水分胁迫对不同根型小麦幼苗水分利用率和导水率的影响

以旱地小麦晋麦47和高水肥小麦石4185为试材,比较分析了充分供水和模拟干旱胁迫条件下小麦幼苗水分利用效率(WUE)和根系导水率(Lpr)的差异。结果表明:正常供水条件下,晋麦47单株耗水量、根系干质量和单株干质量皆低于石4185,但根系水分利用率(WUEr)、茎叶水分利用率(WUEs)、单株水分利用率(WUE)以及根系导水率均高于石4185。轻度干旱胁迫下,石4185根系干质量稍有增加,晋麦47变化不明显,两者单株干质量均降低;两品种根系、茎叶和单株水分利用效率均显著提高,石4185根系水分利用效率反而高于晋麦47;但两品种根系导水率呈显著下降趋势,晋麦47下降幅度大于石4185并最终低于石4185。以上说明:水分充足条件下,晋麦47表现出“奢侈”利用水分,干旱条件下,表现出以降低水分消耗而维持地上部生长的耐旱节水机制;石4185在水分充足条件下耗水量大,表现出水地品种特点,胁迫条件下,水分利用率均升高且根系水分利用率升高相对更大,体现出干旱胁迫下依赖根系进一步发展增大吸收水分表面积来适应缺水环境。两者相比较,体现了不同根型小麦品种根系在干旱胁迫调节中的重要性和差异性。     

干旱胁迫下磷营养对不同作物苗期根系导水率的影响

通过控制灌水量（正常供水、中度及重度干旱胁迫）的盆栽试验，采用压力室法测定了玉米、小麦和大麦苗期的根系导水率变化,研究了在磷素控制下，旱后复水过程中根系导水率恢复能力。结果表明,不同水分状况下，根系的导水率无磷处理明显小于有磷处理，且随干旱程度的加重，下降加剧；复水过程中，前者的恢复能力显著弱于后者，     

局部根系水分胁迫下氮素形态对水稻幼苗生理特性和根系生长的影响

为了探讨局部根系水分胁迫下不同形态氮素对水稻幼苗氮素吸收、生理特性和根系生长的影响,以水稻品种金优402为材料,设置非胁迫、局部根系胁迫、全根胁迫3种水分条件和全硝、铵硝比为50/50、全铵3个氮素形态,采用PEG模拟水分胁迫的室内分根营养液培养方法,研究其氮素吸收和累积、光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及根长、根表面积、根体积的变化规律。结果表明,在局部根系水分胁迫下,两侧根系同时供应NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N最有利于水稻氮素的吸收和累积,两侧根系均单一供应NO_3~--N的水稻氮素吸收和累积量最少;与未受胁迫处理的水稻相比,局部根系胁迫下两侧根系同时供应NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N的水稻光合速率受影响较小,而气孔导度和蒸腾速率则明显下降。不同氮形态处理间,两侧根系同时供应NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N的水稻光合速率和气孔导度均为最大,单一供应NO_3~--N的最小。在所有处理中,局部根系水分胁迫下两侧根系同时供应NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N的水稻WUE最高。在局部根系水分胁迫下,两侧同时供应NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N的水稻根长、根表面积、根体积绝大多数大于其他2种氮素形态,且受胁迫一侧和不受胁迫一侧根系相差较小。除左右根室均单一供应NO_3~--N的水稻外,局部根系胁迫处理的根长、根表面积、根体积均大于非胁迫处理。研究结果表明,局部根系水分胁迫和氮素形态耦合可以提高水稻幼苗的水、氮素吸收。     

