松嫩平原土地利用变化特征及生态系统服务价值研究——以哈尔滨市为例

土地利用变化与生态系统服务价值的研究对土地资源可持续开发和利用具有极为重要的意义。本文以哈尔滨市为研究区,以土地利用的遥感影像为数据源,采用基于当量因子的生态系统服务价值综合评价分析方法和敏感性分析方法,阐释所选研究区域范围内部,不同土地利用类型的生态系统服务价值变化的表现特征。通过改良和调整哈尔滨市的不同土地利用类型对应单位面积以及生态系统的服务价值和系数表,对哈尔滨市2005—2020年的生态系统服务价值的时间性与空间性基本分布格局展开全面系统深入分析。结果表明：（1）2005—2020年,哈尔滨市的耕地总面积与建设用地总面积有较小幅度的增加,同时林地的总面积呈现出逐渐减少的变化趋势。数量变化发生幅度相对较小的土地利用类型是草地、水域和未利用地;（2）哈尔滨市的总体ESV数据测算水平呈现出逐渐下降的变化趋势。哈尔滨市的生态系统服务价值贡献来源主要在于林地、耕地和水域3种用地类型。哈尔滨市现有土地生态系统服务价值发挥状态集中展现在水源涵养层面、土壤保护层面和废物处理层面上。在针对研究区制定土地利用规划方案过程中,要重点性关注以及保护林地、耕地和水域等具备较高水平生态系统服务价值系数的土地利用类型,还要开展具备更加科学化、合理化特点的利用行为规划环节,支持助推哈尔滨市各空间区域多样化土地利用类型的可持续发展。     

韩江流域土地利用时空变化特征及其生态安全评估

本研究旨在揭示韩江流域的土地利用时空变化特征及其生态安全评估状况，为韩江流域土地资源的可持续利用提供相关科学依据。采用转移矩阵和主成分分析法分析土地利用变化和驱动力概况，在此基础上运用压力—状态—响应模型框架构建土地生态安全评价指标体系，并评估其土地生态安全状况。结果表明：1980—2020年间，建设用地增加1301.61 km²，耕地减少1013.89 km²，是韩江流域变化最显著的2种土地类型，两者相互转化，在空间上主要集中于流域东南部的潮汕平原地区；两大主要因素——经济发展和人口增长驱动流域的城市化进程，加剧建设用地与生态用地之间的矛盾；2000—2019年韩江流域的土地生态安全等级变化为“较不安全级—不安全级—较不安全级”，土地生态环境呈现恶化后逐渐改善的过程。韩江流域的土地生态安全状况与土地利用变化密切相关，并长期处于不稳定的态势，需要通过调整土地利用格局来缓解土地生态安全压力。     

2000—2014年石羊河流域植被覆盖变化研究

植被覆盖度是衡量地表植被长势和评价区域生态系统健康程度的重要指标，研究石羊河流域植被覆盖度的时空变化，对研究内陆干旱地区陆地生态系统环境变化具有重要意义。利用EOS/MODIS卫星数据，借鉴景观生态空间分布格局分析方法，从植被覆盖度面积变化和类型转换趋势方面分析2000—2014年石羊河流域植被的空间分布变化与格局演变。结果表明，2000—2014年石羊河流域内以低覆盖植被为主，其中极低覆盖植被年际波动最大，中高覆盖植被年际波动最小。在2001年、2004年、2009年和2013年前后，石羊河流域出现了4次植被生态退化过程。4种土地生态类型的植被覆盖度在年际变化中均呈增加趋势，其中耕地植被生态恢复明显，未利用土地生态恢复比较缓慢。15年石羊河流域内生态向恢复的方向发展。前期与后期的各植被覆盖等级的面积转移途径与幅度基本相似，后期的生态变化程度比前期更加剧烈。植被覆盖变化多集中在人类活动较多的区域。植被生态变化以稳定和轻微恢复为主。各土地生态类型中，耕地植被覆盖度空间变化最大。水资源的空间分布和利用不均是导致植被覆盖变化的空间分布不均的主要因素，中游平原区生态恢复较好，下游民勤绿洲在2010年后的生态退化明显。     

2000—2015年西南区县域土地利用变化特征及驱动力分析——以重庆市奉节县为例

综合分析重庆市奉节县土地利用格局时空演变及其驱动力,为优化西南区县域尺度的土地利用规划、生态大保护和区域可持续发展提供理论参考和数据支持。基于RS和GIS技术,利用四期（2000、2005、2010和2015年）土地利用基础数据,从土地利用动态模型和地学信息图谱等方面出发,揭示区域2000—2015年的土地利用动态变化特征及时空演变规律。依据主成分分析模型和线性回归分析模型,并基于奉节县社会经济统计数据,探究研究区土地利用驱动机制。研究期内,研究区土地空间格局呈现以林地和耕地为主体,同时交错分布其它土地类型的特点。耕地、草地和未利用地土地面积分别减少 78.84 km²、3.73 km²、2.54 km²,而林地、水域和居民工矿用地面积分别增加23.36 km²、46.67 km²、9.03 km²。受三峡移民影响,区域土地利用分布格局由整体无序向局部有序的方向发展。研究期的前10年间,土地利用类型转移主要发生在林地、草地和耕地之间,林地→耕地和草地的面积总和分别为849.38 km²和425.17 km²;2010—2015年间林地和居民工矿用地新增面积分别为9.93 km²和7.09 km²。从产业结构调整、政策影响和社会发展等方面探究区域城镇化的驱动机制,城镇化因素、政策因素、经济因素、社会发展因素和农业因素是影响奉节县土地利用类型变化的主要驱动力。     

