利用RIL群体创造抗黄曲霉兼抗青枯病的高油花生新种质

协同提高抗青枯病花生品种的黄曲霉抗性及含油量是我国花生育种的重要目标之一。利用远杂9102×中花5号杂交后代衍生的重组近交系群体(RIL),通过黄曲霉抗性、青枯病抗性鉴定及含油量测试,表明黄曲霉抗性受2对连锁并具累加作用主基因+加性多基因控制,含油量受2对具抑制作用主基因+加性多基因控制,RIL群体的黄曲霉抗性和含油量变异远远超过双亲的差异,表明它们均具有通过互补产生超亲性状的潜力。获得了抗黄曲霉或抗青枯病的高油后代家系18份,其中抗黄曲霉兼抗青枯病高油新种质1份(J091)。农艺性状和SSR分析结果表明,18份后代材料具丰富的遗传多样性,农艺性状优良,具有重要育种价值。     

高丹草重组自交系群体的遗传变异与高产种质的创新

高丹草是一年生禾本科新型饲用牧草,提高其饲草产量是高丹草育种的重要目标.以高粱314A×棕壳苏丹草的F2:3遗传作图群体的后代材料建立的重组自交系(Recombinant inbred line,RIL)群体为材料, 对后代进行遗传变异和DNA多样性分析.结果表明:通过采用两种方法(性状和分子标记)进行同时选择,获得了9个高产的超亲重组后代.通过SSR标记分析RIL群体的DNA多样性,可知家系间存在较大的遗传变异,杂交重组产生的超亲高产种质分布在不同类群中.鉴定获得了2组SSR遗传距离接近0而且在主要农艺性状和产量等方面相似,只在抗性方面有差异的不同家系.农艺性状和抗性等鉴定试验筛选了4份性状优良的高丹草新种质并已有2份进入区域试验.     

利用RIL群体和自然群体检测与花生含油量相关的SSR标记

以远杂9102×中花5号杂交后代衍生的重组近交系F₈代家系为材料，在含油量测试的基础上，选用10份低油材料(平均含油量52.91%)、12份高油材料(平均含油量58.85%)以及亲本进行SSR引物筛选，通过631对SSR引物扩增，筛选出来源于7对引物的13个有显著差异的片段可以有效区分低油材料和高油材料。以这7对差异引物在F₈ RIL群体中扩增，对20份低油家系材料(含油量<55%)和45份高油家系材料(含油量>56%)进行统计分析，获得1个与花生含油量相关的分子标记2A5-250/240，其中，标记2A5-250为低油材料(含油量<55%)所拥有，相符率为95.0%，标记2A5-240为高油材料(含油量>56%)所拥有，相符率为88.9%。用SSR标记2A5-250/240检测11份高油(平均含油量为55.93%)栽培种花生和11份低油(平均含油量为48.41%)栽培种花生，结果表明，标记2A5-240与高油栽培种花生的符合率为63.6%，2A5-250与低油栽培种花生的符合率为90.9%。在19份高油(平均含油量为58.60%)野生花生中，10份野生花生能检测到标记2A5-240。综合分析RIL群体和自然群体的研究结果表明，标记2A5-250/240可用于花生含油量分子标记辅助选择。     

ICRISAT花生微核心种质青枯病抗性鉴定

对ICRISAT花生微核心种质155份材料进行抗青枯病鉴定,获得ICG9249和ICG12625两份抗青枯病材料,平均抗性达到了91.7%。与中国核心高抗5份种质共同作为材料,以SSR技术对其亲缘关系和遗传多样性进行了分析。在选用的58对SSR引物中,24对引物能扩增出稳定的多态性条带,这些引物能在抗青枯病花生种质基因组DNA中扩增出2~7个DNA片段。结果表明,7份抗青枯病种质的遗传距离为0.17~0.71,平均为0.49。其中ICG12625和撮豆、富川大花生的遗传距离最大（0.71）,嵊县小红毛和富川大花生的遗传距离最小（0.17）。经过统计,两两品种之间遗传距离达0.50以上的有12个组合,说明了这些抗青枯病种质资源的遗传多样性。根据DNA扩增结果,绘制了抗青枯病种质的指纹图谱,明确了其SSR分子特性。通过聚类分析结果和植物学性状调查结果显示,ICG12625与其它种质距离较远,且具有优良的植物学性状,可以作为疏枝亚种的亲本材料加以研究利用。     

