施氮对夏玉米顶部籽粒早期发育及产量的影响

以夏玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,对不同施氮水平下顶部籽粒的早期发育状况及产量进行了研究。结果表明,施氮明显促进关键酶活性的增强,促进顶部籽粒的早期发育。当施氮量为180 kg/hm²时,顶部籽粒的酸性蔗糖转化酶（AI）、中性蔗糖转化酶（NI）、蔗糖合成酶（SS）、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（ADPGase）、淀粉     

弱光胁迫对不同基因型玉米籽粒发育和碳氮代谢的影响

以不耐阴型玉米豫玉22和耐阴型玉米郑单958为试验材料,设置自然光照和弱光胁迫2个处理,研究弱光胁迫对不同基因型玉米籽粒建成和碳氮代谢的影响,探求弱光胁迫下碳氮代谢与籽粒建成的关系。结果表明,弱光胁迫下,玉米籽粒生长发育减缓,败育数增加,体积和干重降低;果穗顶部籽粒可溶性糖、蔗糖含量和全氮含量升高, 淀粉含量和碳氮比降低;豫玉22胚乳细胞中淀粉粒密度降低,郑单958与对照相近。弱光胁迫下,不耐阴型玉米豫玉22果穗籽粒的生长发育减缓程度大于耐阴型玉米郑单958,同一基因型果穗顶部籽粒生长发育减缓程度大于中部籽粒,耐阴型玉米郑单958在恢复自然光照后籽粒体积、干重、籽粒碳氮含量和碳氮比与对照之间的差异均小于豫玉22,表现出更强的补偿效应。淀粉合成能力和碳氮比的下降可能是弱光胁迫条件下籽粒发育不良以致最终造成败育的主要原因。     

Yield Components of Apical and Subapical Ear Contributing to the Grain Yield Responses of Prolific Maize at High and Low Plant Populations

Subapical ears are largely responsible for grain yield variations in prolific maize (Zea mays L.) grown under conditions favourable for the expression of prolificacy trait, but limited information exists on yield components contributing to yield responses. A field experiment was conducted to determine the yield components of apical and subapical ear in prolific maize after various pollination treatments at two plant populations. Hybrid Pioneer 3733 was grown in the perfect stands of 71 428 and 35 714 plants ha^?1. Three pollination treatments were carried out: (i) free pollination; (ii) subapical earshoots were covered to prevent pollination; and (iii) apical earshoots were covered to prevent pollination. Grain yields of free pollinated plants were by 50.1 % larger at low plant population (265 g per plant) than at high plant population (177 g per plant) due to a 45.3 % increase in kernels per plant, whereas 1000‐kernel weight slightly increased by 3.3 %. These increased kernels per plant at low plant population were, in part, the result of kernel increments on apical ear (10.1 %), and mainly associated with kernels from subapical ears that did not occur at high plant population. At low plant population, the total grain yield per plant was reduced by 94 g (35.5 %) after the apical ear was bagged to prevent pollination, but only 52 g (19.6 %) when the subapical ear was bagged. When subapical ear development was stopped at low plant population, grain yield on apical ears increased by only 3.9 % as a result of heavier 1000‐kernel weights, clearly demonstrating limitations in kernel set and size. After grain development on apical ear was prevented, subapical ear enlarged to 80.3 % of maximum apical ear yield because the former had, on average, 2.5 % lighter 1000‐kernel weight and 17.5 % fewer kernels than the latter. Ears did not differ in row number when only apical or subapical ear was developed on plant, whereas subapical ears tended to have fewer rows than apical ears when both were present on the same plant. Our results showed that: (i) plant population affected all yield components on both apical and subapical ear except row number; (ii) the occurrence of subapical ear is triggered by achieving maximum potential kernel set on apical ear; and (iii) subapical ear is inferior in potential grain yield to apical one even when the latter was prevented from pollination.     

