贮藏时间对麻疯树种子萌发率和总体出油量的影响

以不同年份采收的麻疯树种子为试验材料,研究采后1个月、1年、2年、3年、4年、5年和8年种子的种子百粒重、种仁百粒重、出仁率、种子含水率、种仁含水率、酸值、种仁含油率、主要脂肪酸比例和萌发率变化共11个指标,多元线性回归分析显示,贮藏时间只与萌发率和种仁含水率呈负相关,与油脂酸值呈正相关,贮藏1年后萌发率下降到32％.种仁含油率和出仁率是影响总体出油量的关键因子,它们与贮藏时间未见相关性,但是前者与种仁重量正相关,后者与种子含水率负相关.酸值的增加并未影响除萌发率以外的包括含油率和主要脂肪酸比例等指标.所以,用于扩繁再生的种子最好贮藏1年以内,控制低湿度;作为原料油再加工的种子至少可贮藏5年,可尽量干燥.     

油葵容重、籽仁率、百粒重与含油率相关性分析

通过建立多元回归数学模型,对20个国内、外油用型向日葵(油葵)杂交种籽实主要经济性状,即容重、籽仁率、百粒重、含油率、产油量等进行相关性分析研究.通径分析结果表明:容重(g/L)对籽实含油率的贡献值＞籽仁率(%)＞百粒重(g/100粒),容重、籽仁率与籽实含油率的高低均呈极显著正相关(r3Y=0.5888、r2Y=0.6833);百粒重与籽实含油率呈负相关(r1Y=-0.00252).而单位面积产油量(kg/hm2×含油率)是评价油葵杂交种品质优劣的重要指标,相关通径分析表明,油葵籽实含油率(%)与单位面积产油量呈极显著正相关(ry1=0.6180).因此,在油葵"三系"配套杂交品种选育过程中,除兼顾其它综合农艺性状外,籽粒经济性状中容重、籽仁率、百粒重等是影响油葵品质(含油率)的重要经济指标.     

油用型向日葵籽实主要经济性状与含油率相关性研究

本文通过建立多元回归数学模型,对20个国内、外油用型向日葵(油葵)杂交种籽实主要经济性状,即容重、籽仁率、百粒重、含油率、产油量等,进行相关性分析研究.通径分析结果表明:容重(g/L)对籽实含油率的贡献值＞籽仁率(%)＞百粒重(g),容重、籽仁率与籽实含油率的高低均呈极显著正相关(r3Y=0.588 8、r2Y=0.683 3);百粒重与籽实含油率呈负相关(r1Y=-0.002 52).而公顷产油量(产量×含油率)是评价油葵杂交种品质优劣的重要指标,相关通径分析表明,油葵籽实含油率(%)与公顷产油量呈极显著正相关(ry1=0.618 0).因此,在油葵"三系"配套杂交品种选育过程中,除兼顾其他综合农艺性状外,籽粒经济性状中容重、籽仁率、百粒重等是影响油葵品质(含油率)的重要经济指标.     

麻疯树种子特性及其影响因素研究进展

麻疯树是重要的可再生生物能源植物之一,近年来由于各国能源危机显现而越来越受到广大研究人员关注。研究和了解麻疯树种子特性及其影响因素,是选育麻疯树优良品种和引种栽培的重要前提和基础。为了解麻疯树种子特性的研究进展及为进一步研究提供参考,本文综合相关文献资料,归纳了国内麻疯树种子的生物学性状、种仁主要组分、种子油理化性状及相关影响因素,概述了麻疯树种子萌发特性及其影响因素,提出了有待于进一步研究的问题。     

不同贮藏条件对麻疯树种子生理生化和萌发的影响

采用室温,4、-5℃的贮藏温度和8.7%,4.7%的种子含水量设置6种组合,对麻疯树种子进行贮藏试验,分别于贮藏前、贮藏1个月和贮藏3个月测定不同贮藏条件下种子生理生化指标和萌发特性的变化.结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,麻疯树种子出现明显的劣变现象,一方面是贮藏物质的水解,表现为蛋白质含童降低、可溶性糖含童增加;另一方面是保护酶系统的破坏,呈现明显的膜脂过氧化,SOD活性降低,MDA含量和超氧阴离子自由基产生速率增加.最终结果是种子活力下降,发芽率降低.6种贮藏组合中,贮藏效果最好的是4号处理(温度4℃,含水量4.7%),其次是3号处理(温度4℃,含水量8.7%),最差的是1号处理(常温,含水量8.7%).初步认为,采用 4.7%的种子含水量和4℃贮藏条件贮藏麻疯树种子效果比较好.     

