermore, we discuss some of the possible mechanisms of these results. Our findings generate policy implications for reducing income inequality in regard to economic growth, transport infrastructure, and carbon emissions.     

Analysis of the impact of school performance on income inequality in the long run: An application to Chilean municipalities

High income inequality has become a barrier to economic development for emerging economies. Education is commonly seen as a way to decrease income inequality; however, the empirical evidence is not convincing. By focusing on school performance, we take advantage of spatial econometrics to estimate a long-run relationship showing that income inequality can be reduced by increases in school performance. In particular, our results show that increases in school performance at early stages of educational levels and using mathematics as the subject goal can decrease income inequality in the long run. We use the case of Chile, which presents high income inequality and low school performance compared to similar nations.     

Inequality and conflict in Fiji: From purgatory to hell?

Abstract: This article examines socio‐economic inequality in Fiji and finds that, contrary to oft‐repeated claims, inequality between Fiji"s major ethnic groups (inter‐ethnic inequality) is less significant than inequality within each ethnic group (intra‐ethnic inequality). In spite of this reality, inter‐group inequality and affirmative action policies have remained central features of state policy in Fiji. This article suggests that Fiji's experience has three implications for the growing literature on the relationship between inequality and conflict. First, examining average inequality between groups can be misleading. Secondly, a key to understanding the relationship between ethnic and economic cleavages in post‐colonial plural societies, such as Fiji, is in the interaction between intra‐group and inter‐group inequality. Thirdly, there does not seem to be a straightforward relationship between actual levels of inequality, perceptions of inequality, and the prominence given to inequality in ethno‐nationalist discourse. In Fiji's case, the strategic deployment of inter‐group inequality has served, and continues to serve, the material and discursive interests of some political elites. As a result, the intersection between ethnicity, inequality and political rivalry in contemporary Fiji has been the source of much conflict and, importantly, may offer a nexus on which attempts at conflict resolution should focus.     

湖南省农村居民收入地区差距演变及其结构分解

农民收入是当前国内研究“三农”问题的热点之一。以湖南省为例,利用Gini系数方法,测度了1993-2008年湖南农村居民收入的地区差距变化,并通过对收入变化对区域差距变化的贡献进行分解,从收入因子的结构效应和集中效应来解释收入变化对区域差距变化的原因：工资性收入是影响农村收入差距格局的最重要因素,表现为1997-2002年间工资性收入的结构变化较快致使收入差距拉大,2002年后区域差距变大则主要是工资性收入的集中性不断增大所致;家庭经营收入在农村居民总收入中的比重下降,但仍是农村居民收入的主要来源,其对收入区域差距影响较小;财产性收入和转移性收入对收入差距格局的贡献虽然不大,但对扩大收入差异的贡献在不断增加,是未来影响农村区域差距变化的重要因素。最后提出了相关建议。     

高粱出苗能力的遗传研究

本文利用4个不育系和4个恢复系、两组亲本及其16个杂种、两个杂交组合的F_2为材料研究了高粱胚轴伸长潜力、出苗日数和出苗率的遗传规律及其相互关系.结果表明,高粱胚轴伸长潜力和出苗日数具有较高的遗传力,其基因系统的加性效应占主导地位;品种胚轴伸长潜力大小是出苗率高低的决定因素;出苗日数与胚轴伸长潜力呈高度负相关.     

Revisiting Inequality and Growth: Evidence for Developing Countries

This article studies the relationship between economic growth and income inequality using panel data for a sample of Latin American countries in the period 1960–2000. Different estimation techniques and specifications are tested. Results indicate that the level of inequality has had a different effect on growth in the region, depending on the level of gross domestic product per capita. Even within a sample of developing countries, the effect of inequality on growth is negative for poorer countries, whereas for richer ones higher inequality may favour economic growth. Overall, our results are not robust to different specification techniques, and coefficients are in some cases only weakly significant, underlying the difficulties in finding a strong and robust relationship between income inequality and economic growth.     

小麦品质性状与面包和面条品质关系分析

改良面包和面条品质是北方冬麦区的主要育种目标,了解二者的品质异同有助于提高育种效率。本研究以81份冬小麦品种品系为材料,比较了小麦品质性状与面包和面条品质表现的关系。结果表明,籽粒硬度、蛋白质含量、SDS沉降值、形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸面积和抗延阻力是影响面包和面条品质的共同性状,但它们对面包、面条品质     

小麦品种对赤霉病抗扩展类型抗性组分的探索分析

本文探索了一种较客观地反映小麦品种对赤霉病抗扩展性的方法——抗性组分分析法。对13个品种双列杂交的后代,按 Griffing 方法Ⅱ模式Ⅰ研究了6个抗性组分的配合力。结果表明:供试品种各抗性组分真实存在,不同抗病品种阻止病菌扩展的方式不同;主穗轴发病和田间接种后15及25天的病级这三个组分可作为衡量品种抗扩展性的主要指     