水分胁迫下葡萄糖对小麦幼苗光合作用和相关生理特性的影响

以15%聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟水分胁迫,以不同浓度外源葡萄糖(Glc)处理小麦幼苗,探讨外源Glc对水分胁迫下小麦幼苗生长发育和光合特性的影响。结果表明,水分胁迫显著降低了小麦叶片水势和光合作用,抑制植株的生长,而水分胁迫下外源Glc处理能明显增加叶片水势和光合色素含量,并使水分胁迫和水分胁迫后复水处理条件下,小麦幼苗叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)和叶片水分利用效率(WUE)显著升高,而使蒸腾速率(T_r)下降。同时,外源Glc处理显著提高了水分胁迫下叶片中可溶性糖和脯氨酸的积累,促进不定根和侧根的生长,植株干重比单一干旱处理提高14.32%~40.39%。由此表明,水分胁迫下外源Glc通过促进小麦根系生长和提高叶组织的渗透调节能力,改善叶片的水分状况,提高了叶片的光合功能,促进小麦幼苗的生长,降低了水分胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

玉米单根吸水能力的杂种优势

在人工气候室水培条件下，以玉米(Zea mays L.)杂交种F1户单4号及其亲本478和天四为材料，用根压力探针技术研究了正常供水和PEG-6000模拟－0.2 MPa水分胁迫条件下，玉米单根吸水能力及渗透吸水过程中水和溶质相互作用的基因型差异，结果表明，3个玉米品种在静水压驱动下的单根水流导度(包括径向导度和轴向导度)以及在渗透压驱动下的单根水流导度均为F₁户单4号>母本天四>父本478，而水分胁迫普遍降低了单根水流导度；溶质NaCl存在条件下，根的透过系数为F₁>母本>父本，而反射系数则趋势相反，水分胁迫并未显著降低根的透过系数，但显著提高了其反射系数。试验证明杂交种F₁的单根吸水能力优于亲本，体现了杂种优势。     

玉米根系吸水细胞水平的杂种优势

在人工气候室水培条件下,以玉米(Zea mays L.)杂交种F₁代户单4号及其母本天四和父本478为材料,用细胞压力探针技术研究了正常供水和PEG-6000模拟–0.2 MPa水分胁迫条件下,玉米根皮层细胞水分关系参数的基因型差异。结果表明,根皮层细胞的直径、长度和体积均为F₁代>母本>父本;正常供水条件下3个玉米品种的根皮层细胞膨压均在0.6 MPa左右且品种间差异不显著,水分胁迫抑制了细胞的延伸生长且F₁代和母本的细胞膨压显著高于父本;根皮层细胞壁体积弹性模量均为父本>母本> F₁代,水分胁迫条件下的品种间差异显著;与正常供水条件相比,水分胁迫条件下细胞膨压显著降低,而弹性模量则大幅度提高;在两种水分条件下,水分跨细胞膜运转的半时间均为父本>母本>F₁代,且半时间在水分胁迫条件下均显著高于正常供水条件下;HgCl₂处理引起了半时间的延长,2-巯基乙醇则部分逆转了HgCl₂的效应;在两种水分条件下,根皮层细胞水导均为F₁代>母本>父本且品种间差异显著,水分胁迫则显著降低了细胞水导。试验证明杂交种F₁代的细胞水平根系吸水能力优于亲本,体现了杂种优势。     

不同供水条件下小麦不同绿色器官的气孔特性研究

为了考察小麦叶片与非叶器官气孔结构特性的差异及其对供水条件的反应，本研究设置不同灌水处理，利用电镜观察小麦灌浆期不同绿色器官的气孔分布和结构特征，并分析其与气孔特性指标间的关系。结果表明，在不同灌水处理下看到各非叶器官（穗、旗叶鞘和穗下节间）均分布着气孔，但其数目少于旗叶叶片。护颖仅在远轴面存在气孔；外稃在多水条件下（4水处理）近轴面出现较多气孔，而远轴面看不到气孔，但在水分胁迫（无水处理）条件下，气孔却出现在远轴面而不在近轴面；在不同水分处理下均观察到芒上明显的气孔分布。从气孔大小看，穗各部分（护颖、外稃、内稃和芒）略小于其他器官。随着灌水次数的减少，各器官气孔密度呈增大趋势，气孔器及气孔孔径表现出长度增加、宽度减小的特征。限水灌溉下非叶器官（穗、旗叶鞘和穗下节间）在籽粒灌浆期气孔导度、蒸腾速率和光合速率的稳定性高于叶片。相关分析表明，不同器官的气孔导度与蒸腾速率均呈显著正相关，非叶器官气孔导度与光合速率的相关程度明显低于叶片。说明在干旱少水条件下，叶与非叶器官蒸腾作用均会减弱，叶片光合速率亦相应降低，而非叶器官光合速率可能保持相对稳定，可相对提高其水分利用效率。     

