黑麦种子在不同盐分胁迫下萌发特性的研究

通过NaCl、Na2CO3和KNO3盐分的不同浓度处理,研究了黑麦种子在盐胁迫下的萌发特性.结果表明,NaCl胁迫可延缓种子发芽时间,但发芽率和对照无显著差异;Na2CO3浓度达100mmol/L时对种子萌发具有显著的抑制作用;NaCl和Na2CO3都抑制了黑麦根系的生长,且Na+相同时抑制作用Na2CO3强于NaCl;同时,低浓度NaCl(20mmol/L)和Na2CO3(15mmol/L)均可提高种子活力,促进芽的生长,高浓度则产生抑制作用.KNO3处理促进了黑麦种子萌发和芽的生长,对根系产生抑制作用.     

NaCl与Na2CO3+NaHCO3对玉米萌发期胁迫效应的比较

以发芽势、发芽率、根长和苗长作为指标,用不同浓度NaCl及Na2CO3+NaHCO3对3个玉米基因型进行苗期耐盐性试验,结果表明:供试玉米基因型的发芽势、发芽率、根长及苗长随NaCl和Na2CO3+NaHCO3溶液浓度的升高都呈下降趋势,但两种处理对不同玉米基因型的萌发胁迫存在差异,Na2CO3+NaHCO3对玉米萌发的抑制作用比NaCl强烈,各项指标都随浓度增加锐减,而NaCl在低浓度时甚至有刺激种子萌发的作用,丰禾1在60mmol/L NaCl处理下盐害指数为负值,发芽率比对照高24.44%且达到显著水平,而在(30mmol/L+30mmol/L)Na2CO3+NaHCO3丰禾1的发芽率却比对照减少了40%,并且高浓度NaCl对玉米萌发的胁迫效应也轻于同浓度的Na2CO3+NaHCO3。     

NaCl胁迫对油菜种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

用纸床培养,通过测定发芽势、发芽率、及各项生理指标的方法研究了不同浓度的NaCl胁迫对油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:盐浓度<150 mmol/L时,油菜种子萌发与幼苗生长良好,在150～300 mmol/L范围内,油菜种子的发芽势、发芽率、芽长、根长,鲜重和干重等生理指标均随着盐浓度的升高而下降,盐害率不断上升.当NaCl浓度≥300 mmol/L时,种子完全不萌发.随着NaCl溶液浓度的升高,对油菜幼苗的相对电导率和伤害率不断升高,而叶绿素a、b的含量则呈不断下降的趋势.说明NaCl浓度积累到一定程度后才对由此种子萌发和幼苗产生盐害,油菜受NaCl盐害在一定的浓度范围内随浓度增大而增大,NaCl浓度积累达到一定程度后,油菜不能萌发.     

盐胁迫对番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长的效应

研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫对番茄种子发芽、幼苗生长及其离子吸收、分布的效应。结果表明,25~100mmol/L NaCl胁迫对番茄的影响主要表现为推迟发芽,但最终并不影响发芽率,而随着NaCl浓度的进一步增加,番茄发芽率明显降低,250~300 mmol/L NaCl处理,发芽率为0。25~300 mmol/L NaCl处理均显著抑制幼苗生长,使干物质积累下降。Na 主要积累在茎秆、根部,叶片中较少,而Cl-主要积累于茎秆。盐胁迫下叶片中K 含量显著增加,根系吸收SK,Na、叶片运输SK,Na均显著上升,表明番茄在离子吸收和向叶片运输过程中,对K 具有较强的选择性。这是番茄具有一定耐盐性的主要原因。     

盐胁迫对乌拉尔甘草种子萌发的影响研究

研究了NaCl和Na2SO4不同浓度下两种中性盐胁迫对乌拉尔甘草种子萌发的效应。结果表明:280mmol/L浓度的NaCl和Na2SO4处理时,发芽率高于60%,高浓度的Na2SO4抑制种子发芽强于NaCl;不同浓度Na2SO4处理的发芽高峰期出现比对照早3～5d,比NaCl处理的早2～6d;Na2SO4处理种子的发芽势小于相同浓度的NaCl;溶液浓度大于200mmol/L时,种子发芽指数小于对照,NaCl溶液各梯度处理下的发芽指数均高于相应浓度的Na2SO4。发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数与NaCl和Na2SO4浓度之间呈极显著的负相关,发芽高峰期的出现与NaCl浓度之间呈正相关,与Na2SO4浓度之间呈负相关。     

