Response of Some Quality Traits of Sunflower Seeds and Oil to Different Environments

Five sunflower hybrids and one open-pollinated variety were sown at two locations in West Germany and at two-sowings at Giza, Egypt (summer and winter seasons). Cultivars showed different response concerning oil and protein contents as well as fatty acid composition. Highest protein content was observed from Giza in winter season. Cultivars differed significantly with this respect under different environments. However, oil content was not significantly affected by environments X cultivars interaction.
Regarding fatty acid composition, palmitic and stearic acids were insignificantly affected. However, highest oleic acid percentage (57.5%) was observed at Giza in summer sowing by Nhy , hybrid, while at Giza in winter sowing the highest value (25.7%) was produced by Semu 209 hybrid. The differences between the two Germany locations were relatively low in range from 14.6–17.6%. Concerning linoleic acid, it showed an opposite trend.
Environments X cultivars interaction showed significant influence on total tocopherol content.     

小麦/玉米/大豆三熟套作体系中小麦根系分泌特性及氮素吸收研究

为探讨小麦/玉米/大豆多熟套作体系下小麦根系分泌物的分泌特性及其对根系生长环境和植株氮素吸收的影响,2006-2008年连续两个生长季采用田间定位试验,研究了小麦-大豆、小麦-甘薯、小麦/玉米/大豆和小麦/玉米/甘薯4种种植模式下小麦根系分泌物的数量与种类、小麦根系生长、土壤水分、土壤氮含量及植株吸氮量的变化特性。结果表明,与小麦-大豆和小麦-甘薯两种净作模式及小麦/玉米/甘薯套作模式相比,小麦/玉米/大豆套作降低了开花期和成熟期小麦生长区的土壤湿度、pH值及NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N的含量,提高了小麦植株地上部总吸氮量、根系活力、根干重及土壤总氮含量,并且,开花期小麦根系分泌有机酸总量和可溶性糖含量增加,表现为套作>净作,大豆茬口>甘薯茬口,边行>中行,其中以小麦边行处理的分泌量最高。拔节期根系分泌的有机酸,净作处理以乙酸含量较高,占总量的47.8%~51.6%,套作处理以柠檬酸含量较高,占总量的31.7%~55.1%;开花期根系分泌的有机酸,净作和套作处理均以乙酸含量较高,占总量的33.3%~78.3%。小麦/玉米/大豆套作对小麦根系分泌有机酸和可溶性糖有促进作用,从而改善了根系生长环境,提高了小麦对氮素的吸收。     

Accumulation of Zinc and Molar Ratio of Phytic Acid and Zinc during Maize Grain Maturation

Dynamics of the accumulation of total ash and zinc, and their relationships with total dry matter, crude proteins and phytic acid during maize grain maturation were investigated. The investigation was carried out on normal maize hybrids grown under the same topographical and agrotechnical conditions over two consecutive vegetation years.
The amount of total ash, expressed on fresh and dry matter bases, changed significantly (P = 0.05 and P = 0.01) during grain maturation depending on maturity stage and variety. The dynamics of the accumulation of ash in fresh grain matter during maturation as well as the ash amount in dry matter of mature grains were significantly affected by environmental conditions.
The accumulation of zinc in fresh matter of developing grain was significantly affected (P = 0.05 and P = 0.01) by the degree of grain maturity and by variety, and correlates significantly (P = 0.001) and positively with the deposition of total dry matter, crude proteins as well as with phytic acid in both vegetation years.
The molar ratio of phytic acid and zinc increased significantly during grain maturation indicating a possible decrease of zinc availability.     

Accumulation of Iron, Copper, Manganese and Nickel during Maize Grain Maturation

Dynamics of the accumulation of iron, copper, manganese and nickel, as well as their relationships with total ash, crude proteins and total dry matter during maize grain maturation were investigated. The investigation was carried out on normal maize hybrids grown under the same topographical and agrotechnical conditions. The amounts of particular microelements in the fresh grain matter increased significantly up to a late stage of dough maturation. The dynamics of their accumulation correlated positively and significantly with deposition of total dry matter, total ash and crude proteins, and were consistent with biological needs of the maize grain during development. The amounts of microelements expressed on a dry matter basis decreased significantly in a late stage of milky grain maturation. Further fluctuations were not significant. The correlation between particular microelements during grain maturation was positive and significant, as well as the correlation of particular microelements with crude proteins and total ash in the grain dry matter.     

