Dry Peas (Pisum sativum L.) Grown in Mixtures with Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.)—A Rewarding Cultivation Alternative

Two semi-leafless pea cultivars and two highly lodging-resistant faba bean cultivars were grown in a series of replacement trials conducted on a highly fertile loam soil near Gottingen from 1992 to 1995. Cultivation as well as harvesting of mixed crops of both species proved possible. In spite of the delayed harvest of the mixed crop stands determined by the later pod ripening of the faba beans (varying between seasons from -f 5 to +21 days), noticeable seed losses due to pod shattering were not observed for the overripe peas. Standing ability of the peas was considerably improved by mixed cropping. Lodging began later and was less severe at harvest. Within mixtures with 50 % or more faba bean proportions at sowing (relative to the seeding rate of the pure stands) the peas, n i most cases, remained nearly upright until harvest and instead of the usual 'Plattlager', i.e., prostrate but upright top, frequently a more highly inserted 'Hohllager', i.e., upright but collapsed at higher nodes, was observed. In contrast to these remarkably synergistic effects for standing ability, such effects proved to be only small and nonsignificant for grain yield (−1.5–2.9%). Yield stability of the mixed crops was higher than that of the pure stands of both species. Estimates of the stability parameters, ecovalence, deviation from regression and environmental variance were at least halved. Yield proportions of peas and faba beans in the harvested seed of the mixtures did not correspond with the seed proportions at sowing. They differed considerably between seasons and cultivar combination. Higher yield proportions of faba beans were observed under wet and cold weather conditions and for the cultivar combination Victor/Disco, whereas higher yield proportions of peas were found under dry and warm weather conditions and for the cultivar combination Mythos/Baroness .     

矮秆超大穗小麦亲本与多抗丰产小麦主要农艺性状的配合力评价及遗传分析

为了进一步挖掘矮秆超大穗小麦亲本在遗传育种中的应用潜力,为小麦高产、超高产育种选择优良亲本和最优杂交组合提供理论依据,选用5个矮秆超大穗小麦品种（系）作为父本,8个多抗丰产小麦品种（系）作为母本,按NCII遗传交配设计,采用8×5不完全双列杂交法,配制了40个杂交组合,对小麦亲本及杂种F1的株高、主穗长、单株穗数、结实小穗数、主穗粒数、主穗产量、单株产量、千粒重8个性状进行了考察,并在基因型方差分析显著的基础上进行了配合力评价及遗传力分析。结果表明：父本中A1、A3、A4是综合性状优良的亲本,其多数性状的一般配合力均较高,特别是穗长、主穗粒数、结实小穗数、主穗产量、单株产量的一般配合力高,而株高的一般配合力效应值较低,是很理想的矮秆超大穗多粒亲本材料。母本中B5、B6单株穗数一般配合力较高,株高的一般配合力效应值较低,可作小麦高产杂交育种的矮秆多穗型亲本使用。结合特殊配合力效应分析：组合B5×A3单株穗数、主穗产量、单株产量、千粒重特殊配合力效应最高,株高特殊配合力效应较低,可作为的矮秆、多穗、粒重高且高产的重点杂交组合。B2×A4主穗长、单株产量、单株穗数特殊配合力效应都较高,而株高特殊配合力效应低,可作为矮秆大穗高产的重点杂交组合。遗传力分析表明：单株产量、千粒重、主穗长、主穗产量皆在70%以上,表明这4个性状的广义遗传力较大,受环境影响较小,而狭义遗传力的分析除主穗长、主穗粒数、主穗产量、株高大于50%,其余4个性状均低于50%,说明受环境影响大,不宜早期选择,应该适当推迟选择的代数。     

The Interaction of Sowing Date and Water Availability in Determining Plant Architecture, Fruiting Pattern and Yield Components of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)

A 2-year trial has been carried out in northern Italy on soybean (cv. Hodgson) grown in lysimeters, comparing three soil water regimes (well-watered conditions and water stress during vegetative and reproductive stages) at two sowing dates. Plant evapotranspiration and water uptake depth were calculated from volumes of water independently supplied to eight lysimeter layers; at harvest, plant architecture, yield components and fruit distribution along the main stem and lateral branches were evaluated.
Although water stress intensity was not severe, crop evapotranspiration and water uptake depth were severely restricted by water shortage. Both low water-availability and late sowing significantly modified the architecture of plants, decreasing total height, number and length of internodes and lateral branches. Seed allocation along the stem was shifted downwards both by delaying the sowing date and by reducing the water supply; the component most responsible for yield decrease was the number of pods per plant, while unit seed weight was only slightly affected by water stress. Grain yield reduction was higher when water availability was inadequate during the reproductive phase in the early-sown crop and during the vegetative stage in the late-sown crop. This suggests that the intensity of the water shortage, plant phenological stage of stress application, as well as the date of stress application within the growing season determine the yield response of soybean.     