水分胁迫对大丽花光合作用、蒸腾和气孔导度的影响

以大丽花品种‘粉西施’盆栽扦插苗为试材,研究了不同程度水分胁迫及复水对大丽花品种粉西施叶片光合作用、蒸腾和气孔导度的影响。结果表明：随着水分胁迫程度的加深和胁迫时间的延长,大丽花叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和水分利用率(WUE)下降,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)先下降后上升,气孔限制值Ls先升高后下降。轻度和中度水分胁迫下,气孔限制是Pn降低的主要原因;重度水分胁迫下,非气孔限制是Pn降低的主要原因。重度胁迫更早对大丽花叶片造成伤害,重度胁迫下复水后光合指标难以恢复。     

腐殖酸水溶肥料对水分胁迫下小麦光合特性及产量的影响

为了解腐殖酸水溶肥料对水分胁迫下小麦光合特性及产量的影响。以‘永良四号’为试验材料,采用盆栽方法研究了拔节期水分胁迫后,腐殖酸水溶肥料对小麦叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率及产量的影响。结果表明,在不同水分胁迫下,腐殖酸水溶肥料均有效地改善了小麦光合特性,与对照相比,叶绿素含量增加5.62%~84.32%,光合速率增加0.87%~75.38%,气孔导度降低7.96%~53.25%,蒸腾速率降低15.96%~58.32%。水分胁迫后,净光合速率和叶绿素含量下降。但在水分胁迫时喷施腐殖酸水溶肥料,叶绿素含量和净光合速率增加,蒸腾速率减弱,因而水分利用效率提高。小麦增产4.48%~7.75%,增产效果显著,增产幅度为：正常供水>适度控水>中度水分胁迫。综合分析表明,腐殖酸水溶肥料能改善小麦光合特性,增加其产量。     

干旱胁迫对山杏光合特性的影响

为筛选干旱地区生态建设的优良品种,以盆栽山杏为试材,控水模拟不同土壤水分状况,探讨了不同程度干旱胁迫对山杏叶片光合特性的影响.结果表明,山杏叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度随着干旱胁迫程度的加强而降低.随着温度的升高,叶片净光合速率和水分利用效率降低、蒸腾速率升高,加重了干旱对其光合作用的影响.对照、轻度和中度干旱胁迫下的净光合速率、气孔导度及水分利用效率日变化曲线呈双峰型,重度胁迫下净光合速率和气孔导度日变化为单峰型.说明在一定的干旱条件下,山杏光合作用对干旱胁迫具有一定的适应能力.     

断根对玉米幼苗根系生物学特性及水分代谢的影响

本研究以玉米（Zea mays L.）为试验材料,通过水培法研究了断根对玉米幼苗根系特性及水分导度的影响。结果表明：断根使玉米幼苗的整株根系水分导度提高,玉米叶片的光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔导度下降,其中对蒸腾速率的影响最大;断根降低了玉米幼苗根系的根系总长、根表面积及根尖数,增加了根轴的平均根长,而断根后的根系平均直径与对照相比差异并不显著。     