抗青枯病兼大果和高出仁率的花生新种质创制

青枯病是影响花生产量和品质的重要土传性细菌病害,百果重和出仁率是与花生产量相关的重要性状。本研究利用远杂9102和徐州68-4杂交构建的RIL群体,在B02染色体上定位到青枯病抗性主效QTL qBWRB02。结合前期对百果重和出仁率QTL的定位结果发现,所涉及的3个性状的主效QTL分布在不同的染色体上。以RIL群体基因型数据和多个环境的青枯病抗性、百果重和出仁率表型数据为基础,利用与主效QTL紧密连锁分子标记筛选出6份聚合抗青枯病、荚果大、出仁率高3种优良性状的新种质,可以作为育种中间材料或亲本培育高产抗病新品种。本研究利用分子标记辅助选择和表型鉴定相结合有效筛选抗病高产种质,为未来花生育种提供了新思路。     

抗青枯病花生种质的遗传多样性

以栽培种花生2个亚种4个植物学类型的31份对青枯病具有不同抗性的种质为材料,通过SSR和AFLP技术分析了其DNA多样性,并与通过形态和种子品质性状揭示的表型多样性进行了比较。结果表明,不同类型的抗青枯病花生品种之间存在丰富的DNA多样性,SSR揭示的品种间遗传距离大于AFLP揭示的品种间遗传距离,基于二者的聚类分析结果趋势一致,结合花生的植物学类型、地理来源和系谱分析,以SSR的聚类结果与表型性状的聚类结果更为吻合。感病优质高产品种“中花5号”与密枝亚种的普通型和龙生型的抗病材料的差异很大,与育种中被广泛利用的抗源“协抗青”和“台山三粒肉”的差异相对较小,与“远杂9102”的差异更小。     

利用核心种质发挥及评价花生抗黄曲霉资源

黄曲霉菌极大地限制全世界的花生生产和产业发展,且生产上抗性品种较少,我国花生育种和生产中的抗性资源缺乏,迫切需要发掘抗黄曲霉菌种质。本研究以中国花生核心种质561份和ICRISAT微核心种质155份,鉴定了黄曲霉侵染和产毒抗性,发掘出抗黄曲霉侵染和产毒种质各8份,包括具优良农艺性状的抗黄曲霉产毒种质51002-6。鉴定结果表明,ICRISAT花生微核心种质中抗黄曲霉侵染和产毒种质的频率高于中国花生核心种质;普通型花生资源中抗黄曲霉侵染种质的频率较高,龙生型资源中抗黄曲霉产毒种质的频率较高。根据SSR分析,鉴定出与生产上推广应用的优良品种中花5号、中花6号、中花12和远杂9102遗传距离较远的抗黄曲霉产毒种质ICG12625和抗侵染种质ICG4750,拓宽了我国花生品种改良的遗传基础。根据抗病基因产物的NBS类型保守域设计简并引物对抗黄曲霉种质的DNA进行PCR扩增、克隆、测序和分析,获得了1条RGA片段。     

野生花生抗青枯病种质的发掘及分子鉴定

以花生属5个区组的79份野生花生种质为材料,系统鉴定了野生花生对青枯病的抗性反应,从中发掘高抗青枯病的种质15份,含匍匐区组种质3份、直立区组1份、异形花区组1份、花生区组8份、未命名种质2份,抗病材料频率达到19%,高于栽培种花生资源的抗性频率。通过SSR分析表明,在所获得的抗青枯病野生花生材料中,四倍体野生种A.monticola与栽培种花生的亲缘关系最近,其次为花生区组的二倍体野生种A.duranensis和A.chacoense。根据DNA扩增结果,绘制了抗青枯病种质的指纹图谱,明确了其SSR分子特性。     

