石河子市52小区园林植物的保水指标变化分析与效果评价

在大量实地调查及文献查阅的基础上,对石河子市52小区绿地园林植物与土壤水分、土壤温度、植株叶片冠层温度的特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)乔本植物中大叶榆的保水能力最强,灌木植物中月季的保水能力最好;草本植物中黄花萱草的保水能力达最高。(2)6种乔木中,丛生火炬的土壤温度最高,为35.6℃,大叶榆最低,为21.2℃;4种灌木植物中,金山绣线菊的土壤温度最高为32.0℃,月季最低,为24.0℃;3种草本植物中,草坪草的土壤温度最高,达到了43.3℃,天堂草为41.0℃,黄花萱草为26.6℃。(3)乔本植物中大叶榆的植株叶片冠层温度较低,灌木植物中月季的叶温最低,草本植物中黄花萱草的叶温较低。由此得出结论,土壤水分较高的作物,土壤温度相对较低,植株叶片冠层温度也较低,应增加大叶榆、月季、黄花萱草、天堂草的种植数量,以达到节水的效果。     

两个玉米自交系苗期叶温的干旱响应研究

利用远红外热成像系统的技术,研究玉米自交系综3与87-1苗期叶片对干旱的响应以及生物量的积累变化。结果表明,在遭受中度干旱胁迫的条件下,87-1的相对生物鲜重(0.716)及相对生物干重(0.799)显著高于综3(0.564,0.658),87-1的叶温差(0.30℃)显著高于综3(0.13℃)。通过离体叶片分析,综3离体叶片较87-1失水速率快,叶温在离体短时间内下降更低。表明在响应水分胁迫方面,87-1较综3叶片蒸发量小,叶温变化大,保水能力好,87-1表现出了更强的耐旱性。生物量积累与叶温差存在紧密的相关性,较高叶温差的基因型在遭受到水分胁迫时生物量积累更强。     

孕穗期水稻叶温与水分状况关系的研究

通过实验研究了孕穗期叶温与水分条件及产量结构之间的关系。结果表明:气温高于叶温;不同处理蒸散量的日变化主要与叶温的日变化趋势基本一致。对不同水分处理,土壤含水量越少,蒸散量也相对较少,叶温也就越高;叶水势可以反映作物水分状况,叶温越高,叶水势越低。叶温和蒸散量反映植株水分状况的时间应在11:00—15:00时,这主要和太阳辐射的日变化有关。通过对产量结构的分析,得出水孕穗期受到一定的水分胁迫对穗重影响最大,其次是结实率和穗粒数,对穗长没有影响。第一批处理约有一天的水分胁迫,第二批处理也只有几个小时的水分胁迫,叶温比对照高1.4～1.8℃,对穗重、结实率和穗粒数都有不同程度的影响,说明水稻孕穗期对水分胁迫较敏感。     

薏苡幼穗分化与叶片生长的相关性研究

研究不同播期条件下,不同薏苡品种幼穗分化规律及其与叶片生长的相关性.结果表明,播期和品种对薏苡幼穗分化的方式及形态特征没有影响;幼穗分化经历的总时间在品种中变化很小;不同播期间薏苡幼穗分化经历的总时间有差异,表现为随着播期的推迟,薏苡幼穗分化经历总时间越短,说明适期早播可适当延长幼穗分化过程,有利于穗大粒多;采用全展叶作为判断幼穗分化时期的主要指标,株高作为辅助指标,明确了薏苡幼穗分化与叶片生长的同伸关系,可为生产上进行产量形成的调控提供可靠的依据.     

根据稻株外观形态搞好花期预测的探讨

制种田父母本花期预测的方法很多,通常采用的有叶龄余数法、幼穗剥检法。幼穗剥检法最困难的是幼穗分化前期(如幼穗分化一、二期),在形态上不易识别,镜检时又不方便,加之有时切片技术不高也难以正确判断。用叶龄余数法来预测花期的困难是,各个亲本的主茎总叶片数由于受各因子影响,有一定的变化幅度,主茎总叶片数弄不清是难以把叶龄余数计     

弱光条件下桃光合作用的动态变化及品种差异分析

就日光温室桃树光合生理进行了详尽的研究,结果表明:1d中叶温与气温以14:00时较高。遮阴明显地降低了到达叶片表面的有效光合辐射、叶温与气温。桃叶片的光合速率日变化为双峰曲线,峰值大约出现在上午10:00与下午14:00时;不同品种弱光下的光合速率有明显的差异,以NJN较高,其次为五月火与麦香。遮阴降低了桃叶片的光合速率,以NJN光合速率降低的较少,说明NJN能适应设施栽培。气孔阻力与蒸腾速率则随着遮阴程度的增加而增加。桃中位叶的光合速率较幼叶高。     