基于控制授粉技术的玉米弱势粒发育与库特征的关系

明确弱势粒败育和灌浆受限与其库容量或库活性关系,对于探讨弱势粒调控途径、实现密植群体产量挖潜具有重要意义。本研究以典型玉米杂交种郑单958和先玉335为材料,在控制授粉条件下(不完全授粉IcP、完全授粉CP),比较成功发育弱势粒(IcP处理)和发育不良弱势粒(CP处理)的库容量和库活性及籽粒灌浆参数的差异。结果表明,不同控制授粉处理下,玉米弱势粒胚乳细胞增殖过程和最大胚乳细胞数无显著差异;IcP处理弱势粒可溶性酸性蔗糖转化酶(SAI)活性显著高于CP处理,平均差异和最大差异分别达12.6%和21.8%,且实测百粒重、籽粒终极生长量、最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率皆表现为IcP处理高于CP处理。可见,玉米果穗顶部弱势粒败育或灌浆停滞不受其库容量的限制,籽粒形成期的库活性是弱势粒败育或灌浆受限的核心限制因子。     

Effects of Stem-Injected Sucrose on Photosynthesis and Productivity of Water Stressed Corn Plants

Water stress during silking or early kernel development decreases the number of kernels set by corn (Zea mays L.) plants. Previous work has suggested that lack of assimilate supply due to water stress at silking was a major factor in the resulting reproductive failure. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that sucrose supplementation of water stressed corn plants can prevent decreased kernel set. Sucrose was injected into corn stems at three concentrations [0 (distilled water), 150 and 300 g L^?1] for 30 days starting at silking. Water availability was controlled by either maintaining a water table at 50 cm from the soil surface (well watered) or by withholding water starting one week before silking (water stress) until the fifth day after silking. The photosynthesis rate of water stressed plants was 25% that of well-water plants on the first day of silking. On average, the daily injection rate for distilled water was 1 mL higher than that of the sucrose treatments over a 30 day injection period. No difference in daily uptake rate was observed between the 150 and 300 g sucrose L^?1 treatments. Over water availability treatments approximately 17 g sucrose were injected into corn plants during the 30 day injection period. Corn plants receiving sufficient water supply produced bigger ears, with more seeds and greater 100-seed weight values, leading to higher total plant dry matter accumulation than water stressed plants. Injection of 300 g sucrose L^?1 increased the weight of the injected internodes by 28%, compared with distilled water injection. The highest grain yield was for the plants injected with 150 g sucrose L^?1, but only under sufficient water supply. The plants injected with 300 g sucrose L^?1 produced the least grain regardless of moisture availability. Thus, the exogenous sucrose supplementation influenced kernel set only under conditions of sufficient soil water supply. These results indicate that plant reproductive development after silking was limited more by water availability than assimilate supply, suggesting that some overall plant response to water stress, perhaps mediated by hormonal signalling, was more important than carbohydrate supply. These results indicated that plant desiccation occurred during floral development or pollination; irreversible loss of florets on unsuccessful pollination could result, thus, grain yield would be limited more by sink size than by availability of photosynthate.     

玉米弱势粒库活性与籽粒内源激素及多胺含量的关系

玉米籽粒形成期的库活性是弱势粒败育或灌浆受限的核心限制因子,明确弱势粒中内源激素及多胺水平对其库活性的调控机制,对探索密植条件下玉米弱势粒调控途径具有重要意义。本研究以典型玉米杂交种郑单958和先玉335为材料,在控制授粉条件下(不完全授粉Ic P、完全授粉CP),比较分析了成功发育弱势粒(Ic P处理)和发育不良弱势粒(CP处理)的内源激素及多胺水平差异及其与库活性的关系。结果表明,品种和年度对籽粒库活性、内源激素和多胺水平整体无显著影响。Ic P处理下弱势粒的可溶性酸性蔗糖转化酶(SAI)活性显著高于CP处理,平均差异和最大差异分别达13.5%和21.8%。在玉米籽粒形成期,弱势粒中玉米素和玉米素核苷(Z+ZR)、生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)和脱落酸(ABA)含量在两种控制授粉处理间无显著差异。弱势粒中多胺含量表现为Ic P处理显著高于CP处理,而乙烯释放速率则恰恰相反。弱势粒中SAI活性与多胺含量显著正相关,而与乙烯释放速率显著负相关,且多胺含量与乙烯释放速率显著负相关。可见,在玉米籽粒形成期,其弱势粒中Z+ZR、IAA、GA3和ABA与其库活性即SAI活性无关;弱势粒库活性主要受多胺和乙烯含量影响,多胺促进SAI活性而乙烯则抑制其活性,二者的平衡关系决定了弱势粒成功发育与否;多胺和乙烯平衡关系受同化物质供应水平的调控。     