水稻资源全生育期耐盐性鉴定筛选

对来自国内外不同地区的550份水稻资源进行全生育期耐盐性鉴定。设置淡水、0.3%和0.5%盐溶液浇灌3个处理,插秧10d后,通过浇灌不同体积的淡水与海水调至设计浓度对水稻进行不同浓度的盐胁迫处理。分别调查了淡水及0.3%盐处理下水稻株高、有效分蘖数、主穗长度、主穗结实率、单株产量、抽穗期6项农艺性状和0.5%盐处理下的水稻耐盐表型。与淡水浇灌相比,全生育期在0.3%盐溶液处理下,550份水稻(100%)株高显著降低;124份(22.55%)水稻有效分蘖数(90份增加, 34份减少)、414份(75.27%)水稻主穗长度(405份变短、9份增长)、145份(26.36%)水稻主穗结实率(84份减少, 61份增加)、375份(68.18%)水稻单株产量(343份减少, 32份增加)存在(极)显著差异;水稻资源的抽穗期无显著差异。主成分分析表明,主穗结实率、有效分蘖数及单株产量3项性状累计贡献77.25%的变异。根据产量耐盐系数筛选了121份耐盐水稻资源(产量耐盐系数≥0.8),在0.5%盐胁迫持续处理42 d后,筛选了78份耐盐水稻资源(耐盐表型为3级),其中25份水稻资源全生育期在0.3%盐处理下单株产量耐盐系数≥0.8,在0.5%盐胁迫持续处理42 d后的耐盐表型为3级。筛选的耐盐水稻资源为培育耐盐新品种及深入研究耐盐机制提供材料。     

Physiological Basis of Yield in Moth Bean [Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal] Under Rainfed Conditions

Physiological analysis of yielding ability in moth bean varieties under rainfed condition revealed that in spite of sufficient amount of dry matter production, the crop is a poor seed yielder. Late varieties produced higher amounts of dry matter and seed. The low yield in this crop is owing to low net assimilation rate (NAR) during the reproductive phase and poor migration coefficient of assimilates towards seeds. Leaf area expansion was maximum during reproductive phase. Stomatal components were not evident to limit the NAR under rainfed condition. Varietal differences were observed with respect to transpiration. Temporal variations in leaf water potential, osmotic potential and pressure potential were recorded. It is concluded that in moth bean the improvement in seed yield is possible by increasing current photosynthetic rate during the reproductive phase and can be achieved by changing the crop canopy structure for better utilization of light. Effort should also be made to improve harvest index in this crop.     

抗旱水稻品种的筛选及综合评价

为筛选适宜冀东滨海稻区种植的耐旱水稻新品种,通过水作和旱作栽培模式下与作物生产密切相关的农艺性状指标（如生育期、产量性状指标等）的变化,探讨了21个水稻稳定品系的抗旱性。结果表明,栽培稻旱作较水作生育期延长、株高降低、穗长缩短,产量降低,影响旱作水稻产量的主要因子是每穗粒数。通过抗旱力指数法和农艺性状的综合评价,认为稳定品系wd1、wd11、wd10、wd12属于中熟品种,产量稳定,综合性状优,是适宜旱作的稳定品系     

小麦收获指数与主要农艺性状的相关性探析?