高温胁迫对观赏凤梨叶片抗氧化系统和渗透调节物质积累的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了40℃高温胁迫处理对观赏凤梨叶片抗氧化系统及渗透调节物质积累的影响。结果表明,与25℃对照相比,高温胁迫8 h内,观赏凤梨叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性显著升高,脯氨酸（Pro）和热激蛋白（HSP）含量显著增加,同时叶片超氧阴离子（O2-?）产生速率、过氧化氢（H2O2）和丙二醛（MDA）含量、电解质外渗率、叶绿素含量与对照相比均无显著变化,植株生长也无明显伤害,表明SOD、POD、CAT活性的提高以及HSP、Pro含量的增加有利于缓解短期高温胁迫对观赏凤梨的氧化伤害。之后随胁迫时间的延长,叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性逐渐下降至对照以下,HSP和Pro含量降低,同时叶片O2-?产生速率加快,H2O2和MDA含量升高,电解质外渗率增加,可溶性蛋白含量降低,游离氨基酸含量增加,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量下降,气孔逐渐关闭,观赏凤梨植株幼叶、成熟叶受伤害症状逐渐加重。     

乙烯与水稻细胞质雄性不育的关系

从幼穗发育的IV到VII期,水稻细胞质雄性不育系(珍汕97A)幼穗和叶片的ACC含量和乙烯释放速率均高于其保持系(珍汕97B)。外施乙烯释放剂乙烯利使保持系花粉可育度明显下降;外施ACC合成酶抑制剂AVG引起两系幼穗ACC含量和乙烯释放速率下降,并使不育系花粉育性得以部分恢复,而在外施AVG的同时再施以乙烯利则AVG的恢复作用消失。     

小麦愈伤组织诱导及原生质体的分离与纯化

摘 要：以普通小麦的幼穗和幼胚为外植体进行愈伤组织诱导,研究了外植体及低温预处理等因素对小麦愈伤组织诱导的影响;并由小麦幼胚形成的愈伤组织进行了原生质体分离和纯化实验,研究了酶浓度及配比、酶解时间、蔗糖浓度等因素对原生质体分离和纯化效果的影响。结果表明：小麦幼穗离体培养时,以1.0-1.5cm长度的幼穗有利于愈伤组织的诱导;小麦幼穗和幼胚外植体采后低温储藏时不易超过3d,时间太长会影响愈伤组织诱导;2.0%纤维素酶＋0.5％果胶酶+0.6M甘露醇分离原生质体较好,最佳酶解时间为4-6h,原生质体产量和活力较高。     

例春寒对小麦的危害及防御措施

1倒春寒对小麦危害的显著特征 小麦遭遇倒春寒危害后,植株叶片发白,似开水浸泡过,经太阳照射后,逐渐干枯。幼穗的分生细胞对低温反应比叶片细胞敏感,已进入雌雄蕊分化期（拔节期）的易受冻害,幼穗萎缩变形,最后干枯。而处在小花分化期（起身期）的幼穗,受冻后呈透明晶体状,未被冻死,这就是麦田中往往表现出主茎被冻死,分蘖未被冻死或一个穗部分受冻,以及晚播小麦比早播小麦冻害轻的缘故。     

Effect of hardening on frost tolerance and fatty acid composition of leaves and stems of a set of faba bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia faba</Emphasis> L.) genotypes

Frost tolerance is a main component of winter-hardiness and improving it would promote faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cropping in cool-temperate regions. In many species, leaf fatty acid composition was found to be related to frost tolerance. The objective of this study was to determine, in a representative sample of genotypes, the effect of hardening on leaf and stem (1) frost tolerance and (2) fatty acid composition, and to seek correlations between them. First leaf, second leaf and stem of 31 faba bean genotypes were analyzed after hardening and without hardening. High frost tolerance of known winter genotypes and several experimental lines was shown. Hardening had a significant, positive effect on frost tolerance of all three organs. Stems were on average more frost tolerant than leaves. Hardening induced significant changes in the fatty acid composition: oleic acid decreased significantly in leaves by 3.24% and in stems by 1.77%, whereas linolenic acid increased in leaves by 6.28% and in stems by 9.06%. In stems, correlations between frost tolerance and fatty acid composition were not significant. Correlation coefficients strongly indicated that non-hardened oleic acid content, changes in oleic acid and in linoleic plus linolenic acid content in leaves partly explained their frost tolerance; 0.347 (P < 0.1) < |r| < 0.543 (P < 0.01). The results corroborate the importance of using genetic differences in the fatty acid metabolism in breeding grain legumes for frost tolerance.     

