低温胁迫下籽用西瓜幼苗生理变化与耐冷性的研究

以三叶一心期的籽用西瓜幼苗为材料,采用10℃低温胁迫的方法,研究了黑籽瓜兰州大片(wb10)和红籽瓜巢湖红(wb7)随着处理天数的延长幼苗的耐冷性、光合特性、生理特性的变化规律,以探讨籽用西瓜耐低温的生理机制,从而为籽用西瓜的引种栽培和抗寒品种选育提供理论依据。结果表明:不同品种籽用西瓜幼苗的叶绿素含量、Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci随低温胁迫时间的延长而逐渐降低;Pro、MDA、相对电导率随低温胁迫时间的延长而升高。两品种的冷害指数存在一定差异,耐冷性表现为wb10>wb7。低温胁迫下,耐冷性较强的wb10幼苗叶片中的叶绿素含量、Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci均高于耐冷性较弱的wb7,而耐冷性较强的wb10幼苗叶片中MDA含量、脯氨酸含量、相对电导率均低于wb7。综合试验中各项指标认为,耐冷性与品种的来源、类型及在低温下植株的冷害指数、光合特性和细胞膜稳定性有关。     

玉米自交系芽期耐冷性鉴定

低温冷害是北方春玉米区主要的气象灾害之一。通过种子低温发芽试验对8个东北地区生产上主要利用的玉米自交系进行芽期耐冷性鉴定。在常温（25℃）和低温（10℃）条件下分别测定了发芽势、发芽率、平均发芽时间、发芽指数、幼苗干重和活力指数等,并以各性状低温与常温下测定值的比值（相对值）作为耐冷性鉴定指标。通过聚类分析将自交系分为耐冷性强中弱3类,其中PH4CV、吉419和吉495耐冷性强,H21耐冷性中等,W9706、黄早四、丹黄02和四279耐冷性弱。相关性分析表明,相对发芽率、相对发芽指数、相对幼苗干重与相对活力指数呈极显著相关,可以作为玉米自交系芽期耐冷性鉴定指标。本试验为大规模鉴定和筛选芽期耐冷玉米种质奠定了基础。     

多样性国际稻种四个生长发育时期的耐冷性及其与籼粳性的关系

水稻整个生长时期都可能有低温冷害的发生。低温冷害是水稻获得稳产、高产的主要限制因素之一。鉴定耐冷资源、开展耐冷性育种是减少水稻冷害损失最有效的途径。为了找到优良的水稻耐冷资源,并分析水稻不同发育时期耐冷性之间的关系,以及耐冷性与籼粳性的关系,本研究以来自11个国家、多样性丰富的34份水稻品种为材料,分别在发芽期、芽期、苗期和开花期进行耐冷性鉴定,并应用对籼粳性有专一鉴别性的分子标记对测试品种的籼粳性进行量化,考察水稻籼粳性分化与不同生长发育期耐冷性的关系。研究结果表明,在发芽期有3个品种的低温相对发芽率在85.0%以上,芽期有4个品种冷处理后的存活率超过90.0%,苗期有3个品种冷处理后的存活率超过75.0%,穗期有4个品种耐冷指数高于0.55,没有品种在4个时期均有强的耐冷性。对这些材料4个时期耐冷性的相关分析显示,芽期和苗期的耐冷性呈显著正相关,决定系数为0.28;其它生长时期的耐冷性相互之间的相关性不显著。在测试品种中,籼粳性专一的分子标记所决定的籼性度与芽期和苗期的耐冷性呈显著负相关。研究结果揭示了水稻不同生长发育时期有不同的耐冷遗传基础,并为水稻耐冷种质的筛选以及耐冷性育种策略的制定提供了科学的依据。     

利用籼粳交RIL群体进行水稻发芽期与芽期耐冷性QTL分析

为定位控制水稻发芽期和芽期耐冷性的QTL,探究其遗传机制,以耐冷性强的粳稻品种彩稻为母本、耐冷性弱的籼稻品种WD为父本杂交衍生的含有189个株系的重组自交系群体为试验材料,以低温胁迫下的相对发芽率、平均发芽天数、成苗率、芽期耐冷级别为鉴定指标,结合978个Bin标记,运用IciMapping 4.2对发芽期和芽期耐冷Q...     

黑龙江省主栽水稻品种耐延迟型冷害能力鉴定

采用人工气候箱模拟低温的方法,对黑龙江省30个主栽水稻品种进行了萌发期和分蘖期耐冷性鉴定,以期筛选出耐延迟型冷害强的品种。结果显示,不同品种在萌发期耐冷性上差异较大,筛选出耐延迟型冷害较强的品种为龙粳16号、龙粳18号、龙粳22号和松粳12号,这些品种在10℃下低温发芽率高且分蘖期低温处理后延迟生育日数少,是可以作为直播栽培的品种。     

耐低温大豆品种（系）的筛选与研究

耐低温大豆品种的筛选不但有利于低温年大豆生产,提高大豆抗冷性,确保大豆稳产,而且有利于大豆免耕技术的推广。选用11个大豆品种(系)进行萌发期耐低温(6℃)筛选研究,筛选出耐冷型大豆品种2个,分别为金源55与合农60;敏感型品种1个,为黑农48;中抗型品种(系)8个。试验结果表明,在6℃低温条件下,随着发芽时间的延长,不同品种(系)相对发芽率呈逐渐上升的趋势,低温胁迫下大豆发芽的最佳调查时间为低温处理14d;大豆抗冷性与百粒重呈显著负相关,与蛋白质含量、脂肪含量相关性不显著。     

