果树NAC转录因子的研究进展

转录因子也称为反式作用因子,是能够与真核基因启动子区域中顺式作用元件发生特异性相互作用的DNA结合蛋白,通过它们之间以及与其他相关蛋白之间的相互作用,激活或抑制转录。NAC(NAM, ATAF1/ATAF2和CUC2)转录因子家族是植物特异的转录因子超家族之一,由保守的N端结构域和高度可变的C端转录激活域组成。广泛参与植物生命活动中的基因表达调控,在植物的生长发育,如胚胎发育、次生生长、果实成熟、衰老及细胞死亡等植物生命历程,以及胁迫应答等方面具有重要作用。本综述旨在总结NAC转录因子在果树生长发育以及胁迫响应中的生物学功能研究进展,以期为相关研究领域更高效地将NAC转录因子应用于果树的遗传改良和育种提供参考。     

南瓜CmNAC基因片段的克隆与序列分析

NAC转录因子是特异存在于植物中具有多种生物功能的新型转录因子,其家族成员N端含有保守氨基酸序列,C端为高度变异的转录激活区。本项研究以南瓜叶片为材料,根据甘蓝型油菜NAC1、番茄NAC、辣椒NAC保守结构域设计一对简并引物,采用RT-PCR方法扩增得出长度约为440 bp大小的DNA片段,将其克隆至pMDl9-T载体上,而后对重组克隆进行测序,用BLAST和DNAMAN软件对核酸及氨基酸序列进行分析,结果表明所获得的南瓜NAC基因片段由442个碱基组成,编码147个氨基酸,命名为CmNAC。该基因片段具有其他植物NAC基因中存在的保守区,并且属于NAC家族中ATAF1/2亚家族。     

巴西橡胶树NAC转录因子HbNAC1基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

为了研究植物特有的NAC(NAM,ATAF1/2和CUC2)转录因子在巴西橡胶树生长发育、胁迫应答和激素调节中的功能,对巴西橡胶树NAC转录因子进行了克隆和分析。根据橡胶树胶乳cDNA文库中筛选到的NAC EST序列,利用RACE-PCR技术克隆了橡胶树HbNAC1的cDNA序列。生物信息学分析显示HbNAC1基因开放阅读框(ORF)为891 bp,编码了一个296个氨基酸组成的中性不稳定水溶性蛋白,该蛋白的N-端具有保守的NAC结构域,C-端高度变异,具备了NAC转录因子的基本特征。HbNAC1定位在细胞核中,具有3个糖基化位点和21个磷酸化位点,三级结构由3个α-螺旋和9个β-折叠组成。序列比对和系统进化分析显示HbNAC1蛋白属于NAC转录因子家族中的ANAC011亚族,推测其可能作为一种氨基酸合成相关的调节酶参与调控植物的免疫反应。     

毛果杨PtATAF1-1转录因子基因的克隆及功能分析

ATAF1蛋白是NAC转录因子家族的成员,在植物发育过程以及胁迫应答中有着重要的调控作用。在本研究中,利用cDNA末端的快速扩增技术,从毛果杨中克隆了一个ATAF1同源基因的全长cDNA,并将相应的基因命名为PtATAF1-1。生物信息学分析表明,Pt ATAF1-1全长cDNA序列为1 242 bp,由3个外显子和2个内含子组成,编码区长873 bp。氨基酸序列多重比对分析表明,PtATAF1-1蛋白质中具有NAC家族保守的NAM结构域;杨树原生质体瞬时表达Pt ATAF1-1显示其定位在细胞核中。此外,在细菌鞭毛蛋白N端保守区域(Flg22)和脱落酸(ABA)处理下,PtATAF1-1基因的表达水平诱导发生变化。本研究对PtATAF1-1基因的同源克隆与功能分析,为深入开展ATAF1基因在杨树中的功能提供了参考依据。     