小麦收获指数是指籽粒产量占地上部生物产量的百分率。研究小麦品种主要农艺性状和经济性状间与其产量的相互关系,采用相关性分析与回归方法,对影响收获指数的10个主要农艺性状及因素进行了研究分析。结果表明：供试小麦HI具有较大的改良空间;HI与穗颈长、株高、穗长、小穗数、主茎生物产量有显著负相关,与单穗质量、产量呈正相关,与生物产量没有显著相关性;主成分分析结果显示,3个主成分累积贡献率达 87.427%,表明 3 个主成分已覆盖所有性状的主要信息;通过回归分析,小麦HI与单穗籽粒产量、生物产量、千粒质量有显著回归关系。结论: 通过对10份小麦材料农艺性状的统计分析,得出如下结论。HI受单穗质量、生物产量、千粒重影响较为明显有显著回归关系,与单穗质量、产量和穗粒数有明显正效应,生物产量对其有负效应。小麦HI提高可通过选育生物产量不宜过大,而穗粒数较高、单穗重较大的小麦品种。     

44个玉米杂交种产量与主要农艺性状的灰色关联度分析

为探明玉米品种的主要农艺性状对产量的影响程度,用灰色关联度的分析方法,对2013年44个玉米品种的主要农艺性状与产量进行关联分析。结果表明：在参试品种中穗粗(0.9874)、叶片数(0.9645)、穗长(0.9488)、株高(0.9465)、穗行数(0.9429)、百粒重(0.9244)、穗位(0.9088)、出籽率(0.8882)、秃尖(0.7381)等性状影响着玉米产量,其中,影响最大的主要性状是玉米的穗粗、叶片数和穗长,其次是株高和穗行数,千粒重对产量的影响相对居中,相比较之下,穗位、出籽率和秃尖对产量的影响最小。     

新疆地方种亚麻农艺性状多元统计分析

为了新疆亚麻地方种的选育和改良提供理论依据,本研究采用对来自新疆各地的亚麻地方种性状的多元统计分析,包括变异系数、主成分分析、相关性分析和聚类分析。结果表明,新疆亚麻地方种资源存在较大差异,多样性比较丰富。主成分分析中,株高会影响构成亚麻产量的因子(蒴果数,果粒数,每株粒重和千粒重),亚麻的分枝数和株高都不能过多或过高,这不仅会影响工艺长度还会影响亚麻产量因子而且发现株高、生育期、分枝数、工艺长度、每株粒重、分枝数、千粒重和果粒数的相关程度较高。因此,在新疆亚麻地方种在选育时,可作为理论性数据参考,为亚麻品种选育和亲本的选择提供一定基础。     

芝麻配合力的研究

本文对54个芝麻杂交组合10个性状进行配合力分析,结果得出:一般配合力方差明显大于特殊配合力方差,表明这些性状的遗传主要受加性基因控制.同一亲本不同性状或同一性状不同亲本间的一般配合力和组合的特殊配合力相差很大.即使双亲的一般配合力都为负值,也不能排除获得特殊配合力较高的组合.特殊配合力与双亲一般配合力均值呈显著、极显著的正相关.果轴长、单株产量、单株蒴数、株高和千粒重5个性状的总配合力与单株实产呈极显著的正相关,腿高和黄尖长呈极显著的负相关.上述分析结果有利于芝麻亲本选配及杂种后代的选择.     

晋北绿豆主要农艺性状变异及对产量构成的影响

研究绿豆新品种（系）主要农艺性状的变异及其在产量构成中的作用,为绿豆高产体系的建立提供科学依据。以国家食用豆产业技术体系绿豆新品种（系）联合鉴定试验（2016-2017年）的25份绿豆新品种（系）为试验材料,对其株高、主茎节数、单株荚数等8个农艺性状进行了变异、相关及通径分析。结果表明,荚粒数变异系数最小,仅7.30%（2017年）,产量变异最广泛,变异系数为35.86%（2016年）;产量除与荚长（r=0.609）、荚粒数（r=0.679）呈极显著正相关外,与其他性状相关不显著;通径分析结果表明,对产量的直接通径系数荚长>株高>荚粒数>单株荚数>百粒重>主茎分枝数>主茎节数,并且株高、单株荚数、荚粒数、荚长和百粒重对产量的直接作用为正值,主茎节数、主茎分枝数对产量的直接作用为负值;综合分析表明,在绿豆高产育种中,荚粒数受外界环境影响较小,与产量的相关性最大,且直接与间接效应均表现优良,应作为主要研究对象。荚长和百粒重的直接效应和间接效应均为正值,也应作为主要筛选对象,同时还要兼顾其他性状的相互影响与均衡发展,充分挖掘种质资源潜力。     

