水稻葡聚糖内切酶新基因OsGLU16的克隆及特性研究

β-1,4-葡聚糖内切酶(endo-β-1,4-glucanase,EGase)在植物的组织生长、开花、果实成熟、器官脱落等方面都具有非常重要的作用。本研究克隆了一个新的水稻β-1,4-葡聚糖内切酶家族基因Os GLU16。序列分析表明该基因位于水稻第8号染色体,c DNA全长1 827 bp,包含一个1 572 bp的开放阅读框,编码523个氨基酸残基。蛋白质同源性分析表明,Os GLU16基因编码的蛋白在第54~第516个氨基酸残基区域具有高度保守的GH9催化结构域。本研究成功构建了Os GLU16基因过表达载体p Ca MV35S-Os GLU16-EGFP,并获得了转基因水稻植株。植株表型分析表明,与野生型相比,过表达株系表现为株高和穗长显著下降。本研究初步探明了Os GLU16基因过表达转基因水稻植株的表型特征,这为进一步丰富β-1,4-葡聚糖内切酶基因家族在水稻生长发育过程中的作用提供理论基础。     

绵羊FecB基因的原核表达及其抗体制备

为了进一步研究FecB基因,利用PCR-RFLP技术筛选出FecB基因,PCR扩增FecB基因编码区序列1509bp,利用限制性内切酶BamHⅠ和EcoRⅠ定向插入原核表达载体pET30a(+),构建原核表达载体pET30a(+)-FecB,诱导表达纯化重组蛋白,免疫小鼠制备多克隆抗体,WesternBlot检测重组蛋白的免疫活性,ELISA检测抗体效价。结果表明,成功的构建了绵羊FecB基因的原核表达载体,并在大肠杆菌中表达目的蛋白,经过4次免疫后,获得多克隆抗体,ELISA方法检测小鼠抗体免疫效价达到1∶32000,纯化的蛋白具有免疫活性。为研究绵羊FecB基因蛋白的功能提供参考。     

油茶花青素还原酶基因克隆和体外功能研究

花青素还原酶(ANR)是催化花青素还原形成单体儿茶素的关键酶。油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel.)属于山茶科山茶属植物,其花青素还原酶基因尚未被克隆和功能分析。本研究采用RT-PCR技术,克隆获得了两条油茶花青素还原酶基因的全长序列,CoANR1基因全长1441bp,开放阅读框(ORF)长度为1047bp,编码348个氨基酸残基,与茶树ANR1基因的蛋白序列同源性为97%;CoANR2基因全长1413bp,ORF框长度为1014bp,编码337个氨基酸残基,与茶树ANR2基因的蛋白序列同源性为99%。采用大肠杆菌表达方法获得CoANR1和CoANR2重组蛋白,纯化蛋白经体外酶活检测能够催化矢车菊色素合成儿茶素(C)和表儿茶素(EC),催化飞燕草色素合成没食子儿茶素(GC)和没食子表儿茶素(EGC)。本研究为进一步研究油茶儿茶素合成的分子机制提供了重要的研究基础和理论依据。     

水稻DUF966基因家族的生物信息学分析

DUF966基因家族是一类未知功能的基因家族,它们在水稻生长发育和逆境胁迫应答反应中可能起重要作用,为了研究这些基因的生物学功能,初步揭示它们对水稻生长发育和抗逆性的调控作用,本研究通过生物信息学方法,分析了水稻DUF966家族基因特征、系统进化、芯片表达谱、跨膜结构域、信号肽以及亚细胞定位。结果表明,水稻DUF966基因家族包含7个成员,几乎都具有转录活性,它们编码的蛋白质只包含1~2个保守的未知功能结构域(DUF966结构域);进化分析表明,该家族可分为4个亚群,其中Os DSR2、Os DSR4、Os DSR5和Os DSR6同属一个亚群,可能具有相似的生物学功能;芯片表达谱分析表明,该家族基因主要在幼苗、花序和茎中呈中、低度表达,Os DSR3和Os DSR7基因受盐和低温胁迫的诱导表达,其它基因受不同非生物胁迫的抑制表达,该家族多数基因还能被白叶枯病菌侵染诱导表达;蛋白预测表明,该家族蛋白不含跨膜结构域和信号肽序列,能够被定位在细胞质中。本研究为系统开展水稻DUF966基因家族的生物学功能研究提供了依据。     