花生SSR标记与农艺性状的相关性

以农家品种四粒红和冀农黑3号构建的包含有251个家系的重组自交系(RIL)群体为材料, 在保定市和邯郸大名县两地进行表型鉴定, 利用Pearson’s相关和逐步多元回归分析了花生农艺性状之间及其与标记的相关性。结果表明, 多数农艺性状间存在显著或极显著相关, 其中相关性最高的为单株生产力和单株仁重(r=0.970), 其次是主茎高和第一侧枝长(r=0.918); 77对SSR标记与18个农艺性状显著相关, 每个性状相关标记数在2~16之间; 14个SSR标记与13个农艺性状关联, 解释的表型变异为5.2%~11.5%。以上结果为今后花生的常规育种和分子标记辅助选择奠定了基础。     

基于SSR的四川花生遗传多样性分析

[目的]研究旨在了解四川花生资源的遗传多样性及表型性状与分子标记的关联分析,为花生分子育种及资源库构建提供理论依据。[方法]鉴定分析57份不同来源花生资源材料的4个农艺性状及4个品质性状,并利用SSR标记研究57份花生材料的遗传多样性,对SSR标记与表型性状进行聚类及关联分析。[结果]表型性状鉴定结果显示花生资源的8个性状中,6个变异较大、多样性较好。67对SSR引物中,有效引物39对,获得多态性条带53条,平均每个引物扩增1.36条,平均Nei"s 基因多样性0.2288、平均Shannon"s 指数0.3695,最远遗传距离为0.51。SSR分子标记聚类分析将57份资源聚为2大类群,GLM分析发现多个与蛋白质含量、株高、含糖量的关联标记。[结论]研究结果表明,四川不同区域间花生遗传多样性较丰富,品种类型单一,聚类及关联分析结果可为四川花生突破性新品种选育的亲本选择提供提供重要参考。     

利用RIL群体创制低山嵛酸花生新种质

花生是我国食用植物油的重要来源,改善花生油脂品质是我国花生育种的重要目标。利用不同遗传背景的亲本(中花10号×ICG12625)杂交构建含有140个家系的重组自交系群体(RIL),对超长链饱和脂肪酸(花生酸、山嵛酸和二十四碳烷酸)含量测定表明, RIL家系超长链饱和脂肪酸含量的变异范围为4.27%～7.05%,均值为5.54%,最低值分别比父本和母本低1.46和1.63个百分点,降低率达25.27%和27.62%;山嵛酸含量的变异范围为1.86%～3.37%,均值为2.53%, 3份家系的山嵛酸含量稳定低于2%(QT0002、QT0075和QT0120),比低值亲本中花10号分别低0.57、0.51和0.51个百分点,降低率分别为23.45%、20.98%和20.98%。利用前期构建的遗传图谱,通过WinQTLcart软件检测到一个与山嵛酸相关的稳定的QTL,位于B04染色体13.31～16.34 M内,该区间内含有131个预测基因。本结果为高油酸花生品种的山嵛酸遗传改良奠定了基础。     

花生籽仁蔗糖含量近红外模型构建及在高糖品种培育中的应用

Sugar content is an important factor affecting the flavor and processing characteristics of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) kernel and the sucrose content accounts for more than 90% of the total sugar content in peanut kernel. High-efficiency detection approach for sucrose content is crucial in developing high sucrose peanut varieties. In this study, 185 peanut genotypes with diversified sucrose contents were scanned in wave length of 1100-2500 nm for constructing a near-infrared spectrum of naturally dried seeds. The sucrose contents were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with standard curve method. A near-infrared calibration model of peanut seed sucrose content was established by partial least square method (PLS). For sucrose content, the coefficient of determinations (R²) was 0.962 with mean square deviation of 0.383. The coefficient of correlation between the predicted values and chemically tested value were 0.947 in 20 external samples, indicating that the model could predict sucrose content of peanut kernel. Six new sweet peanut lines with sucrose content over 7%, oleic acid over 78%, oil content less than 48% and desirable agronomic characters were selected among the hybrid progenies of “Jihua 02-1-4 × Zhonghua 26”.     

