云南不同气候带农业气候资源变化特征研究

为分析全省平均以及各气候带光能、热量、水分资源的时空变化特征,使用云南115站及6个气候带代表站1961—2018年的气候要素计算各地农业气候资源统计量。结果表明,光能资源变化以减少趋势为主,出现显著突变,各气候带太阳辐射变化可能会引起云南太阳辐射高低值中心发生变化,2009年以来辐射明显增加可能会导致太阳辐射出现新的变化趋势和突变点;热量资源一致显著增加,喜凉及喜温作物的活动积温、积温持续时间及无霜期长度均显著增加,并且呈现初日提前、终日推后的趋势,对作物生长有利;水分资源总体呈现减少趋势,尤其21世纪以来下降趋势明显,亚热带地区暖干化现象突出,干旱风险等级较高。     

1958—2013年山西降水的季节变化及统计特征

为了研究56年来山西旱涝的演变特征,系统分析山西地区旱涝灾害的季节变化,基于山西38个气象观测站1958—2013年的逐月降水观测资料,应用线性倾向估计、M-K突变检测和Morlet小波等方法,分析了山西降水的气候变化。结果表明：（1）56年来山西年平均降水量为377.6~600.2 mm,降水从北至南递增,中部小东西部大,且东部大于西部。（2）春季各地降水为55.7~107.4 mm,从北至南增加,北中部呈经向分布,南部为纬向分布;夏季降水为230.1~355.6 mm,大值区集中在东部;秋季降水为76.6~157.7 mm,纬向分布特征明显,从北至南递增,大值区位于东南部;冬季降水为5.1~24.4 mm,分布同春季降水类似。（3）山西年降水随时间呈显著下降趋势,下降幅度为12.6 mm/10 a;四季降水除冬季小幅增加外,春夏秋均有不同程度的下降。（4）山西年降水在1967年发生了显著突变,春季突变年份为1965、1982、1992、2002年,夏季突变年份为1977年,秋季突变年份为1969、2007年,冬季突变年份为1971、1980、1988、1991年。（5）山西年降水在不同时间尺度上存在3个周期,分别为7、15和26年;春季降水存在2个周期,分别为7和24年;夏季存在3个周期,分别为4、8和18年;秋季存在2个周期,分别为2和8年;冬季存在2个周期,分别为4和15年。     

黑龙江热量资源时空变化特征

为给黑龙江省合理开发利用热量资源提供科学依据,基于黑龙江省1961—2017年79个观测站的逐日气温资料和DEM数据,采用5日滑动平均法、一元线性回归法、Kendall-Theil线性趋势估计法以及GIS的空间分析技术,探讨了黑龙江省热量资源时空变化特征。结果表明:1961—2017年黑龙江省稳定通过10℃积温以27～101℃·d/10 a的趋势显著增加。小兴安岭北部从黑河、孙吴到逊克,再到嘉荫一带,平均气温增加趋势明显大于大兴安岭地区的漠河和塔河以及三江平原的大部分区域。最低平均气温呈显著上升趋势,平均气温次之,最高平均气温的线性趋势无显著变化;冬季最低平均气温上升趋势明显高于夏季。松嫩平原及三江平原地区的热量资源较为丰富,大小兴安岭及张广才岭山区等地区热量资源相对较差。     

近50年惠阳区农业热量资源变化特征分析

本研究依据1967—2016年惠阳区国家基本气象观测站逐日平均气温资料,运用趋势分析、M-K突变检验和小波分析指标分析了惠阳区农业热量资源变化特征。结果表明,近50年来惠阳区农业热量资源增加明显,≥10℃年积温与年平均气温的增加呈显著相关,且皆表现出明显的增加趋势,平均升高102.6℃?d/10 a和0.24℃/10 a;≥10℃的年积温日呈缓慢波动增加趋势,升高速率1.73 d/10 a;热量资源增加趋势的阶段性显著,整体表现为一种突变现象,年平均气温和≥10℃的积温突变年分别为1990年和1988年,1996年为年平均气温显著增加开始年份;≥10℃的年积温日突变呈现升降交替,2017年后还将有1次突变后增加的趋势;震荡主周期为24~32年,在10~32年时间尺度的震荡周期上,发生了3次高低交替,且≥10℃的年积温日和积温较之年平均气温震荡表现更频繁。惠阳近50年平均气温为22.1℃,≥10℃积温平均为8028.8℃?d,满足热带作物生长对热量的需求,并满足三季稻的种植。因此,对于近50年来惠阳区热量资源增加并将继续增加的趋势下,需合理评估、开发和利用热量资源,及时有效规避农业气象风险。     