玉米籽粒突变体dek101的表型分析和精细定位

As the storage organ of maize, kernel development and accumulation of storage production directly determines maize yield and quality. In this study, a stable defective kernel mutant, named as defective kernel 101 (dek101), was identified during the development of double haploid (DH) lines in maize. The dek101 kernels displayed severely shrunk kernel appearance, significantly reduced kernel weight, lethal embryo, defective endosperm and were incapable of germinating. The dek101 showed obvious developmental abnormalities at 12 days after pollination (DAP). The fresh weight, dry weight and volume of the kernels were no longer increased after 21 DAP. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation revealed that the starch granules of dek101 were significantly smaller compared with wild-type kernels. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the mutant trait was controlled by a recessive single gene. Using 441 F₂ individuals and 1648 F₃ individuals, dek101 was narrowed down to a genomic region of about 300 kb between the InDel marker IDP2182 and IDP4600 on chromosome 1, which contains five predicted genes. These results laid the foundation for mining functional genes related to maize kernel development and deciphering the mechanism of grain development.     

Nitrogen Fertilizer and Protein, Lipid, and Non-structural Carbohydrate Concentrations During the Course of Maize Kernel Filling

A field experiment was carried out at four location-years in Southwestern Quebec, Canada in 1990 and 1991, to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) application on protein, lipid, non-structural carbohydrate (NSC), and remaining grain components concentrations of maize ( Zea mays L.) grain during kernel development. Three N fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, urea, and calcium ammonium nitrate) were compared for plants receiving pre-plant incorporated N fertilizer at 180 kg ha^-1 as well as a control which received no N fertilizer. The results indicated that between 20 and 30 days after pollination (DAP) protein concentration of maize kernels declined sharply, thereafter only slightly, irrespective of the treatment. At most stages and in all four location-years protein concentration was raised significantly by N-application without clear difference between N-fertilizer sources. At 20 DAP seeds of N-fertilized plants contain 25.5 mg g^-1 more than those without N-application (control); later on, this difference was lower (12.8 mg g^-1) but remained constant over time if averaged over N-sources and location-years. At most growth stages and in most location-years the lipid concentration did not respond to N fertilizer application. Lipid concentration followed an "N" shaped curve over the course of grain development. Non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration increased significantly during grain filling and showed little effect due to N application. However, at most growth stages in the four location-years, the concentration of remaining grain components tended to decline with N application. A significant negative correlation existed between the changes in protein concentration and NSC concentration during kernel development.     

Response of maize inbred lines to a defoliation treatment inducing tolerance to cold at germination

Defoliation during maize (Zea mays L.) kernel development has been observed to induce tolerance to cold of germinating seeds in responsive genotypes. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the response to defoliation of immature embryo and mature seed germinability at cold and to verify if the response was influenced by the developmental stage at which the treatment was applied. In three environments, six inbred lines (B73, IABO78, Lo1016, Lo964, Mo17, Os420) were defoliated (D) approximately 20 days after pollination (DAP) or not defoliated (ND). Immature embryos were excised three days after defoliation and germinated in vitro at 9 or 25 ^∘C. At maturation, kernel germination was tested at the same temperatures. Defoliation improved cold tolerance and mean time to germination (MTG) at 9 ^∘C of both embryos and kernels of Lo1016. To study the effect of kernel developmental stage on response to defoliation, plants of B73, Lo1016 and Lo964 were defoliated at 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, and 39 DAP, or not defoliated. At the same DAP, immature grains were analyzed for dry weight, water and abscisic acid (ABA) content. In Lo1016, low amounts of kernel ABA were detected at all stages, while in Lo964 and B73 ABA increased during development. Lo1016 mature kernels showed an improvement of cold tolerance due to defoliation at all times, while the other genotypes did not. In conclusion inbred lines showed variability for mature seed and immature embryo tolerance to cold at germination and for the ability to acquire tolerance after defoliation.     