麻疯树油脂含量遗传性与CSC高油63品种的选育

通过对四川和云南干热河谷地区的麻疯树性状多年的调查研究，发现麻疯树不同类型间种子及种仁含油量存在较大遗传变异，并且可稳定遗传。依据这一规律，利用自然界现有的遗传多样性，采取单株选择的方法，选育出高油麻疯树品种CSC高油63，其种仁含油量平均为63．83％。     

麻疯树种子钙形态特性分析

通过测定麻疯树新鲜成熟种子中不同组织中总钙和不同形态类型钙物质含量,探索麻疯树种子发育过程中对钙的分布规律和储存形式。结果表明,麻疯树新鲜成熟种子胚中钙形态主要以NaCl钙和HAC钙形式为主,钙形态在种子胚的发育过程中主要起到源和库的作用,外种皮中总钙含量丰富,主要以HCl钙形态存在,对参与种子的结构和胚的发育起到积极作用。另外,麻疯树种子胚中可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量与胚中高钙含量和高钙形态含量密切相关,而大分子物质的积累对促进麻疯树适应高钙质环境特征的生长发育过程具有重要意义。     

不同月份成熟麻疯树种子性状及苗木差异研究

以2014-2015年各月成熟采收的麻疯树FD-8号种子为试验材料,研究其产量、表观性状、出苗率及苗木生长差异.结果表明,随种子成熟月份推移,种子产量先增加后减少,以10月产量最高;种子长度、厚度、体积和种仁长度、宽度、厚度、体积存在显著性差异,以10月种仁占种子体积比率最大,而种子宽度差异不显著;种子及其组成部分质量、种子组成部分占种子质量比率存在显著性差异,各指标随种子成熟月份变化的规律不一致.各月种子下年播种,以10月、11月成熟种子的出苗率较高和较稳定;播种期后移,10月成熟种子出苗率缓慢下降,而其他月份种子出苗率快速下降;随种子成熟月份推移,苗木各器官生长量及苗木质量指数呈先增加后减少趋势,以10月成熟种子的各项指标数值最大.可见,10月成熟的麻疯树种子比较适宜留存播种育苗使用.     

玉米子粒与油分性状相关分析研究

利用B73与By804构建的高油玉米群体为材料,分析粒重、粒长、粒宽、粒长宽比、粒厚、子粒油分、子粒体积、粒重体积比的表型变异及相关性分析.结果显示,粒长、粒宽、粒厚、子粒体积、粒重体积比均与粒重呈极显著正相关,而粒长宽比与粒重呈极显著负相关;同时粒长宽比与子粒油分也呈极显著负相关;粒重体积比与子粒油分呈极显著正相关.     

P2西瓜采种植株的生理性状与种子产量,质量的关系

采种植株生理性状与种子产量相关,但与种子质量无关。其中,雌花序位置与单瓜种子总重量和单瓜种子总数(r=0.48,0.60),座瓜位置与单瓜种子总数(r=0.65),座瓜叶数与单瓜种子总重量和单瓜种子总数(r=0.52,0.63),单瓜种子总数与单瓜种子总重量之间(r=0.94)呈正相关。而雌花序位置、座瓜位置、座瓜叶数和单瓜种子总数均与百粒重呈负相关(r=-0.58,-0.62,-0.56,-0.48)。但种瓜直径与种子产量之间无明显关系。     