黑龙江省热量资源时空变化特征研究

为给黑龙江省合理开发利用热量资源提供科学依据，基于黑龙江省1961—2017 年79 个观测站的逐日气温资料和DEM数据，采用5 日滑动平均法、一元线性回归法、Kendall-Theil 线性趋势估计法以及GIS的空间分析技术，探讨了黑龙江省热量资源时空变化特征。结果表明：1961—2017 年黑龙江省稳定通过10℃积温以27~101℃·d/10 a 的趋势显著增加。小兴安岭北部从黑河、孙吴到逊克，再到嘉荫一带，平均气温增加趋势明显大于大兴安岭地区的漠河和塔河以及三江平原的大部分区域。最低平均气温呈显著上升趋势，平均气温次之，最高平均气温的线性趋势无显著变化；冬季最低平均气温上升趋势明显高于夏季。松嫩平原及三江平原地区的热量资源较为丰富，大小兴安岭及张广才岭山区等地区热量资源相对较差。     

水稻农业气候资源变化特征及影响分析——以江苏稻区为例

为了合理利用气候变暖背景下的农业气候资源,减缓和适应气候变化带来的不利影响,以江苏稻区为例,利用全省60个气象台站1961—2012年气象观测资料,应用估算模型和统计方法,评估了一季稻全生育期内农业气候资源的变化趋势以及对一季稻生长的影响。结果表明:1961—2012年,太阳总辐射在逐年代递减,苏北、苏中、苏南的下降速率分别为65 MJ/(m2·10 a)、43 MJ/(m2·10 a)、52 MJ/(m2·10 a),光资源的下降不利于一季稻的光合作用;2000年前后为苏中和苏南≥10℃年活动积温的突变点,21世纪后热量资源增加显著;日均气温稳定通过10℃的初日在逐年代提前、终日在逐年代推迟,使得一季稻旺盛分蘖期提前、安全齐穗期推迟;水分资源没有明显变化趋势,总体充足。因此,近52年,江苏农业气候资源总体呈现光能资源减少、热量资源增加、水分资源充足,气候变化的影响利弊并存。     

广西农业气候资源的长期变化特征

为了了解在全球变暖的大背景下广西农业气候资源的变化特征,为政府部门指导农业生产、发展设施农业、合理进行农业气候区划提供决策依据,笔者利用广西71个气象站1961-2010年的逐日气温、降水量和日照时数资料,运用线性倾向估计、M-K突变检验等方法分析了广西主要农业气候资源在时间、空间上的变化趋势及其差异。结果表明,广西≥0℃活动积温和≥10℃活动积温呈明显增加趋势,增加突变点均为1997年,20世纪60-80年代是热量资源较贫乏时期,90年代热量有所增加,21世纪初为热量资源最丰富时期;各地热量资源也均呈增加趋势;广西年日照时数表现为“阶梯式”减少,1975年是其减少突变点,20世纪60年代为光照资源最丰富时期,90年代为最贫乏时期;广西降水资源变化趋势不显著,年际间变化较大。     

冀南冬小麦冬前农业气候资源变化特征

利用1962-2009年河北省南部4个气象站气象资料,采用线性气候倾向率、小波分析及Mann-Kendall检测方法对冬小麦越冬前主要农业气候资源变化特征进行分析。结果表明：近50年来,冀南麦区冬小麦越冬期推迟,冬前热量资源更加丰富;冬小麦冬前≥0℃积温和越冬开始日期变化在1987年前后存在突变点;冬小麦冬前日照时数及均一化干湿指数变化不明显,没有突变现象发生;冬小麦越冬开始日期存在6-7年和12-16年两类尺度周期变化规律;1962-1988年冬前≥0℃积温存在6-8年周期变化规律,1989-2009年存在8-10年周期变化规律;冬前日照时数具有明显多时间尺度周期变化特征,但近20年来逐渐呈现10-12年周期变化规律;均一化干湿指数变化存在4-6年和14-16年2类尺度周期变化。综合分析表明,河北省南部麦区冬前≥0℃积温及越冬始期变化明显,可适当调整小麦播期以适应气候变化;近10年来,麦区干湿特征呈现变湿趋势,冬小麦发生冻害概率减小,但年际间干湿变化较大,冬前灌溉仍为减轻小麦越冬冻害风险的有效措施。     