种植密度对玉米籽粒灌浆及脱水特性的影响

为了研究种植密度对玉米籽粒灌浆、脱水特性及产量的影响,探寻玉米收获时籽粒含水量与籽粒灌浆速率和脱水速率的相关性,建立玉米高产、高品质及合理密植栽培模式。以‘绿单2号’、‘绥玉10号’、‘鑫鑫1号’、‘德美亚3号’、‘吉单27’、‘嫩单11’为试验材料,采取裂区设计,种植密度为主区（种植密度设6.0万株/hm²、7.5万株/hm²、9.0万株/hm²、10.5万株/hm² 4个水平）,玉米品种为副区,测定授粉后不同时期各玉米品种籽粒灌浆速率、脱水速率、籽粒含水量、产量及产量相关性状,研究种植密度对不同玉米品种籽粒灌浆及脱水特性的影响。结果表明,‘德美亚3号’10.5万株/hm²种植密度下,授粉后55天灌浆即停止,其他玉米品种授粉后56~60天、61~65天籽粒灌浆速率差异不明显,并趋于0;授粉后41~65天,‘绿单2号’7.5万株/hm²处理籽粒含水量低于其他密度处理(P＜0.05),65天籽粒含水量最低,为41.34%;‘德美亚3号’7.5万株/hm²种植密度籽粒脱水速率表现单峰曲线趋势,峰值出现在授粉后51~55天,为3.90%/d;6个玉米品种10.5万株/hm²处理产量均低于其各自玉米品种其他密度处理,说明三江平原地区10.5万株/hm²密度不适于该6个玉米品种。综合籽粒灌浆、脱水特性及产量性状,‘鑫鑫1号’、‘绥玉10号’最适密度为6.0万株/hm²,‘绿单2号’、‘德美亚3号’、‘吉单27’最适密度为7.5万株/hm²;‘嫩单11’对密度处理不敏感。     

玉米籽粒突变体smk7的表型分析和基因定位

利用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)对玉米自交系B73进行诱变,获得一个可以稳定遗传的小籽粒突变体smk7(small kernel 7)。smk7成熟籽粒表现为体积变小,胚和胚乳发育缺陷,百粒重显著降低。突变籽粒发芽率仅为10%,且幼苗黄化不能生长成正常植株。成熟smk7胚乳中淀粉、蛋白、油分含量与野生型籽粒相比无显著差异,但突变体胚乳淀粉粒体积明显变小且形状不规则。smk7突变籽粒在授粉后12 d即可观察到明显的小籽粒和空瘪表型,石蜡切片显微观察显示突变籽粒的胚和胚乳发育迟缓,胚乳基部转移层细胞(BETL)相对于野生型细胞壁向内生长减少,发育受阻。用杂合植株(+/smk7)与多个自交系分别杂交,构建不同背景的F2分离群体,遗传分析结果表明该性状受单隐性核基因控制。利用靶向测序基因型分型(genotyping by target sequencing,GBTS)技术将基因初定位于2号染色体短臂,进一步精细定位发现该基因位于RM1433917和RM1535316两个标记之间约120 kb的物理范围内,共有8个蛋白编码基因。本研究为进一步克隆和解析SMK7基因调控玉米籽粒发育的分子机制奠定了基础。     