几种除草剂对当茬玉米生长发育的影响

除草剂为作物产量提供保障的同时,对作物造成的药害也频繁发生。为此,本文以目前陇东旱塬区主栽玉米品种为试验材料,选用对恶性杂草具有良好防除效果的除草剂,明确了75%二氯吡啶酸SG、90%莠去津WG和56% 2甲4氯钠盐SP 3个单剂及其2个混配配方对玉米主要农艺性状及产量的影响,以期为玉米的安全生产提供依据。结果表明：参试除草剂在药后0~7天及不同生育期对玉米生长均无直观影响。75%二氯吡啶酸SG、90%莠去津WG、75%二氯吡啶酸SG+90%莠去津WG对苗期玉米株高稍有影响,但随着玉米自身防御能力的增强,除草剂对之后各生育期的玉米株高无显著抑制作用。不同除草剂对各生育期玉米茎粗无抑制作用,玉米果穗粗、果穗有效长、穗粒数和百粒重无显著差异。各除草剂处理后玉米产量较空白对照增加21.93%~30.22%,较人工除草对照增加-2.91%~3.69%。可见,供试除草剂对玉米安全性高,可应用于玉米田的杂草防除。     

氮肥水平对不同育种时代粳稻产量、氮素吸收利用差异的影响

以选育时期不同(两个选育时代)的12个水稻品种为材料,于施氮量为0,225,300 kg/hm~2纯氮大田条件下,研究了不同氮肥水平下两选育时代的水稻品种产量、物质生产积累量及氮素吸收、利用效率的差异.结果表明,水稻产量随着选育时代的更替有所提高,并随施氮量的增加两时代产量表现不同,早期品种中有83.3%的水稻基因型的产量随施氮量增加呈增加趋势,当代品种产量则有一半基因型在225 kg/hm~2氮肥水平下产量达最大,说明早期品种对氮肥反应较当代品种敏感.农艺性状中的株高和穗长随着育种时代的更替有矮化和减小的趋势,着粒密度有所增加.干物质和氮素平均积累量在生育时期各阶段均表现为当代品种大于早期品种,氮素利用效率亦表现相同的规律.相关分析表明,水稻产量与抽穗、成熟期物质积累量和氮素吸收量均呈显著或极显著正相关关系,与拔节期关系不密切.氮素利用效率与产量呈显著正相关,与株高和穗长呈显著负相关.说明随着选育时代的更替,水稻产量、吸氮量及氮素利用效率有所提高,株型趋于矮化,穗型由散穗向密穗型演变.     

冬小麦水旱品种间杂交主要性状的遗传分析

利用水地和旱地两种生态型的品种 ,采用 4× 4不完全双列杂交试验 ,对水旱品种间杂交主要性状的配合力和遗传表现进行了研究。结果表明 ,水地亲本的一般配合力效应对杂种后代主要性状的影响 ,除千粒重外 ,均达到显著或极显著水平 ;旱地亲本的一般配合力效应主要对株高、穗下节长、单株穗数、收获指数等与抗旱性有关的性状影响明显 ,且除株高和收获指数外 ,其余性状P1的方差均大于P2 的方差。说明水地亲本对杂种后代产量性状影响大 ,旱地亲本主要影响抗旱性状 ,水旱两种生态型杂交 ,实现了抗旱与丰产的有机结合。株高、穗下节长、穗粒数、单株产量、单株生物产量和收获指数以加性效应为主 ,而显性基因对单株穗数、千粒重、单穗重的影响较大。旱地小麦产量性状遗传力均较低 ,而株高、穗下节长、收获指数等与抗旱性有关的性状遗传力较高     

半无叶型菜豌豆7个农艺性状的通径分析

对“普通型日本菜豌豆×半无叶型菜豌豆宝菜2号”后代株系的株高（x1）、分枝数（x2）、糖度（x3）、单株荚数（x4）、双荚率（x5）、单株粒数（x6）、鲜百粒重（x7）、鲜荚产量（y）进行了通径分析。结果表明：各个性状对鲜荚产量均有直接正向效应,其相对重要性排序为单株粒数>鲜百粒重>单株荚数>分枝数>株高>糖度>双荚率,其中各个农艺性状对鲜荚产量的直接效应中单株粒数最高,鲜百粒重次之。间接效应中单株荚数通过单株粒数对鲜荚产量的间接作用最大。综合各影响因素,在选育半无叶型菜豌豆时应注意各农艺性状指标的合理搭配。     