NaCl胁迫与种子大小及其互作对玉米种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

研究了NaCl胁迫与种子大小对玉米种子发芽及幼苗早期生长的影响.结果表明:NaCl胁迫显著影响玉米种子的发芽率、幼苗根长、芽长及鲜重.当NaCl浓度≤50 mmol/L时发芽率的抑制程度不显著,而当NaCl浓度＞50 mmol/L时,盐分对发芽率的抑制作用就非常明显,NaCl浓度达到100 mmol/L时,发芽率降低幅度达60％左右.幼苗的根长和芽长在所有的NaCl浓度下都表现出显著的抑制,而幼苗的鲜重只是在NaCl浓度＞50 mmol/L时才表现出显著的抑制效果.种子大小的差异对玉米种子的发芽率、幼苗的根长及芽长没有显著的影响,但对幼苗的鲜重表现出显著的作用.NaCl胁迫和种子大小的互作在发芽率、幼苗根长、芽长及鲜重等4个指标中都没有达到显著水平.     

Na2CO3对野生油菜种子萌发的影响

为了解生长在喀斯特山区的野生油菜种子对碱胁迫耐性的主要生理机制,利用不同浓度Na2CO3对野生油菜种子进行处理.结果表明,Na2CO3浓度与发芽势、发芽率、活力指数、发芽指数呈负相关关系;3种温度条件下,相同浓度Na2CO3处理对种子萌发的抑制作用大小依次为30℃＞20℃＞25℃;种子的耐盐临界度、最适耐盐度以及极限耐盐度分别为180,140,220 mmol/L.     

不同钠盐胁迫对松柳种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为了研究不同钠盐胁迫对松柳种子萌发及幼苗生长影响,采用0~400 mmol/L的NaCl、0~100 mmol/L的Na2CO3和0~100 mmol/L的NaHCO3溶液处理松柳(Lathyrus quinquenervius)种子,每种溶液设置6个浓度梯度,以此研究盐胁迫对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。研究结果表明:NaCl浓度在0~100 mmol/L时对种子发芽的各项指标影响不明显,在浓度大于200 mmol/L时,显著降低了种子发芽率、相对发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数,盐害率显著升高;Na2CO3溶液在所有浓度下均显著降低种子发芽指标,盐害率显著升高,仅在2 mmol/L时未影响种子发芽率;NaHCO3溶液在浓度为0~20 mmol/L时对种子发芽的各项指标无显著影响,而浓度>20 mmol/L后,对种子的发芽势、发芽指数、耐盐指数均产生显著抑制,浓度100 mmol/L时,盐害率显著升高。三种盐胁迫对苗高生长均表现为低浓度显著促进,高浓度显著抑制,NaCl和Na2CO3对胚根生长表现为低浓度无显著影响而高浓度显著抑制,NaHCO3对胚根生长以及三种盐对胚芽生长则始终呈抑制作用。     

盐胁迫对结缕草和高羊茅种子萌发的影响

用NaCl和Na2SO42种盐以9∶1的摩尔比配制浓度分别为30、60、90、120、150、180 mmol/L和210 mmol/L的混合盐溶液,作为盐胁迫处理液对结缕草和高羊茅种子进行盐胁迫发芽试验。结果表明,结缕草和高羊茅种子的发芽率均随着盐浓度的升高而呈"抛物线"型的曲线变化,结缕草的发芽率随着盐浓度的升高而降低,高羊茅的发芽率随着盐浓度的升高先升高后降低;当盐浓度达到120 mmol/L和90 mmol/L时,结缕草种子的发芽率和发芽势分别极显著地低于对照(p<0.01),当盐浓度达到150 mmol/L和120 mmol/L时,高羊茅种子的发芽率和发芽势分别显著地低于对照(p<0.01);结缕草种子萌发的耐盐半致死浓度为166.4 mmol/L,耐盐极限浓度为220.0 mmol/L,高羊茅种子萌发的耐盐半致死浓度、耐盐极限浓度分别为168.4、200.0 mmol/L;高羊茅种子萌发的耐盐性要强于结缕草。     