野生大豆转录因子GsNAC20基因的分离及胁迫耐性分析

NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, CUC2)转录因子作为一类新型转录因子已成为非生物胁迫基因工程领域的研究热点。本研究以野生大豆(Glycine soja)为材料,利用酵母单杂交的方法筛选到一个能够与MYB1AT元件(核心序列为AAACCA)结合的转录因子基因,该基因与大豆NAC20 (EU440353.1)基因具有99%的相似性,命名为GsNAC20。GsNAC20蛋白含有典型的NAC结构域和转录激活区。酵母试验表明,GsNAC20转录因子能够与耐逆相关顺式元件MYB1AT特异结合,但不具有自激活功能。细胞定位分析证明该基因位于细胞核中,符合转录因子的特征。GsNAC20能够响应高盐、干旱和低温胁迫,并且在根和叶中具有不同的表达模式。超量表达GsNAC20基因的拟南芥对盐胁迫的敏感性提高。以上结果表明GsNAC20参与植物非生物胁迫反应过程,该基因在非生物胁迫基因工程研究领域具有良好的理论研究和实际应用价值。     

花生NAC转录因子AhNAC2和AhNAC3的克隆及转录特征

NAC转录因子是特异存在于植物中具有多种生物功能的新型转录因子。本实验从花生中克隆了2个NAC基因AhNAC2和AhNAC3(GenBank登录号EU755023和EU755022);蛋白序列分析表明,两者具有典型NAC转录因子特征,N端含有保守NAC结构域。半定量RT-PCR显示,在ABA和GA₃处理,以及控水和低温条件下,AhNAC2和AhNAC3在花生组织中的表达上调,呈现不同的表达模式。AhNAC2和AhNAC3为典型的NAC转录因子新基因,蛋白序列与拟南芥RD26同源性较高,推测与响应干旱和ABA信号有关。     

抗旱基因在小麦抗旱基因工程中的应用进展

干旱严重影响小麦的生长发育及产量,小麦抗旱育种是保障小麦生产的重要措施,利用基因工程技术提高小麦抗旱性是优于传统育种的有效途径。抗旱基因主要包括调节基因（蛋白激酶、蛋白酶和转录因子基因）和功能基因。目前,已证实的可提高小麦抗旱性的基因主要为转录因子基因CBF/DREB1、MYB、NAC（NAM、ATAF1、ATAF2和CUC2）、HD-Zip和WRKY等和功能基因LEA蛋白基因、甜菜碱合成酶基因和海藻糖合成酶基因等。本文从转录因子基因和功能基因2个方面概述国内外利用基因工程技术提高小麦抗旱性的研究进展,并对目前存在的问题进行分析,以期为小麦抗旱遗传改良及育种提供参考。     

蓖麻NAC转录因子家族的鉴定及生物信息学分析

NAC蛋白是植物特有的转录因子大家族,作用于植物生长发育和逆境胁迫响应,本研究基于蓖麻全基因组数据,利用生物信息学分析方法对蓖麻NAC转录因子家族成员、系统发育、编码蛋白的结构和理化性质进行分析。蓖麻NAC转录因子家族包括91个成员,分为14个亚族,其中蓖麻NAC转录因子Ⅻ亚族和Ⅻ亚族为蓖麻特有NAC蛋白;基因结构分析显示内含子数量为2~5个,Ⅻ亚族中12个成员缺少内含子;蛋白结构域分析显示Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ四个亚族蛋白质序列5个结构域(Motif)保守性较强,motif 2几乎存在所有蓖麻NAC蛋白中;与拟南芥105个NAC成员构建系统发育进化树,蓖麻58个NAC蛋白分别聚类到38个OGs,NAC转录因子的40个OGs中蓖麻缺少OG3b和OG7f;理化性质和结构分析显示蓖麻NAC蛋白质绝大多数是亲水氨基酸,二级结构以无规则卷曲为主,三级结构大部分相似。蓖麻具有很强的抗逆境胁迫能力,本研究为蓖麻耐性相关的NAC转录因子调控机理研究提供了科学依据。     

植物NAC转录因子研究进展

成熟和衰老是果实生长发育中的重要过程,直接影响果实贮藏性能及采后品质。植物在生长发育过程中,会经常受到各种生物胁迫和非生物胁迫,严重影响作物产量和采后贮藏品质。NAC是植物特有的重要转录因子家族之一,在植物生长发育和胁迫应答等过程中发挥着重要的调节功能。本文综述植物NAC转录因子的结构特点、表达调控及其在生长发育和胁迫应答中的研究现状,展望NAC转录因子的应用前景及今后的研究方向。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.