基于CA-Markov的土地利用变化及预测研究——以巩义市鲁庄镇为例

土地利用变化模拟是当今土地利用变化研究中的前沿和热点,合理的预测能为规划决策提供科学的依据。通过对鲁庄镇1987年、2000年和2013年3期遥感影像进行判读和解译,在此基础上结合土地利用转移矩阵、动态度、年均变化率分析土地利用时空变化特征。采用CA-Markov模型对2013年土地利用格局进行模拟,模拟结果的面积误差平均为15.3%,总体空间精度达到81.1%,有较高的置信度。再利用该模型对鲁庄镇2026年土地利用格局进行模拟。结果显示：2026年土地利用类型变化较明显,耕地、未利用地持续减少,但减少速率变缓。农村居民点继续缓慢增长,林地有小幅增加。建设用地增加主要是通过占用耕地实现。因此,需要政府在土地利用总体规划指导下,加强对耕地的保护,限制盲目无节制的建设占用耕地,对林地加强生态保育,以促进社会、经济、生态协调发展。     

2000-2014年抚仙湖流域土地利用动态变化研究

笔者以抚仙湖流域为研究区域,根据2000—2014 年土地利用现状数据及2000、2014 年2 期影像资料,运用GIS 空间分析技术和数理统计法从土地利用变化幅度、土地利用动态度、转移方向及景观格局4个方面系统分析研究区15年来土地利用时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）研究区主要土地利用类型为耕地、林地、水域和未利用土地。除水域外,其余各类土地面积均发生了较大变化,未利用土地不断减少,耕地先减少后增加,其余5 种地类逐年增加。各乡镇土地利用综合动态度在0.75%~7.64%之间,总体呈现流域北部大于流域南部,湖滨区大于山区的特征。（2）研究区土地利用转换类型有23 种,面积共18834.33 hm2,占流域总面积的12.15%。土地利用变化集中于未利用土地、耕地、林地、城镇村庄及工矿用地、交通用地五者之间的相互转换,主要位于青龙镇和龙街镇。（3）研究区景观破碎指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数呈上升趋势,优势度指数呈下降趋势,土地各利用类型面积更趋于平均化和多样化。人类活动对土地利用格局的形成影响强烈,人口增加、经济发展和城市化是研究区土地利用变化的主要原因。     

非洲大陆生态地理格局与土地利用生态风险问题

为了探讨生态脆弱区土地退化与土地利用的可持续性问题,开展非洲大陆生态地理格局与土地利用生态风险问题的研究十分必要。本研究根据非洲大陆温度带、干燥度、地形、植被等格局分布数据,利用GIS技术对研究区进行了生态地理格局的划分,并利用景观指数模型分析了各生态地理区的基本特征,最后对非洲大陆土地利用过程中的生态风险问题进行了宏观探讨。结果表明：（1）非洲大陆可划分为：西北山地区、北部荒漠区、中北过渡区、中部盆地区、东部裂谷高原区、南部高原区6个生态地理区,进一步可划分出32个亚区;（2）干旱化空间走向（干旱核心区）为北部荒漠区中部、东部裂谷高原区东部和南部高原区西南部;（3）在人类土地利用活动增强的前提下,围绕中部盆地湿润地区的半干旱和亚湿润干旱区发生沙漠化的风险极大,而地形起伏较大而且降水丰沛的地区发生土壤水蚀的风险极大。     

基于遥感的合肥市土地利用动态变化及其成因分析

为促进城市土地资源的可持续利用,需对历史土地利用格局进行准确评估。笔者以合肥市近30年4期的高分辨陆地卫星遥感影像为主要数据源,在RS和GIS的支持下,分析合肥市土地利用格局的动态演变,探讨了合肥市土地利用变化的驱动因子。结果表明,70年代到80年代末,合肥市土地利用相对变化较为平缓;而90年代到2007年,土地利用变化最为显著,以耕地为主的土地资源严重减少,城镇、工交用地显著增加;城市工业现代化进步的同时,人增地减的现象日趋严重。合肥市土地利用类型变化主要表现为非城市土地利用类型向城市土地利用类型转变,其土地格局演变主要受人口、经济、政策、交通等诸多因子的影响。     