玉米籽粒突变体smk7的表型分析和基因定位

In this study, a stable small kernel mutant, named small kernel 7 (smk7), was isolated from ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis of maize inbred line B73. Compared with wild type, the smk7 mutants showed smaller kernel size, defective embryo and endosperm development and a significant decrease in 100-kernel weight. The smk7 kernels showed a low level of germination rate at 10% and cannot grow into normal plants. No significant changes were detected in protein, starch and oil content between mature wild type and smk7 kernels, but the starch grains became significantly smaller and irregular in smk7 kernels compared with wild type. The smk7 kernels could be clearly distinguished from the wild type as early as 12 days after pollination (DAP), on the basis of their smaller and emptier phenotype. Microscopic inspection of the paraffin sections revealed that the development of embryo and endosperm were delayed, and the cell wall in growth in basal endosperm transfer layers (BETL) were arrested in smk7 compared with wild type. The F₂ populations with multiple backgrounds were constructed by crossing heterozygous plants (+/smk7) with several other inbred lines. Genetic analysis showed that the mutant phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene. Based on genotyping by target sequencing (GBTS) strategy, the SMK7 was initially mapped on the short arm of chromosome 2. The fine mapping results suggested that SMK7 was located between markers RM1433917 and RM1535316, with a physical distance of 120 kb. There were eight protein-coding genes in this region. This study laid a foundation for further genes cloning and research of the SMK7 function in regulating maize kernel development.     

Apical Development and Growth of Barley under Different CO2 and Nitrogen Regimes

Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration have stimulated interest in the response of agricultural crops to elevated levels of CO₂. Several studies have addressed the response of C₃ cereals to CO₂, but the interactive effect of nutrient supply and CO₂ on apical development and spikelet set and survival has not been investigated thoroughly. Hence, an experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to evaluate the effect of high (700 μmol CO₂mol^?1 air) and low (400 μmol mol^?1) levels of atmospheric CO₂ on apical development, spikelet set and abortion, and pre- and post-anthesis growth in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown under high N (0.3 g N pot^?1 before sowing ?1–0.11 g N pot^?1 week^?1) and low N (0.3 g N pot^?1) regimes. The plants were grown in 5 L pots. Development of spike was hastened due to CO₂ enrichment, and the C+ plants pollinated few days earlier than the C— plants. Carbon dioxide enrichment had no effect on date of ripening. Development of spike slowed following application of extra N, and plants pollinated 10 days later and matured 2 weeks later when compared with plants under low N. Carbon dioxide enrichment did not affect the number of spikelets at anthesis. Excess N decreased spikelet abortion and the increased maximum number of spikelets under both [CO₂]. Barley plants did not tiller when grown in low [CO₂] and low N. Increased endogenous IAA concentration in those plants, recorded three days before tillers appeared in other treatments, may have contributed to this. Carbon dioxide enrichment increased the C concentration of plants, but decreased the N concentration under high N regime. Both the C and N concentration of plants were increased under high N regime. Carbon dioxide enrichment increased the total dry matter of mature plants by 9 % under high N regime and by 21 % under low N regime. Under high [CO₂] increased kernel number on tiller spikes, and increased kernel weight both on main stem and on tiller spikes resulted in a 23 % increase in kernel yield under low N regime and 76 % increase in kernel yield under high N regime. The rate of N application influenced growth and yield components to a greater extent than CO₂ enrichment. At maturity, plant dry matter, kernel weight, the number of kernels per spike, and the number of spikes per plant were higher under high N regime than under low N regime. Long days (16 h), low light intensity (280 μmol m^?2s^?1), and at constant temperature of 20 °C high [CO₂] increased kernel weight and the number of kernels on tiller spikes under high and low N application rate, but did not increase the number of kernels on main stem spike, or the number of tillers or tiller spikes per plant.     