亚麻种质资源种子形态性状与含油量的分析与评价

为了筛选优异亚麻种质资源,挖掘出优质育种材料,测定了231份国内外亚麻种质资源籽粒的长度、宽度、千粒重、表面积、亮度、红度、艳度及含油量,并对种子形态性状和含油量的关系进行了初步分析。结果表明,参试材料的种子形态性状和含油量存在丰富变异。聚类分析表明,参试材料在遗传距离0.15水平上可划分为4个类群,其中第Ⅰ类群籽粒亮度和红度较高,艳度最低;第Ⅱ类群籽粒的含油量、千粒重、长度和红度均最大;第Ⅲ类群籽粒含油量最低,千粒重最小,种皮亮度最低,但艳度最高;第Ⅳ类群只有1份材料,籽粒宽度最大。相关性分析表明,含油量与籽粒亮度、籽粒红度、籽粒艳度、千粒重、籽粒表面积、籽粒长度和籽粒宽度均呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.255、0.391、0.261、0.548、0.457、0.529和0.385。     

文冠果不同群体果实和种子性状综合评价研究

通过文冠果不同群体的果实数量和质量性状以及相应的种仁含油和脂肪酸成分含量调查,研究文冠果的群体差异。结果表明,不同文冠果群体在成熟果数量、干果重与相应的种子数和千粒重等性状上变异较大,其中7#群体表现较好,其相应值分别(8.9±0.4)个、(39.40±0.8) g、(23.5±0.5)粒和(809.1±9.5) g。不同群体的脂肪酸含量和种仁油脂肪酸化学成分含量分析亦存在差异,其中7#群体的含油量和脂肪酸成分结构中碳数≤18的脂肪酸的相对含量最高,分别为(59.27±0.42)%和87.75%。     

Pod and seed traits in candidate plus trees of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre from southern peninsular India in relation to provenance variation and genetic variability

Provenance variation and genetic variability in pod and seed traits were carried out with 232 candidate plus trees of Pongamia pinnata collected from selected agro-ecological zones of southern peninsular India during February–March 2008 to 2010. Significant variation (P < 0.01) for pod and seed traits across zones and provenances within zones was recorded. The southern dry and transition zone of Karnataka showed the highest mean value for all the pod and seed traits. A significant negative (P < 0.05) correlation and positive correlation was recorded for latitude with 100-seed weight and seed germination, respectively. Altitude positively correlated with 100-pod weight and negatively correlated with oil content. Phenotypic co-efficient of variation was higher than the genotypic co-efficient of variation indicating the influence of environment. Central dry zone and eastern dry zone of Karnataka showed high heritability and genetic advance for 100-pod weight, 100-seed weight, and seed germination. Positive significant (P < 0.05) genotypic correlation of co-efficient was recorded between seed thickness and oil content (0.211). Germination percentage showed significant positive correlation with seed weight and oil content. Path analysis revealed that seed thickness contributed directly to oil content (0.272). Based on D² analysis, pongamia accessions could be grouped into seven clusters. Maximum diverse Clusters I and VII were identified based on inter-cluster distance (40.19). Thus on the basis of the present findings, it might be suggested that accessions from these clusters could be most suitably used for hybridization and in situ germplasm conservation.     

不同收获时期对油菜机械收获损失率及籽粒品质的影响

以华油杂62为材料,测定70%油菜角果变黄至角果明显炸裂时期机械收获的产量损失、植株不同部位水分含量、粒重和籽粒含油量等指标,研究不同收c获时期对产量损失率和籽粒品质的影响。试验表明,机械收获的产量总损失率在7.00%~15.80%之间,随着收获时期逐渐推迟,总损失率先降低后增加。产量损失分为自然脱粒损失、割台损失和清选脱粒损失。割台损失率随收获时期推迟逐渐增加,占总损失率的比例为7.80%~31.01%;清选和脱粒损失率随收获时期推迟逐渐降低,是机械收获中最大的损失部分,占总损失率的56.87%~92.20%。总损失率与籽粒、角果皮、主花序和分枝水分含量均呈极显著正相关。籽粒水分含量为16.23%时千粒重和含油率最高,而后,随籽粒水分含量的下降,千粒重、含油率、全碳含量和C/N值均略有降低。油菜机械化收获以籽粒和角果皮水分含量在11%~13%之间时为宜,此期的千粒重、油分含量、机械收获产量和产油量均较高。     

Effect of cytokinins and lines on plant regeneration from long-term callus and suspension cultures of Allium cepa L.

