先进的组学技术在植物抗病研究中的应用

近年来植物病害问题的频繁发生,严重影响着中国农业的生产与发展。为了提高植物抗病能力,从而抵御植物病害,本文归纳了基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学技术在植物抗病研究中的应用,总结了培育抗病品种、生物防治、植物病害监测技术等方法来减轻植物病害,从分子水平上分析了不同植物抗病机理,揭示相关抗病基因与其生长发育之间的密切关联。同时本文指出组学技术应用于植物抗病存在的不足,仍有一些低丰富度或低分子量的功能蛋白未被成功鉴定,提出提高检测技术的灵敏度、完善基因、代谢数据库等意见。组学技术不断发展与创新,为防治植物病害带来了新的契机。将有助于抗病品种的选育、病原菌的检测与防治和提高植物抗病能力等,从而促进植物生长和增加作物产量。     

Past,present and future opportunities in breeding for disease resistance,with examples from wheat

Summary This introductory chapter contains some general comments about plant breeding and breeding for disease resistance. The use of disease resistant crop plants is an environmentally favourable method of controlling disease but the process of breeding for disease resistance is subject to several constraints. Among them is the variability of pathogens in relation to host resistance. Some parts of this variation can be resolved into gene-for-gene interactions, but the boundaries within which such interactions can be detected are not sharp. The discussion of this variation is illustrated by reference to some important diseases of wheat, especially yellow rust, septoria and eyespot. The objective of obtaining durable resistance is discussed and some contributions of new genetical and molecular techniques to breeding for resistance are considered. It is suggested that new technology will enhance breeding for disease resistance but that established techniques of plant breeding will remain relevant and important.     

中国作物分子育种现状与展望

分子育种是现代农业发展应用推广最迅速的育种新技术,对作物遗传改良产生了深远的影响。国际农作物育种已经进入分子育种时代,以DNA重组技术和基因组编辑技术等为代表的现代生物技术已成为世界上作物遗传改良的重要手段。本综述简要介绍了国际分子育种发展趋势,并对中国作物分子育种现状和国家相关政策导向、集成创新、科研管理体制、生物种业发展和人才现状等方面进行了分析,以期为中国农业和科技管理部门、生物技术工作者、育种家和种子企业提供参考。     

基于作物QTL的分子育种研究进展

分子标记技术和QTL(Quantitative Traits Loci)定位技术的迅速发展,使得以DNA多态性为基础的分子育种技术的研究不断深入,并在作物遗传育种中得到了一些成功的运用,为解决有关复杂性状的选择问题带来了希望。本文综述了近年来基于作物QTL的分子标记辅助选择及目标性状QTL克隆在作物的产量、品质、抗旱性等数量性状遗传育种中的主要应用,证实了分子育种的有效性;对目前影响分子育种效率的因素及存在的问题、应用前景进行了探讨。     

Achievements and limitations of contemporary common bean breeding using conventional and molecular approaches

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) improvement programs have been successful using conventional breeding methods to accomplish a wide array of important objectives. Specific achievements include the extension of range of adaptation of the crop, the development of cultivars with enhanced levels of disease and pest resistance and breeding lines that possess greater tolerance to drought. The most effective breeding method depends on the expression and inheritance of the trait to be selected and the target environment. Many bean improvement programs use molecular markers to facilitate cultivar development. In fact, several recent germplasm releases have used molecular markers to introgress and or pyramid major genes and QTL for disease resistance. Related species (P. coccineus and P. acultifolius) via interspecific hybridizations remain an important albeit long-term source for resistance to economically important diseases. Slow progress has been made in the improvement of traits such as adaptation to low soil fertility and tolerance to high levels of soluble Al in the soil using conventional breeding methods. The inability to directly measure root traits and the importance of genotype × environment interaction complicate the selection of these traits. In addition, symbiotic relationships with Rhizobium and mycorrhiza need to be taken into consideration when selecting for enhanced biological N fixation and greater or more efficient acquisition of soil P. Genomic examination of complex traits such as these should help bean breeders devise more effective selection strategies. As integration of genomics in plant breeding advances, the challenge will be to develop molecular tools that also benefit breeding programs in developing countries. Transgenic breeding methods for bean improvement are not well defined, nor efficient, as beans are recalcitrant to regeneration from cell cultures. Moreover, if issues related to consumer acceptance of GMOs cannot be resolved, traits such as herbicide tolerance in transgenic bean cultivars which would help farmers reduce production costs and decrease soil erosion will remain unrealized.     

