苏云金杆菌vip1A/vip2A基因的鉴定及其与cry1基因的联系

利用PCR方法检测vip1A/vip2A基因在野生型Bt菌株中的分布,进行基因片段的克隆和序列分析.结合cry1基因的PCR-RFLP基因型鉴定体系,分析与vip1A/vip2A基因有联系的cry1类基因.结果表明,分离保存的171株野生型Bt菌株中,有20株菌株含有vip1A/vip2A基因,分布率为11.69%.成功克隆了菌株Bt16的vip1A/vip2A基因片段,命名为vip1A/vip2A-16,GenBank 登录号为EU594327.cry1基因的PCR-RFLP鉴定结果表明,该20株菌株均含有cry1Fa基因,说明vip1A/vip2A基因与cry1Fa可能具有某种联系.     

两株杀鞘翅目害虫Bt菌株的生物活性及杀虫蛋白基因鉴定

发掘对鞘翅目害虫具有活性的苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)菌株和杀虫蛋白基因在生物防治中日益受到人们的重视。利用杀鞘翅目Bt基因通用引物进行PCR检测与生物测定相结合的方法,从山东省各地土壤中分离的66株Bt中筛选获得了两株对鞘翅目昆虫具有杀虫活性的菌株B-DLL和B-JJX,并采用SDS-PAGE和PCR-RFLP方法对其杀虫晶体蛋白和杀虫基因类型进行了鉴定。结果表明,菌株B-DLL和B-JJX对华北大黑鳃金龟1龄幼虫14 d的校正死亡率分别为86.7%和60.0%,对暗黑鳃金龟1龄幼虫14 d的校正死亡率分别为83.3%和76.7%,对柳蓝叶甲3龄幼虫5 d的校正死亡率分别为33.3%和46.7%。菌株B-DLL的伴孢晶体呈圆形,B-JJX的晶体为近方形,两株Bt的伴孢晶体主要为130 kDa的蛋白,两株Bt均含有新的cry8类基因,而不含cry1、cry2、cry3、cry4/10和cry7等基因。     

河北省不同生态区的苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因多样性研究

摘要：为了明确苏云金芽孢杆菌在不同的生态区的分布特点,从河北省不同生态地区（阜平天生桥、涞源白石山、安新白洋淀、保定郊区大田、安国中草药田）采集土样806份,采用温度-抗生素法分离Bt菌株46株。利用PCR-RFLP对46株菌进行了基因型研究,结果表明从46株Bt菌株鉴定出八种不同的基因型cry1, cry1I, cry2, cry3, cry4, cry8, cry30, cry32,11株未鉴定出基因型。通过SDS-PAGE分析,结果表明这些菌株主要表达130-150KD,70-80 kD,60kD和30kD蛋白。     

河北省果园苏云金芽孢杆菌菌株的分离鉴定

为了发掘新的Bt资源,从河北省不同果园中(板栗、葡萄、枣、梨)采集土样71份,利用醋酸钠-抗生素筛选法从中筛选出41株Bt菌株.采用通用引物进行PCR扩增鉴定基因型,结果表明,从这些菌株中发现6种不同的基因型cry1、cry7、cry8、cry19、cry26-28、cry32,还有2个菌株未鉴定出基因型.通过SDS-PAGE检测显示,大多数Bt菌株主要蛋白条带分子量约为130 kDa.生物活性测定结果表明,XPZ-6、XPZ-8、XPZ-9、XPZ-39、XPZ-42菌株对小菜蛾、棉铃虫、玉米螟和美国白蛾具有高活性,其中XPZ-39菌株的杀虫活性最高,对4种鳞翅目害虫的杀虫活性均达到97%以上.尽管XPZ-28和XPZ-46菌株的cry基因型未被确定,但是两个菌株分别对柳蓝叶甲和蓼蓝齿胫叶甲有一定的杀虫活性.     