养分综合管理对马铃薯抗冻性的影响

内蒙古马铃薯生产中面临倒春寒和秋早霜的冻害威胁,特别是秋早霜如果较重将造成产量的大幅下降。因此,尽可能提高马铃薯抗冻性对内蒙古马铃薯产业发展具有重要意义。本文从养分综合管理的角度出发,研究了马铃薯叶片矿质元素含量以及叶面积指数与马铃薯抗霜冻性的关系。结果表明,马铃薯叶片中氮磷钾含量以及叶面积指数均与其抗霜冻性存在相关关系,其中,氮肥处理的叶面积指数变化与霜冻损害评分的相关性最为显著,相关系数达-0.948,该处理下叶面积指数变化对霜冻损害评分影响幅度达到1.6,同样为各处理中最高值。     

Quantitative trait loci of frost tolerance and physiologically related trait in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

In faba bean, field based winter-hardiness is a complex trait that is significantly correlated to frost tolerance. Frost tolerance could be used to indirectly select for faba bean winter-hardiness. The aim of this study was to identify putative QTL associated with frost tolerance and auxiliary traits and to quantify the efficiency of marker assisted selection. Thus, 101 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross between two frost tolerant lines were tested for their hardened and unhardened frost tolerance and for their leaf fatty acid content in both treatments. Significant differences among the RIL were observed for all studied traits. For frost tolerance, five putative QTL were detected; three for unhardened frost tolerance that explained 40.7% (8.6% after cross-validation, CV) of its genotypic variance and two for hardened frost tolerance that explained 21.8% (1.0% after CV). For fatty acid content, three QTL were detected for oleic acid content in unhardened leaves that explained 62.9% (40.6% after CV) of its genotypic variance. This fatty acid was significantly correlated with unhardened frost tolerance. The unbiased genotypic variance explained enabled to draw realistic prospects of MAS for frost tolerance. In this study, combined MAS was more efficient than classical phenotypic selection and was expected to be higher on larger populations at early generations. Moreover, favourable alleles inherited from the exotic line BPL 4628 could be introgressed to European winter-hardy beans for further improvement.     

System analysis of frost resistance in winter wheat and its use in breeding

Morphophysiological and physicochemical parameters of sets of winter wheat genotypes were measured. High correlations were found between survival percentage of the winter wheat check variety under freezing and electroconductivity tests, stem electrical resistance after electric shock, and intensity of delayed leaf fluorescence at low temperatures. These correlations decreased when the number of varieties was increased to 35-100. Complex attribute of frost resistance was divided into large components using factor analysis. Biological interpretation was achieved for the first six components. Quantitative values for each component of frost resistance in the various genotypes were determined. The determination coefficient of multiple regression equations, where function was a level of frost resistance and arguments were the component's value for each genotype, varied from 0.80-0.94 over 10 years. It was proposed that the received equations might serve as a model for frost resistance and indicate which component of frost resistance determines the survival of plants in particular ecological conditions. The component structure concept of frost resistance is suggested and possible applications of this concept are discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

河套灌区脱水青红椒终霜冻气象指标研究

为了更好地开展脱水青红椒终霜冻气象服务,本研究选用脱水青红椒‘茄门’幼苗为试验材料,利用MSX-2F人工模拟霜箱系统模拟自然降温过程,通过测定幼苗的叶温,记录植株冻伤、冻死情况,结合光合作用,综合确定河套灌区脱水青红椒终霜冻指标。结果表明：（1）脱水青红椒幼苗全部冻死的最低温度≤-4℃;（2）脱水青红椒幼苗结冰点的范围为-2.7℃~-3.2℃,过冷却点的范围为-3.4℃~-4.8℃;（3）苗龄越大的脱水青红椒幼苗,耐受冻害的能力越强;（4）脱水青红椒幼苗轻霜冻地表温度指标为-3.5℃,重霜冻地表温度指标为-5.0℃。     

河套灌区籽用葫芦终霜冻指标研究

为了完善当地气象灾害指标,更好地开展籽用葫芦春霜冻气象服务,本研究选用籽用葫芦‘(丰产一号)’幼苗为试验材料,利用MSX-2F人工模拟霜箱系统模拟自然降温过程,通过测定幼苗的叶温记录植株冻伤、冻死情况,结合荧光参数值,综合确定河套灌区籽用葫芦终霜冻指标。结果表明：(1)籽用葫芦幼苗全部冻死的最低温度为≤-4℃;(2)籽用葫芦幼苗结冰点的范围为-0.2~-2.8℃之间,过冷却点的范围为-1.5~-4.5℃之间;(3)苗龄越大的籽用葫芦幼苗,耐受冻害的能力越强;(4)籽用葫芦幼苗轻霜冻地表温度指标为-1℃,重霜冻地表温度指标为-3℃。     