论新时期农业推广中农民行为规律变化及对策

我国农业正从传统农业向现代农业转变,在农业推广中农民的行为规律呈现出了新的变化,农民行为的改变越来越多地受到教育程度、经济收入以及市场因素和社会环境的影响。农业推广工作应该通过提高农民的受教育程度,改善农民的生产环境、生活环境、经营环境等途径,避免过多地使用强制性方法改变农民的行为,引导农民更多地自愿改变自己的行为。     

基于多时相MODIS数据监测水、旱作物种植面积及空间分布

针对农业信息服务中大范围水田、旱田种植面积信息调查业务的现状与需求,以黑龙江省为研究区,通过分析水田、旱田作物发育期特征、MODIS数据植被指数(NDVI、EVI、LSWI)时序特征,引入积温条件分区构建决策规则,提取检测农田与其他、水田与旱田作物种植的空间分布。以实地调查地面验证点对分类结果进行验证,结果表明,分类结果达到了较高的识别精度,分类结果的总体精度为90.68%,Kappa系数为0.81,其中水稻制图精度为81.13%,用户精度为97.73%;旱地制图精度为98.46%,用户精度为87.07%;与不考虑积温条件相比,分类结果总体精度提高了12.77%,水稻制图精度提高了22.57%,旱地制图精度提高了5.94%。本研究通过引入积温条件,提高了大范围水稻、旱地作物提取精度,具有自动化程度高、分类结果稳定的特点。     

Spatial and Temporal Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Trends in Income Inequality

ABSTRACT Overall total inequality for state per capita personal income as well as total inequality for nonmetropolitan and metropolitan areas are examined for the period 1969 to 1995. In each case, the total inequality was partitioned into between-and within-region variations. Statistical testing shows no perceptible differences between the major categories, nonmetropolitan and metropolitan. Further, this study uses a model to test for narrowing of income gaps within these categories. It was found that for both nonmetropolitan and metropolitan, a general trend toward equality was evidenced during the early 1970s decade. In that decade, the nonmetropolitan areas’incomes approached the metropolitan areas’incomes but showed significant divergences in the 1980s, followed again by a narrowing of the gaps in the 1990s.     

灰色关联度分析在隆阳区玉米新品种综合评价中的应用

品种是影响玉米高产的主要因素之一,不同区域选择适宜的品种对玉米高产有着重要意义.针对云南省保山市隆阳区品种混杂多样、农民盲目选种等特点,2013年保山市隆阳区农业技术推广所（玉米区域推广站）对26个玉米新品种进行展示试验,采用灰色关联度分析法对26个展示种的12个性状进行综合分析评价.结果表明：云瑞506综合性状最好（ri=0.6991）,其后依次为云瑞68 （ri=0.0.6804）、云瑞2号（ri=0.0.6480）、云瑞3号（ri=0.0.6178）和云瑞668（ri=0.6032）,靖丰6号（ri=0.4165）综合性状较差.依据综合评价结果,选择适宜保山市隆阳区种植的玉米新品种,为农民选择优良品种提供科学依据.     

Mapping of quantitative trait loci for seminal root morphology and gravitropic response in rice

In order to gain a better understanding of the complex root traits observed in previous studies using a mapping population derived from a Bala × Azucena cross, an experiment was conducted growing plants in agar-filled Perspex chambers with the aim of identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for both seminal root morphology (SRM) and gravitropic response. A total of four main effect QTLs were detected for SRM (a measurement of the degree of a wavy/curly seminal root phenotype); two were located on chromosome 2, one at the top of chromosome 3 and one on chromosome 11. Two main effect QTLs were detected for the gravitropic response (the degree of bending of the growing seminal root when subjected to a 90° rotation); one on chromosome 6 and 1 on chromosome 11. As well as main effect QTLs, an epistatic interaction was observed for each of the traits. For SRM an interaction was detected between the top and the bottom of chromosome 4. For the gravitropic response an interaction was observed between a location on chromosome 6 and 11. Both these interactions were confirmed by analysis of variance using marker classes and the epistatic gravitropic response was also confirmed using a pair of near isogenic lines. All the SRM QTLs detected in this experiment co-localise with root growth QTLs (root penetration or morphology) detected previously in the mapping population. This information could prove valuable in attempts to identify candidate genes for these potentially valuable QTLs because we could postulate that the underlying genes should be involved in the pathway of gravity detection, signal transduction or the growth response to gravity.