Inter-varietal variations of rutin content in common buckwheat flour (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.)

Summary To improve the quality of buckwheat flour, we investigated the effect of the cropping season on the rutin content in various cultivars of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.). Thirty cultivars of buckwheat were grown under both long day conditions (the summer cropping) and short day conditions (the late summer cropping). The inter-varietal variations and the effect of the cropping season on the rutin content were examined. The rutin content was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results show that the average rutin content in the late summer cropping was about half that of the summer cropping. There were wide inter-varietal variations of rutin content in the summer cropping. The differences in rutin content in the late summer cropping were less pronounced. Rutin content was closely correlated with the flowering period in summer (r=0.735^***). The later flowering cultivars produced a higher content of rutin than the earlier flowering cultivars in the summer cropping. The differences in the cumulative solar radiation received in the two seasons seems to be a reasonable explanation for this increase in the rutin content of the buckwheat flour. The rutin content of early flowering cultivars, which are suitable for long day conditions, is positively correlated with yield in the summer cropping. However, the rutin content in the intermediate and late summer ecotype cultivars, which are suitable for short day conditions, shows no correlation with yield in the late-summer cropping. In conclusion, there are wide inter-varietal variations of rutin content in buckwheat flour and the rutin content increases under long day conditions.     

Impact of the Cropping Systems of a Minor Dry Season on the Growth, Yields and Nitrogen Uptake of Maize (Zea mays L) Grown in the Humid Tropics during the Major Rainy Season

A field study evaluated the residual effect of a cropping system in two minor (dry) seasons on the productivity pattern and nitrogen utilization of a maize crop grown in the subsequent major (wet) seasons. The cropping systems established in the minor seasons, where evaporation exceeds rainfall, were either monocultures of maize (Zea mays L), or maize intercropped with either common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) or sunhemp (Crotolaria juncea L). In addition, monocultures of two green manures, namely sunhemp (Crotolaria juncea) or Tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia), were established. The residues of maize and beans and the green manures were incorporated at the end of the minor season; at the onset of rains in the major season, maize crops were established on the same plots. Germination of maize was not affected by the previous cropping system. In contrast, crop growth and yields of maize and nitrogen utilization were affected by the previous cropping system. Optimum growth and highest yields were procured in maize that was grown after a green manure crop. Similarly, although the yields were high, the planting of a green manure crop reduced nitrogen utilization by maize in the major season, thereby indicating its potential contribution to sustainability, due to its lower mining of soil nitrogen. On the basis of the results of this two‐year study, the impact of cropping systems in minor seasons on the productivity of maize, a very important highland cereal in the tropics, grown under rain‐fed conditions in a major season, is presented.     

加拿大一枝黄花不同季节营养成分分析

为适时有效地利用加拿大一枝黄花资源,对其不同季节的营养成分进行测定和分析。利用重量法测定水分含量;通过高温电炉灼烧测定了总灰分含量;采用蒽酮比色法测定可溶性总糖含量;用碱与样品共热,破坏其中的还原糖,然后用间二苯酚比色测定蔗糖中的果糖部分,从而得出其蔗糖含量;用硫酸、碱、乙醇、乙醚相继处理样品,测定了其粗纤维含量;以考马斯亮蓝法测蛋白质含量。结果显示：随着季节变化水分含量呈下降趋势,叶片除了早春,均高于茎与根,3—6 月茎的含水量高于根,6—10 月则根高于茎。叶片灰分含量高于茎与根,且季节变化不大,5 月以前茎的灰分含量高于根,而6 月以后茎的灰分含量明显低于根。茎可溶性总糖含量在3—4 月均较高,5—11 月根的可溶性总糖含量明显高于茎与叶片;蔗糖的季节变化与可溶性总糖变化相似,11 月根蔗糖含量显著升高;粗纤维含量随季节变化而增高,茎高于根与叶。蛋白质含量随季节变化而减低,叶片蛋白质含量高于茎与根。     