中国小麦转基因研究的现状及前景

近年来,中国小麦转基因育种研究发展迅速,并成为常规育种的有效补充。分析了各类转基因方法在小麦遗传转化中的应用情况,综述了中国小麦转基因分子育种的发展及现状,主要包括小麦抗病虫、品质改良以及耐非生物逆境胁迫等方面的转基因研究,并分析了目前小麦转基因育种中存在的问题及发展策略。     

性状相关的分子标记在甘蔗分子育种中的应用研究

分子设计育种在农作物品种改良中发挥了重要作用,但由于甘蔗基因组庞大且高度杂合,染色体呈非整倍性,导致其性状相关的分子标记辅助育种进展十分缓慢。为加快甘蔗育种进程,提高其育种效率和准确性,简述了甘蔗分子标记辅助育种现状及其瓶颈,并总结了应用于甘蔗的分子标记种类及其问题,阐明分子标记在甘蔗遗传连锁图谱构建中的作用,进而从甘蔗产量和糖分性状相关QTL的定位、主要抗病基因（抗褐锈病基因、抗黑穗病和抗黄斑病基因）的定位及其在抗病分子育种上的应用,以及关联分析方法在甘蔗重要性状研究中的应用等方面对性状相关的分子标记进行综述。最后对甘蔗重要性状相关分子标记辅助育种的机遇和挑战进行了展望,为甘蔗分子育种的深入研究提供理论依据。     

Biotechnology and apple breeding in Japan

Apple is a fruit crop of significant economic importance, and breeders world wide continue to develop novel cultivars with improved characteristics. The lengthy juvenile period and the large field space required to grow apple populations have imposed major limitations on breeding. Various molecular biological techniques have been employed to make apple breeding easier. Transgenic technology has facilitated the development of apples with resistance to fungal or bacterial diseases, improved fruit quality, or root stocks with better rooting or dwarfing ability. DNA markers for disease resistance (scab, powdery mildew, fire-blight, Alternaria blotch) and fruit skin color have also been developed, and marker-assisted selection (MAS) has been employed in breeding programs. In the last decade, genomic sequences and chromosome maps of various cultivars have become available, allowing the development of large SNP arrays, enabling efficient QTL mapping and genomic selection (GS). In recent years, new technologies for genetic improvement, such as trans-grafting, virus vectors, and genome-editing, have emerged. Using these techniques, no foreign genes are present in the final product, and some of them show considerable promise for application to apple breeding.     

植物基因工程在作物育种中的应用与展望

从抗虫、抗病、抗除草剂、抗逆以及品质改良、改善发育状况、提高光合作用和固氮效率等方面论述了基因工程在作物育种中的具体应用和进展,阐述了基因工程改良作物品种的方法和优点。通过植物基因工程获得的转基因作物主要有大豆、玉米、棉花、油菜和烟草,并开始大面积应用于农业生产,取了得较好的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益。分析了植物基因工程在作物育种中广阔前景,有望培育出高产优质、集高光效、抗虫、抗病、抗除草剂和抗逆等特性于一体的作物新品种。解决了人类所面临的资源短缺、环境恶化和效益衰退的三大难题,为农业的持续、稳定发展提供了有力保障。     

Breeding for Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat—Progress and challenges

Fusarium head blight is among the most extensively studied fungal diseases of wheat and other small grain cereals due to its impact on yield and quality, but particularly due to its potential to produce mycotoxins, which are harmful to humans and animals. Since our last comprehensive review on QTL mapping and marker-assisted selection for FHB resistance in wheat in 2009, numerous studies have been conducted to identify, validate or fine-map resistance QTL. The main aim of this review is to update and summarize findings on FHB resistance breeding of wheat published during the last decade. Furthermore, we compiled a user-friendly table listing FHB resistance QTL data providing a valuable resource for further FHB resistance research. The role of morphological and phenological traits on FHB resistance and possible consequences for resistance breeding are discussed. This review concentrates current knowledge on breeding for FHB resistance and suggests strategies to enhance resistance by deploying molecular breeding methods, including marker-assisted and genomic selection.     