Matromorphy in Brassica oleracea L. VI. Research on ovules,embryos and endosperms after prickle pollination

Summary A research has been carried out on possible differences in developmental rate or growth rate of ovules, embryos and endosperms after prickle pollination and after selfing of Brassica oleracea plants. After prickle pollination ovules, embryos and endosperms developed/grew slower than after selfing which may be attributed to certain disturbances in the embryosac. After prickle pollination embryos and endosperms occurred with possible a rather high ploidy level suggesting that diploid embryosacs were present.     

Variation in sweet corn kernel characteristics associated with stand establishment and eating quality

Summary A better understanding of the relationships between kernel characteristics associated with eating quality and stand establishment could be helpful in selection of superior genotypes by the sweet corn industry. A set of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) inbred lines with different endosperm mutations (su1, su1 se1 and sh2) were evaluated for field emergence and seedling growth rate at two locations over two years. Kernel characteristics associated with eating quality (kernel moisture concentration, kernel tenderness, sugars, phytoglycogen and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) concentrations were determined for the same inbreds by laboratory analysis from ears harvested at 18 and 22 days after pollination (DAP). Amounts of sugars, phytoglycogen and starch were also measured in mature dry kernel samples of the same inbreds. Extensive genetic variability was found among endosperm mutations and among genetic backgrounds within the different endosperm groups for most of the characteristics under study. Most of the kernel attributes associated with eating quality were uncorrelated indicating that selection to improve specific eating quality characteristics can be conducted simultaneously. A negative correlation between field emergence and sugar concentrations in immature kernels suggests that in breeding programs designed to develop germplasm with improved germination and stand establishment, concurrent attention must be given to the fresh quality of the harvested product. This information is of value to breeders and commercial growers for selection of sh2 and su1 se1 lines with superior field emergence and eating quality.Abbreviations (DAP) days after pollination - (DMS) dimethyl sulfide     

Characterization of gene expression profiles in developing kernels of maize (Zea mays) inbred Tex6

Maize inbred Tex6 is resistant to several pests. The objectives of this study were to characterize gene expression profiles in Tex6 kernels and identify unique genes that expressed up‐ or down‐ward in developing kernels in the later stages. Because of the resistance of Tex6 kernels, we reasoned that it would be an interesting candidate for microarray study. By using maize microarray, we analysed gene expression profiles in developing kernels from 25 DAP (days after pollination) to 45 DAP. A total of 8497 positive array spots were detected with unique IDs, in which 4247 genes were detected in all samples. The trends of total expressed genes were decreasing when kernels were maturing. Expression patterns of some genes in several metabolic pathways, including starch, lipid and storage proteins, were analysed. In comparison with 25 DAP, expressions of 211 gene features were significantly different at 45 DAP (P < 0.05), which will be used to produce a macroarray for germplasm assessment and evaluation. The real‐time qRT‐PCR was used to validate microarray study.     

Comparison of Salt and Drought‐Stress Effects on Maize Growth and Yield Formation with Regard to Acid Invertase Activity in the Kernels

The long‐term effects of salt stress (11 dS m^?1) and drought stress (35 % WHC) were investigated for two maize genotypes, focusing on the relation between metabolic changes around the time of pollination and the impact on yield determinants at maturity. The relatively salt‐resistant hybrid Pioneer 3906 and the relatively drought‐resistant hybrid Fabregas were compared. The experiments were conducted in large plastic containers in a vegetation hall in two consecutive years (2011 and 2012). Plant height and leaf area were significantly reduced under both stress conditions. The transpiration rate was only slightly reduced under drought stress; but under salt stress, a significant reduction occurred 40–53 days after sowing. As a significant increase in sucrose concentrations was observed in the salt‐treated maize kernels 2 days after pollination, the availability of assimilates was not limiting and the plants could afford to save water by reduced stomatal opening. Although under both stress conditions the soluble acid invertase activity was reduced 2 days after pollination, concomitantly, an increase in hexose concentrations was observed. Thus, in these experiments, the delivery of hexoses by acid invertase activity did not limit kernel development. Differences in grain yield at maturity between salt and drought stress were most likely caused by salt‐specific effects (Na⁺ toxicity), Fabregas being more affected than Pioneer 3906.     