Research was conducted to study interrelationships between agronomic and seed characters and their direct and indirect effects on seed yield per plant under normal and limited irrigation regimes. Two field experiments were conducted in 1996 at the Experimental Station of College of Agriculture, Shiraz University at Badjgah. Fourteen sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars consisting of eight hybrids and six open pollinated varieties were grown in two randomized complete block designs with four replications. Two experiments differed in respect to irrigation regime. The cause and effect relationships of 12 different characters were assessed. Most of the characters including seed yield and oil content showed considerable genotypic and phenotypic variations. Water stress significantly decreased yield and its components, however, oil content did not differ significantly. Genotypic and phenotypic correlations revealed that seed yield had significant positive correlations with days to flowering, days to physiological maturity, head diameter, plant height, 1000-seed weight and oil yield under normal and limited irrigation. Seed yield had significant correlations with oil content and kernel percentage under normal irrigation regime, while these correlations were largely reduced under stress conditions and were not significant. The highest direct effect, was exhibited by 1000-seed weight and number of filled seeds per head in normal and limited irrigation environments. However, cause and effect relations of other traits with seed yield changed due to irrigation conditions. Direct effect of oil content was quite lower than its correlation with seed yield. The lowest direct effect was found for plant height and oil content under normal and stress environments, respectively.     

Genetic variability for seed oil content and seed index in some wild species and perennial races of cotton

A 3‐year study was made on genetic variability of seed oil content and seed index with 20 wild species, two cultivated species and six perennial races of Gossypium arboreum cotton maintained at the Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, India. The mean seed oil content varied from 10.26 to 22.89% in 22 species of Gossypium and six races of G. arboreum. In this material the weight of delinted seed varied from 43.33 to 54.54 mg/seed. The highest seed oil content was recorded in the species G. lobatum followed by G. harknessii. On average, for both traits, the means were higher for G. arboreum and its races. However, G. africanum and G. harknessii reached the level of G. arboreum and its races for seed weight, while five wild species surpassed the best races and G. arboreum in seed oil content, among them was G. harknessii. To breed simultaneously for seed oil content and seed weight, crosses between races of G. arboreum and wild species of Gossypium seem to be promising.     

Seed colour, seed weight and seed oil content in Linum usitatissimum accessions held by Plant Gene Resources of Canada

The purpose of this study was to investigate variation of and relationships among seed colour, seed weight and seed oil content in cultivated flax (Linum usitatissimum L. ssp. usitatissimum). Seed from 2934 flax genebank accessions recently grown at Saskatoon, SK, Canada, originating from 72 countries was used to describe the variation of the seed characters. The dominant seed colour of the accessions was medium brown (2730 accessions, 93.0%), followed by yellow (126 accessions, 4.3%). Based on single observations for all accessions, the overall mean and standard deviation was 5.95 ± 1.22 mg/seed for seed weight and 38.3 ± 1.74% for oil concentration. Within three infraspecific groups of flax, seed weight, oil concentration and oil amount per seed increased in the following order: fibre flax (convar. elongatum), intermediate flax (convar. usitatissimum), large‐seeded flax (convar. mediterraneum). The world collection exceeded the range of variation of seed weight and oil concentration found in 52 North American cultivars. There was a weak, positive association of higher oil concentration with higher seed weight (r² = 0.32; P < 0.001). Yellow‐seeded flax had a higher seed weight (6.31 vs. 5.92 mg/seed) and oil concentration (39.4% vs. 38.3%) than brown‐seeded flax. There was a tendency for yellow seed colour to be associated with higher oil concentration in all seed weight classes. The results suggested that indirect selection for increased seed oil concentration in flax is possible by selection for higher seed weight and yellow seed colour.     