花生籽仁蔗糖含量近红外模型构建及在高糖品种培育中的应用

含糖量是决定和影响花生食用品质和加工特性的重要指标,蔗糖含量占成熟花生籽仁总糖量的90%以上,建立蔗糖含量的高效检测技术,有助于加快高蔗糖甜味食用型花生品种培育进程。本研究利用蔗糖含量差异显著的185份花生材料,利用近红外仪(波长范围1100~2500 nm),配合小样品杯,扫描和采集自然干燥籽仁的近红外光谱,采用液相色谱(HPLC)结合标准曲线法测定试验材料的蔗糖含量,利用偏最小二乘法(partial least squares,PLS)构建了花生籽仁蔗糖含量的近红外定标模型,模型的决定系数R2=0.962,均方差为0.383。利用20份材料对模型进行外部验证,预测值和化学值的决定系数达0.947,表明该模型可较好地预测蔗糖含量,可以高效地测定杂交早期世代的单株花生蔗糖含量。利用该模型在“吉花02-1-4×中花26”杂交后代中发掘出6份含糖量7%以上、油酸78%以上、含油量48%以下,且农艺性状优良的食用花生新品系。     

Genetic diversity of oilseed Brassica napus inbred lines based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism and its relation to hybrid performance

Significant heterosis for seed yield in oilseed rape has created interest in the development of hybrid cultivars. The DNA‐based marker protocol, sequence‐related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) was used to determine genetic diversity among oilseed rape maintainer and restorer lines. This measure was used in an attempt to establish an association between genetic distance and heterosis in hybrids for various agronomic traits. A total of 118 polymorphic loci were generated by 18 SRAP primer combinations. Based on the polymorphism generated by the markers, calculated similarity index values ranged from 0.46 to 0.97. Cluster analysis grouped 10 maintainer and 12 restorer lines into three groups, with the exception of two maintainer lines, PM5 and PM9, which fell outside these groups. The grouping of the lines was largely in agreement with the available pedigree data on their origin and agronomic performance. Analysis of variance among inbred lines and their resulting F₁ hybrids over two locations revealed significant differences for plant height, days to maturity and seed yield, but not for oil content. Substantial mid‐parent heterosis was observed only for seed yield, and ranged from 26% to 169%. All hybrids surpassed their respective inbred lines for this trait, except for a single cross combination of related lines. In general, crosses of lines located in different clusters yielded more than those from the same clusters. Regression analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between the genetic distance of the parents and seed yield in their hybrid, and their derived mid‐parent and high‐parent heterosis. The correlation coefficient between genetic distance and yield (0.64) indicated a moderately strong relationship, so it is possible that some of the SRAP markers might be linked to quantitative trait loci for seed yield.     

花生黄曲霉侵染抗性的AFLP标记

本研究利用抗、感黄曲霉菌侵染的花生品种为亲本配制杂交组合“J11×中花5号”,以其F₂分离群体为研究材料，采用AFLP技术和BSA分析方法，获得了与花生黄曲霉菌侵染抗性连锁的2个分子标记，标记与抗性间的遗传距离分别为8.8 cM和6.6 cM;利用获得的分子标记对抗、感黄曲霉的花生种质资源进行了分子鉴定，实验结果表明分子标记与抗性鉴定结果具有较高的一致性，证实了两标记应用于研究群体之外的育种潜力。该抗侵染分子标记的建立为开展花生抗黄曲霉辅助选择育种提供了有效的筛选技术。     

Correlation Analysis of Seed Kernel Oil Content and Major Economic Traits in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

One of the new directions in cotton breeding is to develop varieties with high oil content. In this study, we analyzed the relationships between the oil content of cottonseed kernels and other selected major economic traits of cotton. We used the DPS V3.01 data processing system to calculate linear correlation coefficients using experimental data for cottonseed oil content and other agronomic characteristics obtained from 108 cotton lines. There were no significant correlations between oil content and lint yield, boll numbers per plant, boll weight, and lint percentage. There were significant positive correlations between oil content and fiber uniformity, and oil content and elongation. The positive correlation between oil content and the fiber upper half mean length was not statistically significant. There were no significant correlations between oil content and fiber strength or fiber fineness. Oil content was weakly negatively correlated with Fusarium wilt resistance, but showed no correlation with Verticillium wilt resistance. The results of this study indicated that improvement of the oil content of cottonseed kernels will not affect lint production, and only weakly affect disease resistance. The results further indicated that such improvement may improve the fiber quality to some extent. Cottonseed kernel protein content and oil content were significantly negatively correlated. The findings indicated that it will be feasible to produce new varieties with high oil contents combined with good disease resistance, high lint yield, and better fiber quality. However, it will be very difficult to breed new varieties with both high oil and high protein content.