运用半同胞轮回选择法对‘运轮1号’相关性状的改良效果分析

为获取高配合力优良育种群体,对‘运轮1号’群体开展半同胞轮回选择改良。选择‘运轮1号’C4群体中优良单株自交,以‘昌7-2’为测验种配制对应的测交种,鉴定筛选20个优良单株,等量种子经混合授粉形成C5群体。结果显示：C5群体的株高、穗位、茎腐病率较C4分别下降4cm、2cm和3.5%。群体内单株间产量配合力差异达极显著水平,预计C5群体测交种产量增益为7.7%;与选择前相比,中选测交种穗位和茎腐病下降0.7 cm、6.3%,穗长、行粒数、出籽率、持绿度分别增加0.1 cm、0.6粒、0.4%、0.3级,但株高、籽粒含水量各增加0.3 cm、0.2%,穗粗、穗行数、百粒重保持不变;除含水量和百粒重外,其余性状的变异系数呈下降趋势,且多数性状的变异系数仍然在10%以下。进一步改良需扩大群体,增加测验种数量,并加入新的种质;单株选择应严格控制株高、穗位及生育期。     

Genetic variability,heritability and correlation among agronomic and disease resistance traits in a diversity panel and elite breeding material of spelt wheat

Spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L.) is an old‐world crop that has attracted increased attention since the 1970s accompanied by a constant increase in spelt production. Our objectives were to (i) study the genetic variability and heritability of important agronomic traits and (ii) examine the correlation among these traits for an efficient design of spelt breeding schemes. To this end, we compared a diversity panel of 150 old and new spelt varieties with current elite‐breeding material. Phenotypic data were recorded at multiple locations for yield, plant height, lodging, heading time, number of spikelets, ear snapping and susceptibility to powdery mildew, brown rust and Septoria tritici blotch. We observed highly significant genetic variances for almost all traits in both germplasm sets. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.23 for Septoria tritici blotch to 0.97 for plant height. A significant correlation between yield and plant height of ?0.56 as well as yield and lodging of ?0.39 was determined but no other correlation of yield with any of the examined traits. Thus, pedigree selection with early generation screenings on plant height and lodging can be recommended for further spelt improvement.     

川中丘区不同玉米品种春、夏播茎秆抗倒特性研究

为了明确川中丘区玉米的茎秆特性与抗倒能力及其产量的差异,鉴选抗倒伏与耐夏播能力强的品种,以四川省生产上推广面积较大的10个玉米品种为材料,设置春、夏播2个播期,比较研究了吐丝后7 d茎秆的形态特征、基部节间的机械强度与倒伏发生情况及产量构成。结果表明,夏播较春播更易发生倒伏;不同品种的茎秆特征、基部节间的机械强度以及籽粒的产量均存在明显差异,而且受播期的影响较大。夏播与春播相比,植株的株高和穗位变高,基部节间变长变细,压碎强度和折断强度下降,抗倒伏能力减弱,产量也降低,但这种变化的幅度在品种间存在较大差异。成单30是一个较好的夏播品种,抗倒能力强,产量也较高;而正红505耐夏播能力相对较弱,但春播抗倒伏能力较强,可作为春播品种进行大面积种植。     

玉米自交系植株性状状与单株产量相关性研究

为研究玉米自交系主要植株性状与单株产量的相关性,选择代表性的父本、母本自交系采取随机区组设计,测定其主要植株性状和单株产量。结果表明,穗行数、行粒数、穗位高、雄穗分支数、节间长与单株产量均显著正相关,其中,穗行数与单株产量的相关性最强,相关系数达0.8824。株高与节间长、穗位高（r=0.7372）、穗行数和雄穗分支数显著正相关。穗长与百粒重极显著正相关(r=0.6631)。出籽率与穗行数、行粒数极显著正相关。在自交系选育过程中,穗行数、行粒数等穗部性状直接影响自交系的单株产量,但株高等同样是自交系选育的关键性状,自交系选育要兼顾穗部性状和植株性状,以获得株型适中兼大穗型的高产品种。