Effects of Temperature and Frost on Genotypes of Medicago truncatuh L. and Medicago aculeata L. from Contrasting Climatic Origins

The growth of M. truncatula and M. aculeata genotypes collected from sites of contrasting altitudes and winter temperatures was compared under different temperature regimes. Genotypes collected from mild winter environments produced more shoot dry matter, had higher leaf area and lower specific leaf weight than those from cold environments; however these effects were largely related to seed size for M. aculeata. Only genotypes from mild environments were responsive to temperature.
Frost tolerance of the genotypes was tested using a laboratory freezing test based on seedling survival. There was a relationship between frost tolerance and winter temperature at site of collection for M. aculeata , with the most frost tolerant genotypes coming from high altitudes. All genotypes of M. truncatula demonstrated low survival rates following frost damage. Genotypes from high altitudes represent a promising source for breeding for first tolerance with greater variation m M. aculeata than M. truncatula.     

Path-Coefficient Analysis of Leaf-Anatomical Characters Affecting Frost Injury in Potato

Correlation and path-coefficient analysis for leaf-anatomical characters affecting frost injury was carried out in twenty eight varieties and accessions belonging to several wild and cultivated tuber-bearing species of Solanum in order to identify selection criteria in breeding for frost resistance in potato Palisade thickness and palisade proportion showed a significant negative correlation with frost injury Path-coefficient analysis revealed that palisade thickness had the highest direct negative effect on frost injury whereas leaf thickness, not conforming to its behaviour as found in simple correlation analysis, emerged ax the next highest factor to have direct positive effect on frost injury. Direct and indirect effects of these factors on frost injury vis a vis their interdependence were found to be in support ot the ‘palisade thickness method’ for screening frost resistant genotypes in potato breeding programmes.     

The frost tolerance of Miscanthus at the juvenile stage: Differences between clones are influenced by leaf-stage and acclimation

Miscanthus, a perennial, C₄ grass, has numerous advantages for biomass production, notably its high yield per hectare and low input requirements. However, establishment of this crop may be affected in Europe by frost damage when stem emergence occurs early in the year. The principal aim of this study was to quantify the impact of frost on young miscanthus shoots at different leaf-stages, and to characterise inter-species variations in frost tolerance. Four clones belonging to two species were tested at three leaf stages in a climate-controlled chamber simulating acclimation conditions and frost treatments. Frost tolerance was scored using a 0-6 visual assessment scale and analysed with nonparametric tests.We were thus able to show that more developed plants (6 or 7-leaf stage) were less frost tolerant than those at the 3 or 5-leaf stage. Plants at the 6 or 7-leaf stage also displayed differences in tolerance between clones. The leaf-stage of the plant is linked to apex height, and this appeared to play a role in frost tolerance. M. sinensis displayed variable frost tolerance (tolerance score of between 3.6 and 4.9), although the three clones observed were always more frost tolerant than M. x giganteus (with a score of 3). Moreover, the differences in frost tolerance were negatively correlated (r = −0.94) with the mean leaf surface area of clones at the time of frost exposure. Finally, we observed that acclimation at 12 °C under strong light intensity (600 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) enabled an increase in the tolerance of young shoots in all the clones tested.     

Frost resistance mechanisms in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is traditionally grown in the mountain regions of the Andes where frost is common. However, the physiological mechanisms responsible for the frost resistance observed in quinoa are largely unknown. For this reason, a study on cultivars of quinoa originating from the Andean highlands and from the inter-Andean valleys was performed. Frost tolerance was determined by measuring the average lethal temperature of 50% of the leaf tissues (LT₅₀) by ion leakage, and supercooling activity was assessed by thermal analysis using thermocouples. Quinoa demonstrated supercooling capacity (a mechanism that prevents immediate damage by freezing temperatures) of 5 °C. Ice nucleation temperature was always lower than the LT₅₀. This indicates that the main survival mechanism of quinoa to frost is avoidance of ice formation by moderate supercooling. The study revealed that quinoa has a high soluble sugar content, which may cause a lowering of the freezing point and therefore contributing to lower the LT₅₀. It is suggested that the content of proline and soluble sugars, such as sucrose, may serve as indicators of frost tolerance in quinoa breeding material.