水分胁迫及复水条件下外源Ca2+对玉米幼苗根系水力导度及生长的影响

利用10%PEG-6000模拟–0.2 MPa的水分胁迫,研究了外源Ca²⁺(在1/2 Hoagland营养液中添加10 mmol L^-1 CaCl₂)对水分胁迫7 d后及复水2 d,玉米幼苗整株根系水力导度(Lp_r)、根系生长及叶水势(ψ_w)的影响。结果表明,正常水分条件下,外源Ca²⁺处理降低了Lp_r,但对叶水势无影响;水分胁迫条件下,外源Ca²⁺显著提高了Lp_r、叶水势,减缓了水分胁迫对植物的伤害;复水1 d,两种钙水平下Lp均无明显恢复,但Ca²⁺处理的Lp_r显著高于对照,而叶水势无显著差异且均能恢复至正常供水时的水平;复水2 d,Ca²⁺处理的Lp_r即能恢复至正常供水时的水平,对照仅恢复为正常供水时的59.06%。进一步用HgCl₂检测表明,正常水分条件下外源Ca²⁺对水通道蛋白(AQP)活性没有影响;而水分胁迫下,外源Ca²⁺提高了AQP活性,对照AQP活性下降,说明水分胁迫时外源Ca²⁺促进了水分跨膜途径运输;复水2 d,外源Ca²⁺处理AQP活性恢复至正常供水时的水平,对照AQP活性未能恢复。另外,外源Ca²⁺处理减缓了水分胁迫对植物生长发育的抑制作用,促进了复水时侧根发育,增加根系吸水面积,为植株迅速恢复供水提供了形态学基础,增加了复水后的补偿效应。     

Waterlogging and Hypoxia have Permanent Effects on Wheat Root Growth and Respiration

Waterlogging causes long‐lasting damage to wheat (Triticum aestivum). Root growth and respiration were investigated after heading in waterlogged, pot‐grown, wheat plants and also in hydroponically grown, wheat seedlings exposed to a hypoxic treatment. In the pot experiment, plants were subjected to 8 days of waterlogging after heading. This period of waterlogging resulted in reduced shoot and root growth through to maturity. The root CO₂ emission rates of previously waterlogged and well‐drained plants were about 220 and 140 nmol g^?1 per s, respectively, with the rate differences persisting from 10 days after anthesis through to maturity. In the hydroponic experiments, seedlings (Feekes stage 2.0) were exposed to root‐zone, hypoxic treatment for 10–19 days. The roots showed 27 % higher CO₂ emission rates and 37 % higher O₂ consumption rates, compared with untreated roots. In whole root systems, the high respiration rates found during hypoxic treatment disappeared during recovery under aerated conditions as a result of the appearance of newly initiated roots. However, measurements of the respiration of the previously hypoxic roots showed abnormally high respiration rates. In roots exposed to hypoxic treatment, total sugar concentrations were 3.6‐times higher than in untreated roots indicating that this elevation of sugar may be responsible for the continued high respiration rate. This study shows that roots exposed to waterlogging or to hypoxic treatments do not increase their weights and thus recover from the metabolic disturbances resulting from these treatments.     

缩节胺浸种提高棉花幼苗根系活力中的活性氧代谢

以国欣棉3号为材料,研究200 mg L^–1缩节胺(DPC)浸种12 h对棉花子叶苗根系活力的影响,并从活性氧(ROS)代谢的角度揭示相关的生理机制。结果表明,DPC浸种显著增强了棉花幼苗的根系活力,根尖部位氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色光密度为清水对照的1.3倍,TTC法测定的根系活力和呼吸速率分别较对照增加167%和90%,非损伤微测技术(NMT)测定的K⁺净内流速率 (距根尖300 μm处)较对照提高36%。吖啶橙染色结果显示,DPC处理根尖伸长区的凋亡细胞数目较对照减少。此外,DPC处理使根系的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸氧化酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活力显著高于对照,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力则降低;H₂O₂含量和超氧阴离子(O₂⁻)产生速率较对照分别降低56%和65%,H₂O₂原位染色结果也显示其根尖部分的褐色较对照明显减弱。根系组织的ROS代谢得到改善可能是DPC浸种提高棉花幼苗根系活力的机制之一。     

Compensative Effects of Chemical Regulation with Uniconazole on Physiological Damages Caused by Water Deficiency during the Grain Filling Stage of Wheat