鸡α干扰素基因的克隆、原核表达及抗病毒活性测定

通过PCR技术从罗曼鸡肝脏基因组中扩增鸡α干扰素(ChIFN-α)全基因,并克隆和测序.序列分析表明,ChIFN-α基因全长为582 bp,亚克隆其成熟蛋白编码基因489 bp,利用基因重组技术构建了重组质粒,使ChIFN-α置于原核表达载体pQE30的T5启动子下并同6×His(多聚组氨酸标签)-Tag 融合.经酶切和PCR鉴定,DNA测序证实重组质粒pQEChIFN-α构建正确;将pQEChIFN-α转化大肠杆菌M15感受态细胞,用IPTG诱导表达.SDS-PAGE和Western blot证实表达出分子质量为19.80 kDa的融合蛋白.表达的蛋白以包涵体形式存在,经变性、复性处理后,在Vero细胞上抗水泡性口炎病毒的活性为1.16×103 U/mg.本研究成功表达了ChIFN-α,表达的重组蛋白具有一定的生物活性.     

漆树TvFAD2基因的克隆与表达分析

植物油酸脱氢酶基因(FAD2)编码的蛋白是负责催化油酸转化为亚油酸的关键脂肪酸去饱和酶,在植物发育、油品质改良及耐逆过程中发挥重要调控作用。为了分离漆树FAD2基因并研究其功能,本研究采用同源克隆法首次从漆树中获得了FAD2基因的全长CDS序列。生物信息学分析结果表明,TvFAD2基因的开放阅读框为1 152 bp,编码383个氨基酸,具有典型的脂肪酸去饱和酶结构域。TvFAD2为亲水性蛋白,含有5个跨膜结构域和3个富含组氨酸的保守区域。系统进化树分析表明,漆树FAD2蛋白和盐肤木FAD2蛋白的亲缘关系最近。转录表达水平检测结果表明,TvFAD2基因在主要在漆树的叶和幼果中表达,在幼果中表达量最高,在花蕾期全花和盛花期全花中有低水平的表达。本研究为漆树FAD2基因的进一步利用提供了理论指导。     

中国桔梗PgF3'5'H及其突变型基因在毕赤酵母中的表达差异分析

F3'5'H是催化合成蓝色花色素的关键酶,F3'5'H蛋白序列中一段编码9个氨基酸的特殊序列区段可能与F3'5'H催化合成的蓝色花色素有关,但该特殊序列区段的催化功能和作用机制尚不清楚。为了探究PgF3'5'H中,该特殊序列结构的催化功能及作用机制,本研究通过重叠延伸PCR技术去除PgF3'5'H编码的9个氨基酸特殊序列区段,获得缺失突变型基因;将PgF3'5'H野生型及其突变型基因同时导入毕赤酵母;通过qRT-PCR检测野生基因及其突变基因在酵母中转录水平基因表达量的差异;通过SDS-PAGE检测PgF3'5'H野生型基因及其突变型基因在酵母中的合成蛋白量的差异。qRT-PCR分析结果显示PgF3'5'H野生型基因较其突变型在酵母中呈现更高的表达量;SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示重组子分泌生成了分子量大小约为52.0 k D的目标蛋白,且野生型蛋白量相比其突变型蛋白量高。因此,推测Pg F3'5'H蛋白序列中9个氨基酸的特殊序列与调控该基因在RNA和蛋白水平的表达量有关,进而可能影响该基因的催化功能。研究结果将为观赏植物蓝色花色形成分子机制及蓝色花色分子育种提供一定研究基础。     

水稻金属硫蛋白OsMT-1-2a的原核表达及活性分析

本研究旨在研究水稻金属硫蛋白Os MT-1-2a基因原核表达情况及清除活性氧的能力。从水稻中克隆获得的Os MT-1-2a基因亚克隆至p ET32a原核表达载体上,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中成功表达了带有6x His标签的Os MT-1-2a全长重组蛋白,主要以可溶性蛋白形式存在,分子量大小为32 k D,与预期大小一致。随后,通过镍柱法纯化目的蛋白,利用WST法表明纯化蛋白在体外具有一定的清除超氧化物的能力。     