两个小麦新品种的耐盐性分析

为了研究不同浓度NaCl胁迫对小麦生理特性及TaNHX1基因表达的影响,以鲁原502和青麦6号2个小麦新品种为试验材料,50,100,150,200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下测定2个小麦品种种子发芽率、幼苗鲜质量、根系活力、质膜透性、MDA含量、Na~+含量等生理指标,并通过荧光定量PCR方法对小麦耐盐基因TaNHX1在根部和茎基部的表达量进行了比较。结果表明,100 mmol/L以上浓度NaCl胁迫下青麦6号种子发芽率显著高于鲁原502;低浓度NaCl胁迫对青麦6号幼苗生长具有显著促进效应,150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下青麦6号幼苗鲜质量显著降低,而鲁原502幼苗鲜质量在100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下就开始显著降低;高浓度NaCl胁迫下鲁原502根系活力下降幅度显著大于青麦6号;相同浓度NaCl胁迫下鲁原502叶片质膜透性和MDA含量均显著高于青麦6号,说明NaCl胁迫对青麦6号叶片细胞质膜伤害较小;高浓度NaCl胁迫下青麦6号根部和茎基部Na+含量均显著高于鲁原502,说明青麦6号根部和茎基部的拒Na+能力显著大于鲁原502,可以有效限制Na+向地上部运输;鲁原502和青麦6号的TaNHX1基因分别在100,150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下达到最高表达量。以上结果说明青麦6号比鲁原502更耐盐,鲁原502的最高耐盐浓度为100 mmol/L,青麦6号的最高耐盐浓度为150 mmol/L。     

A cytogenetic study of the progenies of hybrids between Brassica napus and Brassica oleracea, Brassica bourgeaui, Brassica cretica and Brassica montana

In this cytogenetic study the progeny of all crosses were investigated in F₁, F₂ and backcross (BC₁) hybrids. Brassica napus and F₁ hybrids between B. napus and B. oleracea, and between B. napus and three wild relatives of B. oleracea (B. bourgeaui, B. cretica and B. montana). Each of the wild relatives has 18 somatic chromosomes. Interspecific F₁ hybrids were obtained through ovary culture mean. These had 28 and 37 chromosomes and their mean pollen fertility was 10.7% and 93.0%, respectively. Many F₂ and BC₁ seeds were harvested from the F₁ hybrids with 37 chromosomes after self‐pollination and open pollination of the F₁ hybrids, and backcrossing with B. napus. Many aneuploids were obtained in the F₂ and BC₁ plants. It is evident from these investigations that the F₁ hybrids may serve as bridge plants to improve B. napus and other Brassica crops.     

Comparisons of Isozyme Patterns in Resynthesized Amphihaploid Rapeseed (Brassica napus) and Their Parental Species Brassica campestris and Brassica oleracea

Resynthesized rapeseed plants produced by embryo culture and the progeny of their selfed parents from Brassica oleracea and Brassica campestris were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis staining of enzymes GPI, LAP and SDH. In at least one unequivocal case it could be proved for each enzyme system studied that the alleles of both parents arc independently expressed in the newly synthesized individuals and that in the pattern of the dimeric enzyme GPI interlocus bands of the homoeologous loci arc visible. Comparisons with enzyme patterns in cultivated B. napus leads to the conclusion that in general active enzyme loci of both parental genomes are present. This is of great significance in estimating slide frequencies, degree of heterozygosity and other genetic parameters of B. nupus populations/cultivars.     

芥菜型油菜与甘蓝型油菜嫁接嵌合体的性状表现

以芥菜型油菜(B. juncea)作砧木，以甘蓝型油菜(B. napus)作接穗，形成嫁接嵌合体（以下简称“甘+芥”嫁接嵌合体），对其植物学性状、农艺性状和32P标记的难溶性磷矿粉的吸收能力进行了研究。结果表明，“甘+芥”嫁接嵌合体除叶片出现紫色性状外，其他性状与甘蓝型油菜没有差异，但其农艺性状明显优于甘蓝型油菜和芥菜型油菜。其根系对肥料中难溶性磷吸收能力强，而且多数转移到地上部分，在体内分布较合理。     

Interspecific hybridization between Brassica carinata and Brassica rapa

The crossability between Brassica carinata (BBCC, 2n=34) and Brassica rapa (AA, 2n=20), and the cytomorphology of their F₁ hybrids were studied. Hybrids between these two species were only obtained when B. carinata was used as the female parent. The hybrid plants exhibited intermediate leaf and flower morphology, and were found to be free from white rust and Alternaria blight diseases. One of the four F₁ plants was completely male sterile, while the remaining plants had 4.8, 8.6, and 10.9% stainable pollen, respectively. No seed was produced on hybrid plants under self pollination or in backcrosses; but seed was obtained from open pollination. The occurrence of the maximum of 11 bivalents as well as up to 44.8%) of cells with multivalent associations in the form of trivalents (0‐2) and a quadrivalent (0‐1) in the trigenomic triploid hybrid (ABC, 2n = 27) revealed intergenomic homoeology among the A, B and C genomes. Meiotic analysis of F₁ hybrids indicated that traits of economic importance, such as disease resistance, could be transferred from B. carinata to B. rapa through interspecific crosses.     