高产高油花生品种的光合与物质生产特征

以冀花2号、冀花4号和鲁花12号为材料,连续测定干物质、荚果产量、含油量及叶片光合指标,定量分析高产高油花生品种冀花4号物质生产指标的动态特征和叶片光合性能,为解析花生高产高油形成机制和优质高效栽培提供依据。结果表明,荚果产量和籽仁含油量均以冀花4号最高。干物质平均积累速率和最大积累速率均以冀花4号冀花2号鲁花12号,且冀花4号干物质积累潜力适中;籽仁油分最大积累速率和平均积累速率均以冀花4号鲁花12号冀花2号,籽仁油分积累活跃期以冀花4号最短。冀花4号全生育期的光合势显著高于冀花2号和鲁花12号,分别高20%以上,产量形成期的光合势占全生育期的80%,冀花4号结荚期光合速率比冀花2号和鲁花12号均高24%以上;光饱和点和CO_2饱和点均为冀花4号最高。荚果产量与干物质平均积累速率、叶片光合速率和总光合势呈极显著正相关;籽仁含油量与单株干物质积累速率、籽仁油分平均积累速率、光饱和点、CO_2饱和点、经济系数、出仁率等显著或极显著相关;荚果产量与含油量极显著正相关。冀花4号具有较高的经济系数、总光合势及结荚期后分配比例、光合速率、光饱和点和CO_2饱和点,以及相对较高的干物质和油分积累平均速率,是其较冀花2号和鲁花12号高产高油的重要原因。     

Recurrent selection for increased protein content in yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.)

Increasing protein content is an important objective in breeding high protein oilseed yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L). The objectives of this research were to increase meal protein content, study population variation during three cycles of selection for increased meal protein content, and quantify the relationships of protein with oil and 1000‐seed weight. Recurrent selection was employed with half‐sib family evaluation in replicated field trials. Meal protein content increased by an average of 1 % per cycle. The correlation between meal protein and seed oil content was negative (r= ‐0.49 to ‐0.58). The population shifts, with selection, reflected successful increase of average meal protein content, and an increased frequency of genotypes with high meal protein content. Furthermore, simultaneous selection for meal protein and seed oil content was possible. The correlation between meal protein content and seed weight was positive (r= 0.29‐0.39) and thus selecting for increased meal protein content posed no risk of decreasing seed weight in this yellow mustard germplasm.     

Contribution of incident solar radiation on leaves and pods to soybean seed weight and composition

The weight and composition of soybean seeds (Glycine Max L. Merrill) depend on changes in carbon and nitrogen assimilate supply during grain filling. Soybean pods and seeds are green, evidencing their capacity to capture light. However, the current physiological knowledge does not consider any effect of incident solar radiation reaching the pods on seed weight and composition. The objective of this work was to investigate the response of seed weight and composition to changes in assimilate supply from leaves, to the incident solar radiation reaching the pods and to the combination of both, changes in assimilate supply from the leaves and incident solar radiation on pods of soybean plants. Field experiments were performed during two growing seasons at Balcarce, Argentina. Treatments modified the amount of assimilates supplied by the leaves (plant shading, defoliation), the solar radiation reaching the pods (pod shading) or both (defoliation and pod shading) during seed filling. Plant shading and defoliation reduced seed weight, oil concentration and oil and protein content and increased the concentration of saturated and poli-unsaturated fatty acids while reduced oleic acid percentage. Pod shading increased the concentration of stearic acid and reduced the concentration of linolenic acid. When pods were shaded on defoliated plants, seed weight and oil and protein content decreased while fatty acid composition was similar to values obtained under defoliation treatment. Based on these results, a conceptual model that considers photoheterotrophic nature of reproductive structures of soybean is proposed. Seed weight, oil and protein content and oil fatty acid composition depended on assimilate availability for the seeds. The response of oil and protein content to assimilate supply depended on whether leaves were present or not. The effect of solar radiation incident on pods depended on the amount of assimilates available for the seeds: (i) when carbon allocated was low (defoliation treatments), pods contributed to seed carbon economy but solar radiation incident on them did not affect fatty acid composition; (ii) when carbon allocated to the seeds was high (intact plants), contribution of pods to seed carbon economy was not significant, but the amount of solar radiation incident on pods produced significant changes in fatty acid composition.