花期弱光持续时间对玉米果穗发育及产量的影响

为探明花期连阴雨造成的弱光胁迫持续时间对玉米产量的影响,以黄淮海平原主推夏玉米品种浚单29为材料,自抽雄期起设置弱光胁迫处理0 d(CK)、3 d(S3)、6 d(S6)、9 d(S9)、12 d(S12)、15 d(S15)6个处理,探讨了玉米花期弱光持续时间对玉米果穗发育及产量的影响。结果表明,自抽雄期起,随着弱光胁迫时间的延长,弱光处理3~15 d,吐丝期较CK推迟1~7 d,终散粉日较CK推迟1~2 d。在抽穗后第11天所有处理散粉全部结束。散粉100%结束日吐丝株率较CK减少3%~43%,各处理结束日果穗长度的增长速率和雌穗干质量增长速率分别较CK降低71%~79%和83%~100%,但对最终的苞叶长度无显著影响。弱光处理3~15 d,导致受精率和结实率较CK分别降低22~58,16~71个百分点(P0.05)。抽雄期起3~15 d的弱光胁迫显著降低了植株干物质积累速率,恢复自然光照后,干物质积累速率呈现恢复性增长,但仍低于CK。随着弱光胁迫持续时间的延长,成熟期果穗长度、结实长度显著降低,秃尖长度显著增加,穗粒数和籽粒产量显著降低(P0.05),百粒质量无显著变化。     

Effects of partial shading of the potato plant on photosynthesis of treated leaves,leaf area expansion and allocation of nitrogen and dry matter in component plant parts

Literature shows that the distribution of nitrogen (N) over leaf layers tends to follow the distribution of light. Nitrogen is regarded as moving away from poorly illuminated leaves. If operative in plant canopies, such mechanisms affect leaf longevity and the allocation of N and dry matter to plant parts. To examine such mechanisms in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) we conducted pot experiments with spaced plants in which the primary axis of the plant was subjected to shade treatments (50 or 90% shade), while the apical branches of the plant were illuminated as the control plants. N treatments were a limiting rate of N supply (N1) and a high rate of N supply (N2). Changes in leaf area, dry weight, N content (organic N and nitrate) and light saturated photosynthetic rate (P_max) were recorded for particular leaf numbers. Leaf area, dry weights and total N content of all component plant parts were determined. Shaded leaves showed a lower specific leaf weight while leaf area was not affected. Fifty percent shade had little effect on age-related changes of leaf properties, but leaves senesced fast when subjected to 90% shade. Shading the primary axis enhanced apical branching, increased sizes of individual leaves and reduced stem:leaf weight ratio of non-shaded apical branches; partitioning of dry matter and nitrogen to tubers was less than in controls. It was concluded that these changes were not associated with enhanced remobilization of N from shaded plant parts; nor were they related to enhanced senescence of shaded leaves.     

Production of diploid and triploid interspecific hybrids between Lilium concolor and L. longiflorum by in vitro ovary slice culture

Successful hybridization between Lilium concolor and Lilium longiflorum has not been reported but ovary slice culture technique, after cut-style pollination has now been used to produce diploid and triploid interspecific hybrids between these species. Reciprocal crosses between diploid cultivars (2n= 2x= 24) were conducted. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 days after pollination (DAP), ovaries were sliced and cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium without growth regulators and NH₄NO₃, supplemented with 6% sucrose, 50 mg/1 yeast extract and 0.25% gelrite at pH 6.3. For the L. concolor × L. longiflorum cross, embryo germination was found to be best at 20 DAP, while for the L. longiflorum × L. concolor at 25 DAP. After transfer to a MS (half-strength) medium supplemented with 1.5% sucrose, 0.25% gelrite and 0.2% active charcoal at pH 5.8, diploid and triploid hybrid plants were developed. All regenerated plants were identified as hybrids on the basis of karyotype and isozyme analyses. Ovary slice culture technique as a method of producing polyploids is discussed.