The accumulation pattern in developing seeds and its relation to fatty acid variation in soybean

Sixty soybean cultivars from Japan and the USA formed five maturity groups (IIb‐Vc) based on number of days from sowing to flowering and number of days from flowering to maturity. Highly significant intervarietal differences in fatty acid composition were found in all the maturity groups, especially in IIc. Stearic and oleic acids showed a larger variation than palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Principal component analysis suggested that the total variation of fatty acid composition depended mainly on the desaturation levels from oleic to linoleic acid. Three cultivars exhibiting unique fatty acid composition, together with a standard cultivar, were examined for the contents of the five fatty acids, as well as crude oil at eight seed‐filling stages. For all four cultivars, it was found that crude oil content increased sigmoidally with advancing filling stage, and that the accumulation patterns of palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids were similar to that of crude oil. However, the accumulation pattern of stearic acid was different from that of crude oil and divided the cultivars into two distinct groups. For oleic acid, only the cultivar ‘Aburamame’ showed a rapid increase in proportion with advancing filling stage, although not differing markedly in accumulated content from the other cultivars. These results indicate that analysing the accumulation patterns of fatty acids could explain the latent genetic variation in fatty acid composition of soybean seeds.     

黄淮海平原南部不同种植体系周年气候资源分配与利用特征研究

探明不同种植体系周年产量、气候资源分配及其利用效率特征,建立周年气候资源优化配置的定量指标,为进一步提升黄淮海区域周年产量潜力和资源利用效率提供理论依据。本研究利用2011—2015年河南新乡定位试验数据,定量分析了冬小麦–夏玉米、冬小麦–夏大豆、双季玉米和一季春玉米4个种植体系产量、生物量、干物质产能、光温资源分配及其利用效率。结果表明,冬小麦–夏玉米和双季玉米体系4年产量、生物量和干物质产能差异均不显著,但显著高于冬小麦–夏大豆和一季春玉米体系,平均增幅分别为45.4%～61.5%、37.3%～71.3%和35.7%～70.7%;双季玉米和一季春玉米体系周年辐射生产效率、籽粒及总生物量光能利用效率均显著高于冬小麦–夏玉米和冬小麦–夏大豆体系,其中周年辐射生产效率平均增幅为11.8%～66.7%,籽粒及总生物量光能利用效率分别提高0.13～0.42和0.18～0.69百分点。进一步分析周年气候资源分配特征,冬小麦–夏玉米体系两季积温分配率分别为45.6%和54.4%,积温比值为0.8,双季玉米两季积温分配率为51.4%和48.6%,积温比值为1.1。综合分析产量和资源利用效率,冬小麦–夏玉米和双季玉米种植体系可作为黄淮海区种植模式优化布局和农业生产可持续发展的重要支撑,而明确主要种植体系积温分配率和积温比值等定量指标可为进一步优化周年气候资源配置,挖掘黄淮海两熟区周年产量潜力和资源利用效率提供重要参考。     

不同株型玉米灌浆期穗位叶可溶性糖含量和子粒淀粉积累关系的研究

为研究不同种植密度对两种株型玉米灌浆期间子粒积累的影响,于2010年在大田试验条件下,分析不同密度处理下紧凑型玉米郑单958和平展型玉米丰禾1号灌浆期功能叶可溶性糖含量及子粒淀粉积累的变化。结果表明,灌浆期各密度处理下的两种株型玉米穗位叶可溶性糖含量及子粒直链淀粉、支链淀粉和总淀粉积累均呈上升趋势。灌浆后期,郑单958和丰禾1均在低密度处理(4万株/hm2、5万株/hm2)下穗位叶可溶性糖含量最高,丰禾1直链淀粉在6万株/hm2处理最高,支链和总淀粉含量及淀粉产量在5万株/hm2处理最高,郑单958的直链、支链及总淀粉含量和淀粉产量均在6万株/hm2处理最高。     

Performance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coffea arabica</Emphasis> F1 hybrids in agroforestry and full-sun cropping systems in comparison with American pure line cultivars