籽粒苋优异性状相关基因的发掘利用研究进展

为了拓宽籽粒苋基因资源,本研究归纳了籽粒苋在作物分子育种中的作用,包括籽粒苋品质、抗性、高产、节水特性及相关基因的克隆和利用;籽粒苋的富钾特性及富钾基因型筛选;籽粒苋富镉特性及在土壤修复中的应用潜力。认为随着现代种植业的设施化、机械化、集约化,农作物种类和农作物品种的多样性减少,特有基因资源容易流失,遗传基础日益贫乏。开拓、保护、利用籽粒苋这一新型的基因资源,对于农作物品种设计和分子育种具有重要意义。     

植物矮生性状的分子遗传研究进展

近年来，随着分子生物学和基因组学的飞速发展，对作物高产性状，高产机理及其相关基因的研究愈加深入，应用基因工程技术对作物进行遗传改良已成为提高作物产量的有效途径，培育理想株型已成为作物育种的重要目标。株高是高等作物的重要农艺性状之一，植株过高容易引起倒伏而减产，而矮生植株抗倒能力强，高产，因而矮化育种对培育理想株型十分重要，矮生基因的发掘研究和利用也越来越受到重视。本文综述了目前高等作物矮生性的分子遗传研究进展，特别是对水稻、小麦、玉米、黄瓜、西瓜和番茄等主要作物矮生性状的遗传特点、分子标记、矮生基因的克隆等方面的研究进展做了较为详细的总结和评价，分析了激素对高等植物矮生突变体的调控，提出了高等植物矮生资源的利用和矮化育种中存在的问题，并探讨了高等植物矮生性状分子遗传学研究和分子育种的发展趋势。     

Molecular breeding for resistance to Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.): a perspective of cisgenesis

Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is one of the most devastating diseases in potato cultivation and is mostly controlled by the application of chemicals. However, introduction of combinations of resistance ( R ) genes conferring broad-spectrum resistance from wild Solanum species into cultivated potatoes is considered the most practical and promising approach to achieve durable resistance. This can be realized via classical breeding or genetic modification (GM). Because classical breeding is very time-consuming and is often hampered by linkage drag, a GM approach seems logic in this heterozygous and vegetatively propagated crop. During the last decades, many R genes have been identified in several wild Solanum species. Some have been cloned and more will follow. When these genes are derived from species crossable with cultivated potato (so-called cisgenes), application in resistance breeding using a GM approach is similar to an introgression breeding approach, in that the exploited genes are indigenous to the crop. Pending deregulation or derogation of cisgenesis, the use of cisgenic R genes would be an ideal strategy to accomplish durable resistance in potato.     

The ‘European Apple Genome Mapping Project’-developing a strategy for mapping genes coding for agronomic characters in tree species

Summary A recently initiated collaborative project involving apple breeders in seven European countries is described. The objective is to improve the European apple crop by molecular-aided breeding to increase efficency and reduce the time-scale in breeding for resistance, tree habit and fruit quality. The strategy adopted provides a model for similar studies in fruit, forest and other woody species. The project is based on progenies from a small number of crosses involving many important agronomic genes. Replication of these reference progenies by vegetative propagation will enable studies to be carried out simultaneously in each country. By developing a range of molecular markers, including isozymes, RFLPs and sequence-tagged DNA probes, an integrated molecular map is being constructed for use in a wide range of breeding and genetic studies. Construction of a database recording many mapped molecular markers will enable efficient exploitation of data in future genetic, breeding and physiological studies of apple. Aspects of the adopted strategy, techniques and management are discussed in the context of mapping genes in perennial crop genomes.     

甜瓜抗病基因的研究进展及其应用前景

甜瓜是世界各地都广泛栽培的重要经济作物,其营养丰富味道美好而备受人们的喜爱。随着甜瓜种质资源商品化,甜瓜病虫害扩散蔓延迅速,已成为影响甜瓜产量和品质的主要因素。本文概述了对甜瓜生产和品质危害较严重的主要病虫害的发病特征、蔓延情况及相应抗性基因的研究进展,目前已有50个甜瓜抗病基因被认知。另外对与抗病性状相关基因的定位、分子标记、分离克隆、甜瓜基因遗传图谱等研究现状进行了总结分析,综合阐述了甜瓜抗病基因在实践中的使用价值和应用前景：利用甜瓜抗病基因的分子标记进行甜瓜抗病育种辅助选择,将抗病基因转化感病品种进行抗病分子育种。     