水稻农业气候资源变化特征及影响分析

为了合理利用气候变暖背景下的农业气候资源,减缓和适应气候变化带来的不利影响,以江苏稻区为例,利用全省60个气象台站1961—2012年气象观测资料,应用估算模型和统计方法,评估了一季稻全生育期内农业气候资源的变化趋势以及对一季稻生长的影响。结果表明：1961—2012年,太阳总辐射在逐年代递减,苏北、苏中、苏南的下降速率分别为65 MJ/(m²·10 a)、43 MJ/(m²·10 a)、52 MJ/(m²·10 a),光资源的下降不利于一季稻的光合作用;2000年前后为苏中和苏南≥10℃年活动积温的突变点,21世纪后热量资源增加显著;日均气温稳定通过10℃的初日在逐年代提前、终日在逐年代推迟,使得一季稻旺盛分蘖期提前、安全齐穗期推迟;水分资源没有明显变化趋势,总体充足。因此,近52年,江苏农业气候资源总体呈现光能资源减少、热量资源增加、水分资源充足,气候变化的影响利弊并存。     

靖远县近 60年来农业气候资源变化特征

为了全面分析气候变暖背景下靖远县农业气候资源变化特征,为该区合理利用气候资源及农业生产提供科学参考,利用靖远县近60年来气温、降水、日照观测资料,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendal突变检验、功率谱等数理统计方法,分析了该区农业气候资源的变化特征。结果表明：（1）在全球气候变暖的大背景下,靖远县热量资源明显增加,年平均气温变化倾向率为0.17℃/10 a,存在9年和4年的显著周期,在1994年出现了增温的突变。日平均气温稳定通过0℃、10℃活动积温,平均每10年分别增加25.5℃·d和34.3℃·d。（2）靖远县年降水量呈弱的减少趋势,变化倾向率为-5.3 mm/10 a,降水主要集中在夏季,年际变化大,旱涝灾害易发。降水变化存在7.6年和3年的显著周期。（3）靖远县年总日照时数为2706.4 h,夏作物生长期（4—7月）总日照时数为1010 h左右,秋作物生长期（5—9月）总日照时数为1233.6 h左右。年总日照时数从20世纪70年代开始发生＂减少—增多＂的转型。年总日照时数变化存在4.5年左右的显著变化周期。     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

Inheritance of fruit colour in a wild Russian red raspberry seedling

Summary A new gene, i, from a self-incompatible wild Russian Rubus idaeus seedling is described. The gene i interacts with the fruit colour gene T, Tii plants having apricot instead of red fruits, and spines, leaves and stems pigmented to varying degrees. A deficit of apricot-fruited seedlings in progenies segregating for i could be explained by linkage between i and the self-incompatibility S locus with a crossover value of approximately 26.7%.Segregations for spine colour in crosses and backcrosses of the Russian seedling with two green-spined (ttII) raspberries selected for their yellow fruit colour, showed that both the latter carried the spine colour intensifier gene P. This suggests that earlier authors were incorrect in attributing the apricot fruit colour developed by some tt plants to a pleiotropic effect of P.     

Flag Leaf Senescence, as Evaluated by Numerical Image Analysis, and its Relationship with Yield under Drought in Durum Wheat

Senescence was evaluated at different stages of the grain‐filling period in eight durum wheat varieties using numerical image analysis (NIA). The varieties were grown under early, severe drought conditions on the high plains of Sétif in Algeria. After flowering, three different irrigation treatments were applied. Treatment effect was small, while a genotypic effect was noted for most of the senescence parameters. Senescence correlated to biomass, while the maximal rate of senescence, V_smax, correlated to thousand‐kernel weight. The potential of the method of numerical image analysis for monitoring flag leaf senescence, detecting genotypic variability and selecting genotypes with delayed senescence is discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata): Genetics,genomics and breeding

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.), is an important grain legume grown in the tropics where it constitutes a valuable source of protein in the diets of millions of people. Some abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect its productivity. A review of the genetics, genomics and breeding of cowpea is presented in this article. Cowpea breeding programmes have studied intensively qualitative and quantitative genetics of the crop to better enhance its improvement. A number of initiatives including Tropical Legumes projects have contributed to the development of cowpea genomic resources. Recent progress in the development of consensus genetic map containing 37,372 SNPs mapped to 3,280 bins will strengthen cowpea trait discovery pipeline. Several informative markers associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to desirable attributes of cowpea were generated. Cowpea genetic improvement activities aim at the development of drought tolerant, phosphorus use efficient, bacterial blight and virus resistant lines through exploiting available genetic resources as well as deployment of modern breeding tools that will enhance genetic gain when grown by sub‐Saharan Africa farmers.     

Screening for resistance to take-all in wheat,triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines

Summary Fifteen triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines were evaluated for resistance to the take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and compared with five wheat and two rye lines in inoculated field and pot trials. The triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines varied in rye chromosome number and degree of resistance expressed. One line, Venus with seven pairs of rye chromosomes consistently showed levels of resistance intermediate between wheat and rye. A trend was observed where increasing rye chromosome content led to greater resistance but exceptions showed that variation within triticales could not be ascribed to rye chromosome content alone.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.