Coffea arabica F1 hybrids derived from crosses between wild Sudan-Ethiopian and American cultivars and propagated by somatic embryogenesis have been obtained in Central America. These new hybrids considerably enhanced the genetic diversity of coffee in the region. We conducted 15 trials to assess whether using hybrids represents substantial genetic progress in terms of productivity in agroforestry and full-sun cropping systems. The new germplasm was grown in the same conditions as the best American cultivar (homozygous pure lines). The results showed that yields of hybrids were earlier and superior to those of American cultivars. The hybrids were also more stable than the American cultivars in all environments. In the agroforestry system, the mean yield of hybrids was 58% higher than that of the American cultivars, while the mean yield of hybrids in the full-sun system was 34% higher. Coffee-based agroforestry systems (AS) are considered effective in protecting the environment in the volcanic cordilleras of Central America. We found that introducing hybrids in coffee-based AS can considerably increase productivity. This finding could be a convincing argument to encourage coffee growers who have adopted the full-sun cropping system to return to agroforestry cropping systems. Finally, the conditions for large-scale dissemination of those new hybrids—which represent a major innovation for C. arabica cropping—was analysed.     

江苏省中籼水稻品种演进过程中米质的变化

以江苏省近60年来各阶段具有代表性的13个中熟籼稻品种(含杂交稻组合)为材料,依据品种种植年代结合株型特点将其分为早期高秆(ET)、矮秆(DC)、半矮秆常规稻(SDC)、半矮秆杂交稻(SDH)和超级稻(SR) 5个类型,研究了品种演进过程中米质的变化。结果表明,稻米的碾磨品质(糙米率、精米率和整精米率)在同一类品种间有较大差异,在品种演进过程中无明显变化。与早期品种相比,现代品种(半矮秆杂交稻和超级稻)稻米的垩白度显著降低,崩解值变大,消减值变小,稻米中的清蛋白、谷蛋白、赖氨酸、甘氨酸和精氨酸含量显著增加,醇溶蛋白含量显著降低。随着品种演进,产量逐步提高,其原因主要是总颖花量的增加及每穗粒数的显著增多。说明中籼稻品种演进过程中,米质和产量协同提高。     

Genotype × cropping system interaction in climbing beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown as sole crop and in association with maize (Zea mays L.)

The selection of cultivars for the predominant cropping systems of small farms in the tropics depends to a large extent on the information obtained by testing their performance across the different systems. The main objective of this experiment was to measure the genotype × cropping system (G × CS) interaction for yield and selected agronomic traits of climbing beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown as sole crop and intercropped with two morphologically contrasting maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars. A secondary objective was to identify the most efficient and productive bean–maize intercrop combinations. Seven climbing bean genotypes were grown as sole crop and intercropped with two maize varieties, BH 140 (Mix. 1) and Guto (Mix. 2), in a factorial arranged Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications at Bako Agricultural Research Center in western Ethiopia. Main effects due to genotype and cropping system (except days to flowering) were significant for all bean traits considered. The genotypes × cropping system interaction terms were also significant for the number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, harvest index and seed yield. While bean seed yield significantly correlated with the number of seeds per pod (in Mix. 1) and with harvest index (in both mixtures), positive and significant correlations occurred with the number of pods per plant and 100-seed weight under sole cropping system. The correlation between bean seed yields of Mix. 1 and Mix. 2 and between Mix. 2 and sole crop were positive and significant. No such relationship was found between Mix. 1 and sole crop. The results suggest that selection of suitable climbing bean cultivars for intercropping with maize varieties predominantly grown in the area should be made under the associated culture of the two crops. Intercropping contributed to a significant reduction in seed yield of the bean genotypes due mainly to its adverse effects on the numbers of pods per plant and seeds per pod. The index tLER₁ identified most bean–maize genotype combinations of Mix. 2 as biologically more efficient system than Mix. 1. On the other hand, tLER₂ values of more than 1.00 for all treatments of Mix. 2 demonstrated higher overall productivity of the intercrop system when the bean genotypes were grown in association with a late-maturing and high yielding maize hybrid BH 140.     