大茂山地区苏云金芽孢杆菌分布与多样性研究

为了对大茂山地区苏云金芽孢杆菌的分布与多样性进行研究,本试验利用温度-抗生素筛选法从大茂山不同海拔地区采集的784份土壤样品中分离得到76株苏云金芽孢杆菌,发现在海拔900~1200 m之间为土壤最佳采集区域。对这76株菌株进行光学显微观察,发现其伴孢晶体呈现球形、菱形、方形、不规则形等多种形态;PCR-RFLP对分离获得的76株菌株基因鉴定发现,主要包含cry1、cry2等7种基因类型,其中有28株未鉴定出基因型;其SDS-PAGE晶体蛋白分析发现,这些菌株主要表达130 kDa、97 kDa、66 kDa和45 kDa蛋白。对铜绿丽金龟进行生物活性测定,17株具有高毒力的菌株中的16株含有cry8Ca基因,另一株未鉴定出已有基因型。从晶体形态、基因类型、SDS-PAGE检测以及生物活性方面均说明苏云金芽孢杆菌在河北省大茂山地区的分布具有良好的多样性。     

一株苏云金芽孢杆菌的分离与杀虫基因的鉴定

采用温度筛选从云南省刁苓山土壤中分离得到一株伴孢晶体为长菱形的苏云金芽孢杆菌BSH-1。利用PCR-RFLP鉴定体系和SDS-PAGE对菌株所含cry基因类型和晶体蛋白的构成进行鉴定、分析,结果表明:菌株BSH-1具有的cry基因组合为:cry1Aa,cry1Ac,cry1Db,cry2Ab,cry1Ia,表达的晶体蛋白有130,70和56 kDa 3种,该蛋白对甜菜夜蛾具有较高杀虫活性,LC50为1.43 ng/mg。该菌株的基因组合类型对构建杀虫基因工程菌具有重要参考价值。     

一株对美国白蛾高毒力苏云金芽孢杆菌的杀虫基因鉴定

美国白蛾是一种重要的检疫害虫,为进行有效地控制,筛选出了一株对其具有高毒力的苏云金芽孢杆菌。HYW-8是从黑龙江伊春市土壤中通过抗生素筛选法分离到的一株形成小菱形晶体的苏云金芽孢杆菌,利用PCR-RFLP对其基因型进行鉴定,并采用浸液法对美国白蛾进行生物活性测定。结果发现,菌株HYW-8含有cry1Ab、cry1E基因和一种未知cry2基因。生物测定结果表明,其对美国白蛾具有很高的杀虫毒力,LC_(50)为7.4×10~5芽孢/mL,低于标准菌株HD-1。因此,HYW-8对防治美国白蛾具有较强的应用潜力。     

五岳寨苏云金芽孢杆菌资源多样性分析及杀虫基因的鉴定

分离筛选高效广谱野生苏云金芽孢杆菌菌株并对五岳寨地区苏云金芽孢杆菌资源多态性进行分析。采用温度筛选法进行菌株分离筛选,光学显微镜下观测菌株的晶体形态,通过PCR-RFLP和SDS-PAGE法对这些菌株进行基因鉴定和蛋白分析,并进行生物活性测定。从土壤中分离得到72株Bt菌株,共包含13种cry基因,9种基因组合,另有8株未鉴定出基因型,SDS-PAGE蛋白分析发现这些菌株主要表达130、90、50 kDa蛋白;生物活性测定结果显示有20株对小菜蛾和棉铃虫具有高效毒力,另有4株对华北大黑鳃金龟有高效毒力,其中2株的校正死亡率可达80%。五岳寨地区苏云金芽孢杆菌资源丰富并具有良好的多态性。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌新菌株GGD-4杀虫晶体蛋白基因分析

利用稀释平板培养法从连云港地区的土壤中分离了一株苏云金芽孢杆菌新菌株GGD-4,通过PCR-RFLP鉴定体系和SDS-PAGE方法分析了此菌株中cry基因类型和表达蛋白。结果表明:该菌株中含有cry1Aa基因型,同时表达130~140kD的蛋白;但EcoRⅠ和PstⅠ酶切结果不同于正常的cry1Aa基因,实验中利用生物信息学方法设计的cry1Aa基因特异引物对扩增后也证明含有cry1Aa基因。室内生测结果显示,该菌株对重要的农业害虫甜菜夜蛾、菜青虫等均有较高的杀虫毒力。     

海南省热带农业资源研究所从菌株Bt W015中克隆Cry 1Ac基因家族新成员——Bt Cry 1AC22基因

最近,海南省热带农业资源开发利用研究所在Bt项目的研究工作方面取得了突破性进展。所长方宣钧博士及其博士研究生张文飞,在病死幼虫中分离出一株高产菱形杀虫晶体蛋白的Bt菌株W015,通过PCR-RFLP方法鉴定该菌株含有Cry1Ac基因,     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.