Chemical regulation using plant growth regulators has proved to be potentially beneficial in water‐saving agriculture. This experiment was conducted with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. ‘Jingdong 6’) to study the effect of chemical regulation on alleviation of water deficit stress during the grain filling stage. Uniconazole, a plant growth regulator, was foliar sprayed at 85 % (adequate irrigation) and 60 % (deficit irrigation) field capacity. Results showed that the distribution of ³H‐H₂O in roots and flag leaf, characteristics of vascular bundle in primary roots and internode below spike, roots activity, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of flag leaf were negatively affected by deficit irrigation after flowering. Foliar spraying at the early jointing stage with 13.5 gha^?1 uniconazole was able to relieve and compensate for the harmful effects of deficit irrigation. Both the area of vascular bundle in primary roots and internode below the ear were increased by uniconazole, while root viability and their ability to absorb and transport water were increased. In the flag leaf, stomatal conductance was reduced to maintain the transpiration rate and water use efficiency (WUE) measured for a single wheat plant was higher. Uniconazole increased WUE by 25.0 % under adequate and 22 % under deficit irrigations. Under adequate irrigations, the ¹⁴C‐assimilates export rate from flag leaf in 12 h (E_12h) was increased by 65 % and 36 % in early and late filling stages, while under deficit irrigations, the E_12h of uniconazole‐treated plants exceeded that of control plants by 5 % and 34 % respectively. Physiological damages caused by water deficiency during the grain filling stage of wheat was alleviated by foliar spraying with uniconazole.     

Intact Plant, Callus and Field Grain Yield Responses of Tepary Bean to Drought

In a field trial involving four tepary lines (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray), NE#8A and NE#19 produced higher grain yield than NE#5 and NE#7 under both well watered and drought conditions. However, NE#8A is considered more resistant than NE#19 in terms of drought sensitivity index. Greenhouse investigations on intact plants indicated no differences among the four lines in leaf and stem dry mass, and leaf area. Root depth did not strictly differentiate lower‐yielding from higher‐yielding lines. In contrast to lower‐yielding lines, however, plants of higher‐yielding ones allocated greater dry matter (DM) in roots in response to imposed water stress. Distinctly, NE#19 had the greatest root : shoot (R : S) while NE#8A characterized by high net photosynthesis. Both NE#8A and NE#19 showed reduced leaf area : root dry mass ratio, stomata conductance and transpiration rate. Consequently, these two lines showed no significant changes in leaf relative water content while photosynthetic water‐use‐efficiency increased in response to water stress. Calli derived from leaf and root tissues of higher‐yielding lines exhibited low initial osmotic potential (ψ_s). These calli did not show alterations in ψ_s, DM% and relative growth rate (RGR) when subjected to water stress. Although leaf‐ and root‐derived calli of lower‐yielding lines exhibited osmotic adjustment, they suffered water stress in terms of elevated DM and reduced RGR. Overall, results suggest that dehydration‐avoidance mechanisms conditioned by increased root mass and stomata resistance accompanied with low initial cellular ψ_s sustained high grain yield of tepary under limited water supply.     

Understanding physiological and morphological traits contributing to drought tolerance in barley

Drought stress is a major limiting factor for crop production in the arid and semi‐arid regions. Here, we screened eighty barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes collected from different geographical locations contrasting in drought stress tolerance and quantified a range of physiological and agronomical indices in glasshouse trails. The experiment was conducted in large soil tanks subjected to drought treatment of eighty barley genotypes at three‐leaf stage and gradually brought to severe drought by withholding irrigation for 30 days under glasshouse conditions. Also, root length of the same genotypes was measured from stress‐affected plants growing hydroponically. Drought tolerance was scored 30 days after the drought stress commenced based on the degree of the leaf wilting, fresh and dry biomass and relative water content. These characteristics were related to stomatal conductance, stomatal density, residual transpiration and leaf sap Na, K, Cl contents measured in control (irrigated) plants. Responses to drought stress differed significantly among the genotypes. The overall drought tolerance was significantly correlated with relative water content, stomatal conductance and leaf Na⁺ and K⁺ contents. No significant correlations between drought tolerance and root length of 6‐day‐old seedling, stomatal density, residual transpiration and leaf sap Cl^? content were found. Taking together, these results suggest that drought‐tolerant genotypes have lower stomatal conductance, and lower water content, Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^? contents in their tissue under control conditions than the drought‐sensitive ones. These traits make them more resilient to the forthcoming drought stress.