番茄抗叶霉病基因及分子育种的研究进展

叶霉病是危害保护地番茄生产的重要病害之一,是一种世界性的病害,能导致番茄产量下降,影响番茄生产的经济效益。防治该病的主要措施是培育抗病品种。抗病基因是抗病分子生物学和抗病育种的基础。随着生物技术的发展,已有多个抗性基因被鉴定和克隆出来,有的已经被利用在分子育种上,这为生产上有效控制番茄叶霉病病害提供了一条新途径。为了更好的控制病害,本文综述了叶霉菌生理小种的分化、克隆基因的结构和功能、抗性基因的遗传及抗叶霉病的分子机制,讨论了抗性基因的应用和基因工程的展望。     

Genetic progress of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines for disease resistance

The rice crop is affected by diseases throughout its cycle, impacting negatively on grain yield and quality. The control of the disease impact can be accomplished via crop breeding, using highly multiple resistant genotypes. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of multiple-character and specific selection of multiple resistance to major culture-associated diseases (neck blast, leaf scald and grain discoloration) in rice lines of the Upland Rice Genetic Breeding Program. The experiments were conducted in 35 sites during 12 agricultural years, where 124 lines were evaluated for the severity of fungal diseases, under natural field conditions. Multiple parameters were calculated based on the diseases´ scores: genetic, phenotypic and environmental variances, heritability, selection gain, renewal rate, and genetic and renewal progress. Genetic variance for the disease resistance was identified in the population, and the selection gain for multiple-character selection was of 3.16 year⁻¹ throughout the breeding process with a renewal rate of over 35%. The programme has showed efficiency in selecting multiple resistant genotypes to the mentioned diseases, highlighting genotypes with high potential for market release.     

作物耐热生理基础与基因发掘研究进展

热胁迫是农作物生产中的环境限制因子,影响作物生长发育并导致农作物减产与降低农产品品质。作物耐热性生理生化、基因发掘与分子机制研究将为农业生产与耐热新品种培育奠定基础。综述了热胁迫逆境对作物营养生长阶段和生殖生长阶段的影响,重点阐述了开花期与子粒灌浆期等作物产量形成关键时期受热害时作物的生理与发育,介绍了作物主要的4种热响应方式,即膜流动性改变、蛋白质解折叠、细胞骨架解聚和代谢物变化,总结了Hsf热激转录因子的调控与耐热分子机制,并展望了应用生物技术创制作物耐热新种质与遗传改良的可行性。本文为作物耐热性生理基础、基因发掘、分子机制与育种途径等研究提供参考。     

农作物收获前黄曲霉毒素污染与控制措施

黄曲霉毒素(aflatoxin,AFT)是曲霉属真菌产生的一大类生物毒素,是危及食品安全和人类健康的主要物质之一。农产品收获前黄曲霉毒素污染是热带、亚热带地区普遍存在的问题,其中在玉米、花生、棉籽、辣椒籽和一些木本坚果及其产品中尤为严重。国内外现有研究结果表明,多种因素可影响作物收获前黄曲霉毒素污染,其中干旱和高温的综合胁迫是最主要的环境因素。作物抗性对降低毒素污染具有重要作用。综合运用分子生物学及常规育种技术改良作物品种对黄曲霉菌侵染或产毒的抗性以及对其他病虫害及干旱的抗(耐)性,是解决黄曲霉毒素污染问题的重要途径。作物生产过程中病虫害的防治和合理的田间管理是作物收获前黄曲霉毒素污染的有效防控措施。     

CRISPER/Cas9系统在植物基因组定点修饰及作物遗传育种中的应用研究进展

CRISPR/Cas9系统是一项简单、高效的基因定点编辑技术,在植物遗传改良及作物良种选育等方面具有重要的应用价值。本研究主要介绍了CRISPR/Cas9的原理及构建方法,论述了近年来CRISPR/Cas9技术在植物基因功能及基因表达调控、植物基因组的定向编辑以及作物分子育种中的应用及研究进展,分析了该基因编辑系统的主要影响因素及优化改进方式,探讨了该系统在应用中的问题及解决途径并对今后发展方向进行了展望,为该技术在植物基因组定点编辑及作物遗传育种等领域研究提供参考。