基于定量模型下的山东省土地利用变化研究

为分析山东省土地利用变化格局,以期为土地管理决策、生态环境保护和社会经济协调发展提供科学依据,利用山东省1997—2008年各市土地利用详细变更数据,选取农耕用地、牧草用地、园林用地、水域用地、城乡居住及工矿用地、交通用地和未利用土地等7种土地利用类型,在定量模型支持下对山东省不同时段及其内部不同区域土地利用类型变化格局进行了模拟和分析。结果表明：1997—2008年,山东省未利用地、耕地减少幅度较大,水域用地面积增长最显著;土地利用类型变化动态度为0.96%;水域、交通用地、未利用地变化较为显著,其变化动态度分别为25.85%、2.26%和-2.14%。此外,各市耕地、园地、未利用土地和牧草地的相对变化率相距悬殊,证明山东省土地利用类型变化具有显著的区域性差异。该研究揭示了山东省土地利用变化的时空特征,对土地可持续利用、生态农业建设与人地协调发展具有重要意义。     

基于RS、GIS的城市化流域土地利用的生态风险研究——以松花江干流哈尔滨段为例

以城市化流域-松花江干流哈尔滨段为例,基于RS和GIS技术,分析研究区土地利用变化及结构特征基础上,引入生态风险指数。利用空间分析方法对采样点生态风险指数进行空间插值,生成生态风险程度空间分布及变化特征图,以揭示城市化背景下土地利用的生态风险时空演变特征、变化规律及形成机理,最大限度地降低城市化过程中土地利用风险水平。结果表明:18年来研究区生态风险主要以中等程度为主,高生态风险区的比例最小,较高、较低生态风险区面积变化量最大;建成区和城郊过渡带为高、较高生态风险的分布区,低、较低生态风险集中分布于植被覆盖度高的林地和水域、草地及灌木林地等,高、低生态风险存在着明显的过渡地带;耕地→居民工矿用地和耕地→林地是略微变差型和略微变好型的主要土地利用转换轨迹;较低生态风险区的重心偏移量最大,高生态风险区最小,分别为12.31、0.57km。     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

Inheritance of fruit colour in a wild Russian red raspberry seedling

Summary A new gene, i, from a self-incompatible wild Russian Rubus idaeus seedling is described. The gene i interacts with the fruit colour gene T, Tii plants having apricot instead of red fruits, and spines, leaves and stems pigmented to varying degrees. A deficit of apricot-fruited seedlings in progenies segregating for i could be explained by linkage between i and the self-incompatibility S locus with a crossover value of approximately 26.7%.Segregations for spine colour in crosses and backcrosses of the Russian seedling with two green-spined (ttII) raspberries selected for their yellow fruit colour, showed that both the latter carried the spine colour intensifier gene P. This suggests that earlier authors were incorrect in attributing the apricot fruit colour developed by some tt plants to a pleiotropic effect of P.     

Flag Leaf Senescence, as Evaluated by Numerical Image Analysis, and its Relationship with Yield under Drought in Durum Wheat

Senescence was evaluated at different stages of the grain‐filling period in eight durum wheat varieties using numerical image analysis (NIA). The varieties were grown under early, severe drought conditions on the high plains of Sétif in Algeria. After flowering, three different irrigation treatments were applied. Treatment effect was small, while a genotypic effect was noted for most of the senescence parameters. Senescence correlated to biomass, while the maximal rate of senescence, V_smax, correlated to thousand‐kernel weight. The potential of the method of numerical image analysis for monitoring flag leaf senescence, detecting genotypic variability and selecting genotypes with delayed senescence is discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata): Genetics,genomics and breeding

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.), is an important grain legume grown in the tropics where it constitutes a valuable source of protein in the diets of millions of people. Some abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect its productivity. A review of the genetics, genomics and breeding of cowpea is presented in this article. Cowpea breeding programmes have studied intensively qualitative and quantitative genetics of the crop to better enhance its improvement. A number of initiatives including Tropical Legumes projects have contributed to the development of cowpea genomic resources. Recent progress in the development of consensus genetic map containing 37,372 SNPs mapped to 3,280 bins will strengthen cowpea trait discovery pipeline. Several informative markers associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to desirable attributes of cowpea were generated. Cowpea genetic improvement activities aim at the development of drought tolerant, phosphorus use efficient, bacterial blight and virus resistant lines through exploiting available genetic resources as well as deployment of modern breeding tools that will enhance genetic gain when grown by sub‐Saharan Africa farmers.     

Screening for resistance to take-all in wheat,triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines

Summary Fifteen triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines were evaluated for resistance to the take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and compared with five wheat and two rye lines in inoculated field and pot trials. The triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines varied in rye chromosome number and degree of resistance expressed. One line, Venus with seven pairs of rye chromosomes consistently showed levels of resistance intermediate between wheat and rye. A trend was observed where increasing rye chromosome content led to greater resistance but exceptions showed that variation within triticales could not be ascribed to rye chromosome content alone.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.