Macro-nutrient Status of Brassica napus and Brassica juncea Grown Under Swedish Conditions

Concentrations and amounts of macro-nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) in shoots, vegetative and generative plant parts in B. napus and B. juncea and nutrient inflow per unit root length in B. napus were studied in a field experiment at Uppsala, Sweden. Concentrations in vegetative plant parts were, except for Ca in B. napus, highest at the beginning of the season, and N and K were higher in B. napus than in B. juncea. The higher N concentration in vegetative parts (leaves, stems and pods) in B. napus was probably due to differences in growth pattern between the species. Seed concentrations of N, P, Ca, Mg and, most pronounced of all, S were higher in B. juncea. Nutrient amounts were, with the exception of K, throughout the season higher in B. juncea than in B. napus due to a higher dry matter production. Nutrient inflow per unit root length in B. napus was highest during the rosette stage for all nutrients. During flowering, the inflow decreased for N and K and increased for P and Ca. After root growth had stopped, no net inflow of K and S was found and inflow rates of other nutrients were at very low levels.     

Transgene introgression from Brassica napus to different varieties of Brassica juncea

Transgene introgression from transgenic rapeseed (Brassica napus) to different varieties of B. juncea was assessed in this study. Crossability between a transgenic rapeseed line Z7B10 (pollen donor) and 80 cultivars of 16 B. juncea varieties (including two wild accessions) was estimated by artificial pollination in a greenhouse. As a result, interspecific crossability between the transgenic Z7B10 line and the 80 B. juncea cultivars varied considerably, with seeds per flower from 0.00–10.67. Seed germination rates of the interspecific F₁ hybrids ranged from 49.0%–89.3%. The estimated frequencies of natural gene flow from the transgenic Z7B10 line to 10 B. juncea cultivars with different uses in the experiment field varied from 0.08% to 0.93%. The natural F₁ hybrids were highly sterile, with seeds per silique ranging from 0.27 to 1.03. In addition, seeds per flower of hybrid descendants varied from 0.02 to 0.22 when F₁ hybrids were self‐pollinated, and those ranged from 0.03 to 0.30 when F₁ hybrids were backcrossed with their corresponding B. juncea parents. Results of this study suggest a low level of transgene introgression from transgenic rapeseed to different B. juncea varieties, which provides a sound scientific basis for the safety management of coexisting transgenic B. napus and B. juncea varieties in China.     

Transfer of powdery mildew resistance from Brassica carinata to Brassica oleracea through embryo rescue

Interspecific hybrid plants and backcross 1 (BC₁) progeny were produced through sexual crosses and embryo rescue between Brassica carinata accession PI 360883 and B. oleracea cvs Titleist’and‘Cecile’to transfer resistance to powdery mildew to B. oleracea. Four interspecific hybrids were obtained through application of embryo rescue from crosses with B. carinata as the maternal parent, and their interspecific nature confirmed through plant morphology and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Twenty‐one BC₁ plants were obtained through sexual crosses and embryo rescue although embryo rescue was not necessary to produce first backcross generation plants between interspecific hybrids and B. oleracea. All interspecific hybrids and eight of the BC₁ plants were resistant to powdery mildew.     

Introgression of Resistance to Shattering in Brassica napus from Brassica juncea through Non-Homologous Recombination

Genetic information conffering non- shattering of siliques has been introgressed in rapeseed (Brassica napus) following; interspecific hybridization between Brassica juncea and B. napus. A reconstituted B. napus plant with complete non-dehiscence of its fruits was isolated in the BC-, generation. This plant had normal meiosis and formed 19 bivalents. Its seed fertility, however, was low (23 percent). It is suggested that the gene(s) for shattering-resistance were incorporated into a B. oleracea chromosome following allosyndetic; chromosome pairing and. segmental exchange between B. nigra and B. oleracea chromosomes in the initial interspecific AABC hybrid.     

甘蓝型油菜与花椰菜种间杂种子房离体培养研究初报

甘蓝型油菜与花椰菜种间杂种子房离体培养研究初报