巴西橡胶树HbUBC22基因克隆与表达分析

泛素蛋白酶体途径（ubiquitin proteasome pathway, UPP）是细胞内最重要的且具有高度选择性的蛋白质降解途径,而泛素结合酶E2/UBC是该途径的一个关键酶。本研究通过对巴西橡胶树同源EST序列拼接和RT-PCR扩增的方法,克隆了一个巴西橡胶树的泛素结合酶基因HbUBC22,该基因的开放阅读框（ORF）共807 bp,编码268个氨基酸,编码蛋白含有一个保守的UBC结构域和一个高度保守的半胱氨酸催化位点。系统进化关系分析发现,HbUBC22蛋白与蓖麻、杨树、油茶和葡萄的UBC蛋白的同源性最高,分别为89%、85%、85%和81%;在拟南芥基因组中,HbUBC22则与AtUBC22的同源性最高达到73%。表达谱分析结果显示,HbUBC22受乙烯利和茉莉酸甲酯诱导显著上调表达。原核表达分析结果表明,经IPTG诱导后,HbUBC22能够在大肠杆菌中表达出目标蛋白。本研究结果为进一步研究HbUBC22在橡胶树中的生物学功能奠定了良好基础。     

拟南芥芥子酶基因TGG4的克隆、表达和酶活性鉴定

芥子酶是一类水解硫代葡萄糖苷的酶,广泛存在于十字花科植物中。人们在拟南芥中已经发现了3个芥子酶基因,分别是TGG1、TGG2和TGG3。通过对拟南芥基因组数据库的搜索,发现3个新的芥子酶基因TGG4、TGG5和TGG6。本研究克隆了TGG4基因全长cDNA序列,构建酵母表达载体,转化毕氏酵母GS115,进行甲醇诱导表达,重组蛋白用离子交换层析柱纯化。纯化的重组蛋白经测定具有芥子酶活性,而且其活性被低浓度的维生素C激活,具有芥子酶的典型特征。芥子酶系统发生树分析进一步表明,TGG4代表一个芥子酶基因新亚家族。     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

Inheritance of fruit colour in a wild Russian red raspberry seedling

Summary A new gene, i, from a self-incompatible wild Russian Rubus idaeus seedling is described. The gene i interacts with the fruit colour gene T, Tii plants having apricot instead of red fruits, and spines, leaves and stems pigmented to varying degrees. A deficit of apricot-fruited seedlings in progenies segregating for i could be explained by linkage between i and the self-incompatibility S locus with a crossover value of approximately 26.7%.Segregations for spine colour in crosses and backcrosses of the Russian seedling with two green-spined (ttII) raspberries selected for their yellow fruit colour, showed that both the latter carried the spine colour intensifier gene P. This suggests that earlier authors were incorrect in attributing the apricot fruit colour developed by some tt plants to a pleiotropic effect of P.     

Flag Leaf Senescence, as Evaluated by Numerical Image Analysis, and its Relationship with Yield under Drought in Durum Wheat

Senescence was evaluated at different stages of the grain‐filling period in eight durum wheat varieties using numerical image analysis (NIA). The varieties were grown under early, severe drought conditions on the high plains of Sétif in Algeria. After flowering, three different irrigation treatments were applied. Treatment effect was small, while a genotypic effect was noted for most of the senescence parameters. Senescence correlated to biomass, while the maximal rate of senescence, V_smax, correlated to thousand‐kernel weight. The potential of the method of numerical image analysis for monitoring flag leaf senescence, detecting genotypic variability and selecting genotypes with delayed senescence is discussed.     

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata): Genetics,genomics and breeding

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.), is an important grain legume grown in the tropics where it constitutes a valuable source of protein in the diets of millions of people. Some abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect its productivity. A review of the genetics, genomics and breeding of cowpea is presented in this article. Cowpea breeding programmes have studied intensively qualitative and quantitative genetics of the crop to better enhance its improvement. A number of initiatives including Tropical Legumes projects have contributed to the development of cowpea genomic resources. Recent progress in the development of consensus genetic map containing 37,372 SNPs mapped to 3,280 bins will strengthen cowpea trait discovery pipeline. Several informative markers associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to desirable attributes of cowpea were generated. Cowpea genetic improvement activities aim at the development of drought tolerant, phosphorus use efficient, bacterial blight and virus resistant lines through exploiting available genetic resources as well as deployment of modern breeding tools that will enhance genetic gain when grown by sub‐Saharan Africa farmers.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Screening for resistance to take-all in wheat,triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines

Summary Fifteen triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines were evaluated for resistance to the take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and compared with five wheat and two rye lines in inoculated field and pot trials. The triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines varied in rye chromosome number and degree of resistance expressed. One line, Venus with seven pairs of rye chromosomes consistently showed levels of resistance intermediate between wheat and rye. A trend was observed where increasing rye chromosome content led to greater resistance but exceptions showed that variation within triticales could not be ascribed to rye chromosome content alone.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.