甜菜耐低温种质筛选和苗期耐冷性鉴定

利用人工气候箱,采取耐低温发芽筛选方法,对50份二倍体甜菜种质进行低温胁迫处理,筛选出耐低温的种质12份,芽期耐冷指数≥0.76。通过苗期耐寒性鉴定发现,这12份种质的苗期耐冷能力与芽期基本一致,但个体间对低温的反应速度及持久性表现存在差异,其中,6份资源具有更强的苗期耐冷能力。试验证明,甜菜种质苗期冷害的生理临界温度为3～6℃,在该低温阈值下,耐冷性强的种质对温度变化不太敏感,而耐冷性弱的资源对温度变化较为敏感。1～2℃是甜菜冷害的发生温度,耐冷性强的资源表现为停滞生长,子叶皱缩卷曲,真叶和下胚轴出现似烫伤表现,逐渐死亡;耐冷性弱的资源受冷害症状较早出现,很快发生畸变和死亡。     

苦瓜芽期耐冷性鉴定与评价

目的:探讨苦瓜芽期耐冷性鉴定与评价方法,以期为苦瓜耐冷性材料的筛选提供参考.方法:在低温条件下,对54份苦瓜材料进行发芽势、发芽率、种子活力指数、下胚轴长等指标测定,采用主成分分析结合聚类分析进行科学综合评价.结果:发芽率和种子活力指数对苦瓜芽期耐冷性具有较高的载荷,其系数分别为0.865和0.959,可作为苦瓜芽期耐冷性鉴定的重要指标;单一指标不能可靠而准确地对苦瓜芽期耐冷性进行鉴定与评价;聚类分类可将供试材料分为4种类型,第1类为高度低温敏感型,第2类为低温敏感型,第3类为高度耐冷型,第4类为耐冷型.结论:该套方法适用于多数苦瓜资源芽期耐冷性的鉴定与评价.     

不同基因型甜玉米自交系芽期耐冷性鉴定及评价

东北地区易发生低温冷害,筛选耐冷性强的玉米种质资源,选育优良耐冷品种是目前亟待解决的问题。本试验以沈阳农业大学特种玉米所提供的30份甜玉米自交系为试验材料,利用人工气候箱模拟低温环境条件,对不同甜玉米自交系进行低温胁迫和标准发芽试验,分别测定发芽率、活力指数、苗长、根长、苗干、鲜重、根干、鲜重等指标,并计算各个指标相对值、隶属函数值及综合D值等耐冷性评价指标,对30份自交系的耐冷性进行综合评价。采用聚类分析的方法将自交系分为耐冷性强、耐冷性中等、低温敏感3类,其T12和T21是耐冷性强自交系,T10和T27是低温敏感自交系。本试验采用低温处理的方法筛选出一批耐冷性强的自交系,为甜玉米耐冷品种的选育及生理生化、分子生物学研究提供了优良多样的基因资源。     

东乡野生稻杂交后代生育早期耐冷性和耐旱性鉴定

研究东乡野生稻与栽培稻杂交后代耐冷性和耐旱性,为水稻耐冷和耐旱育种提供优异的中间材料。在不同温度下,以发芽率、发芽指数及活苗率为鉴定指标进行了耐冷性鉴定。用8个与抗旱有关性状进行了苗期抗旱性鉴定。结果表明:(1)7~10℃低温下,M65、M132的发芽率及发芽指数均明显高于其他参试品系,说明品系M65和M132具有较强的发芽期耐冷性。7℃/10d低温胁迫下,品系M10和M117活苗率较高,分别为72%和81.25%,说明品系M10和M117的具有很强的芽期耐冷性。7~10℃的低温处理和7℃/10d低温胁迫分别为籼稻发芽期和芽期耐冷性鉴定的合适条件。(2)品系M61、M117的苗期综合抗旱D值较大,说明品系M61、M117具有较强的苗期耐旱性。这些材料可在水稻耐冷性、耐旱性育种及东乡野生稻耐性机理研究中加以利用。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Breeding barriers between the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa, and related wild germplasm

Five-hundred interspecific and intergeneric crosses were performed among accessions of the wild strawberries Fragaria vesca(2x), Duchesnea indica (8x), Potentilla tucumanensis (2x) and 9 genotypes of the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria×ananassa (8x), following an incomplete diallele mating design. Crosses between D. indica and F.×ananassa produced many putative hybrids when D. indica was used as female but a few achenes and plants when used as male; therefore, pollen-pistil compatibility relations were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy in this direction of the cross. Of the genotypic combinations, 78.6% were incompatible at the stigma level and 17.2% at the first third of the style. Only 3.6% were pollen-pistil compatible and produced fruits with achenes (seven did not germinate or originated short-lived plants and nine produced normal plants). F.vesca×F.×ananassa crosses produced 35 hybrid achenes but only 14% germinated, yielding short-lived plants; histological analyses revealed that inviable seeds had less developed (or collapsed) endosperms and smaller embryos than control plump F. vesca seeds. P.tucumanensis was only used as male, with negative results. These species and genera are partially isolated by a complex system of pre- and post-zygotic barriers. Knowledge of their nature would allow the breeder to devise strategies to put the genetic variability available in the group into a useful form. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.