永泰芙蓉李营养成分及抗氧化活性研究

以永泰芙蓉李为原料,分析芙蓉李的营养成分和功能性成分,包括维生素、矿物质、氨基酸总糖、总酸等各项指标以及总酚、总黄酮等活性成分,并对芙蓉李原汁的抗氧化活性进行研究。结果表明,永泰芙蓉李中VC,VE的含量分别为207.43 mg/mL,16 mg/kg;芙蓉李中钾的含量为1 900 mg/kg,钙、镁次之,且含有少量的铁、硼、铬等矿物质;非必需氨基酸含量达到20.55 mg/100 g;必需氨基酸总量达到11.9 mg/100 g,天冬氨酸和谷氨酸含量较高;总酚、总黄酮分别为1 010,5 300 mg/mL。芙蓉李原汁具有良好的抗氧化活性,羟自由基清除能力为7 845.43 U/mL;总抗氧化能力为96.69 U/mL;在稀释5倍～350倍的质量浓度范围内,芙蓉李原汁对DPPH自由基的清除率最高可达到96.63%。与一定浓度的VC相比,芙蓉李原汁表现出较强的抗氧化性能。     

不同风味类型甜瓜果实发育过程中风味品质比较

采用风味类型不同的4个甜瓜品种为试材,测定果实发育过程中的可溶性糖、可滴定酸、Vc、可溶性固形物和芳香物质等风味品质。结果表明:日本甜宝(TB)在果实发育过程中的可溶性糖含量最高,其次是雪奶香(XNX),泽甜十里香(ZT)第三,风味4号(FW)最低;但FW中有机酸含量显著高于其他品种,成熟期XNX的Vc含量最为丰富;在花后25/35 d时FW的芳香物质以6和9碳醛类为主,其他3个品种则以醇类为主,尤其是9碳醇,随着果实的成熟,芳香物质总量均有较大提高,特别是乙酸酯类,FW的酸类和含苯化合物增加显著。在36/46 d时芳香物质的总含量为XNX最高,其次为ZT,TB第三,FW最低,品种间差异极显著(P<0.01)。不同品种的糖酸比、芳香物质的组分与含量,及其特有芳香物质的差异共同导致了品种间风味品质的差异。     

不同烹饪方式对黄秋葵营养成分和抗氧化活性的影响

研究真空油炸、蒸制、烘烤、油煎、煮制5种烹饪方式对黄秋葵水分含量、总酚、抗坏血酸、果胶、叶绿素及还原糖等营养物质的影响,并比较其抗氧化活性。结果表明:煮制及蒸制过程中黄秋葵的水分含量呈上升趋势,真空油炸、烘烤及油煎过程中水分含量呈下降趋势;随着烹饪时间的延长,5种烹饪方式处理的样品中叶绿素、果胶、抗坏血酸及还原糖含量总体上呈下降趋势;蒸制过程中黄秋葵的总酚含量逐渐上升,而煮制过程逐渐下降,真空油炸、油煎及烘烤过程中总酚含量呈现先上升后下降趋势;5种烹饪方式处理后的样品IC_(50)总体呈现先上升后下降趋势,即DPPH自由基清除能力先减弱后增强。因此,控制一定的烹调时间,蒸制是保留黄秋葵营养成分及维持抗氧化活性的最佳烹饪方法。     

青贮玉米不同器官与产量和品质的相关性研究

为了在培育高产优质青贮玉米新品种过程中,提高选择效率,筛选源库比例适宜,营养品质较好的品系,从整株角度对青贮玉米不同器官与产量和品质的相关关系研究,在田间条件下以31份青贮玉米优良品种/系为试验材料,研究青贮玉米各器官与产量和品质关系。结果表明：选取的不同品种/系青贮玉米的干物质质量、含水量、产量和品质均有较大差异,通过相关分析表明,茎秆、叶片(r2产量=0.528**)和苞叶占总干物质比例与单株含水量和产量呈正相关,籽粒和穗轴占总干物质比例与单株含水量和产量呈负相关;茎秆(r2=0.396*)、苞叶和穗轴占总干物质质量比例与整株中性洗涤纤维含量呈正相关,叶片和籽粒(r2=0.381*)占总干物质质量比例与其呈负相关;茎秆和苞叶占总干物质质量比例与整株酸性洗涤纤维含量呈正相关,叶片、籽粒和穗轴与其呈负相关。茎秆、叶片和苞叶占总干物质质量比例与粗蛋白含量呈正相关,籽粒和穗轴(r2=0.660**)占总干物质质量比例与其呈负相关;茎秆(r2=0.407*)、叶片和苞叶占总干物质质量比例与整株淀粉含量呈负相关,籽粒(r2=0.359*)和穗轴占总干物质质量比例与其呈正相关。     

Trends of grain yield and plant traits in Chinese maize cultivars from the 1950s to the 2000s

Retrospective analyses may provide an understanding of unexploited genetic potential and indicate possible pathways for future yield improvement. The objectives of this study were to present maize(Zea mays L.)yield trends and plant traits changes for maize cultivars from the 1950s to the 2000s in China. Trials were conducted at three locations in 2007 and 2008, and at four locations in 2009. Twenty-seven single hybrids, four double-cross hybrids, and four open-pollinated varieties, were grown at three densities at each location each year. 56% of total yield gain was contributed to breeding from 1950 to 2000. New hybrids had more resistance to compound stress. Levels of response of all hybrids to higher-yielding environments were similar, and greater than that of OPVs. All maize cultivars showed morphological changes for all characteristics tested in a volatile manner from 1950 to 2000, except for relatively stable leaf number. ASI decreased and tolerance to root lodging improved, which were enhanced at higher plant densities. There were no trends for other characteristics at higher densities. Shorter maturity, smaller plant size and more tolerance to root and stalk lodging will be required for further yield improvement. Chinese maize yield improvement can benefit from agronomic strategies at higher plant densities.     

不同杏品种果实营养成分分析及综合评价

为综合评价不同杏品种果实营养品质,选择具开发利用前景的品种,测定11个杏品种果实的3项外观品质（果形指数、单果重、可食率）和8项营养物质含量（可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、可滴定酸、类胡萝卜素、Vc、固酸比、糖酸比）,并通过相关性分析和主成分分析对所测杏品种进行综合品质评价。结果显示,11个杏品种果实的营养成分等各项指标均存在差异,但变异程度不大。相关性分析结果表明,杏果实单果重与可食率、可溶性固形物与Vc、可溶性糖与糖酸比、固酸比与糖酸比均呈极显著正相关,可滴定酸与固酸比、糖酸比呈极显著负相关,可溶性糖与Vc、Vc与固酸比呈显著正相关。主成分分析共提取了4个主成分,累积方差贡献率为91.002%,表明影响杏果品质的主要指标为糖酸比、固酸比、可食率、单果重、果形指数、可溶性固形物等。根据这几项指标数据杏农可以进行品种选择,杏育种者可以确定新品种的开发利用前景。‘金荷包’、‘凯特’、‘兰州大接杏’、‘晚红杏’、‘新疆杏晚熟’5个品种的营养品质更优。。     

移栽Bt棉的生长发育及其碳氮代谢研究

2002-2003年在江苏高肥力棉田,移栽条件下对9个Bt基因棉花品种(系)的生长发育特点及其碳氮代谢特征进行了研究。结果表明,中棉所29等3个杂交种在整个生长期表现为棉株高增长快,叶面积增长量大,现蕾和成铃强度大,生殖器官干物重也高,叶片全氮、可溶性糖含量高,NR、GPT、Rubisco、Sucroase活性高,表现为生长发育两旺,常规Bt棉GK19和新棉33B盛花前株高、叶面积生长快,现蕾强度大,叶片全氮含量高、NR、GPT活性高,表现为前期生长旺盛;新洋822和苏抗103结铃盛期后叶面积生长快,现蕾和成铃强度大,碳氮代谢强,表现为后期生育旺盛;sGK321和鲁棉研16整个生育期氮代谢强度大,但可溶性糖含量低、Rubisco、Sucroase等活性小,营养生长快,生殖生长弱,表现为营养生长过旺。