秸秆还田对水稻光合物质生产特征、稻米品质和土壤养分的影响

为充分利用秸秆资源,减少秸秆焚烧带来的环境污染,采用大田试验,以水稻品种盐丰47为试验材料,设置秸秆还田（S）和不还田（CK）处理,对水稻干物质积累、分配及转运、产量、稻米品质、土壤全量养分和速效养分含量进行比较研究。结果表明,S处理水稻产量低于CK,差异不显著。与CK相比,S处理显著增加了水稻成熟期叶、茎和鞘的干重及占总干重比例,但各部分干物质输出率和转运率显著降低。S处理极显著地降低了稻米的垩白粒率、垩白大小、垩白度和直链淀粉含量,提高了稻米的食味值,对稻米的糙米率、精米率和整精米率无显著影响。S处理显著提高了水稻主要生育时期土壤的有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效磷和速效钾含量,对土壤的全钾含量和C/N无显著影响。S处理水稻抽穗期土壤铵态氮含量、乳熟期和成熟期土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量均显著低于CK。说明辽宁地区推广秸秆还田有利于培肥土壤,改善稻米品质,不会显著影响水稻产量。     

播期对寒地水稻生长发育及产量和品质的影响

通过探讨播期对寒地水稻生长发育和产质的影响及确立最佳的播期范围，对指导今后寒地水稻生产实践具有重要意义。试验在大田条件下，以‘空育131’为试验材料，设置7个播期处理，分析播期对寒地水稻茎蘖动态、干物质积累及产量形成的影响。结果表明：不同播期处理对水稻茎蘖数、成穗率、干物质积累、产量及其构成的影响均存在显著差异，其中B2、B3、B4处理显著提高了水稻产量，增加了水稻每平方米有效穗数、结实率、每穗实粒数和粒重，实际产量较B1增幅分别为18.12%，17.70%和14.92%，较 B7增幅分别为41.38%，40.89%和37.56%，以B2处理作用效果最佳，其次是B3处理。与其它处理相比，B2、B3、B4处理叶面积指数高，干物质积累多，能够形成高质量群体；具有高的茎蘖成穗率、结实率和穗粒数，产量构成因子间互补作用强，最终实现籽粒产量和碾磨品质的提高。相比之下，播期过早或过晚均会导致水稻干物质积累、成穗率、结实率以及产量的显著或极显著降低，且不利于碾磨品质的提高，其中晚播能够显著或极显著降低垩白粒率和垩白度。综合分析表明，寒地水稻4月10—20日之间播种更适合在目前寒地稻区水稻高产、高效栽培中应用。     

小麦秸秆还田量对水稻产量和品质的影响

以华粳6号和两优培九为材料,通过小麦秸秆还田与秸秆不还田比较试验,研究小麦秸秆还田对不同水稻产量和稻米品质的影响.结果表明:小麦秸秆还田后,明显提高了水稻的穗粒数、结实率、千粒重和稻米的出糙率、精米率和整精米率,降低了垩白粒率和垩白度,提高了长宽比,直链淀粉含量降低,胶稠度增大,表明稻米的加工品质、外观品质、食味品质和营养品质得到改善.小麦秸秆还田后对水稻产量和稻米品质有显著的影响.     

秸秆还田与实地氮肥管理对水稻产量及品质的影响

以扬粳9538为材料，通过秸秆还田与氮素管理与秸秆不还田（对照）比较试验，研究了水稻产量及品质的表现。结果表明：秸秆还田与实地氮肥管理（SSNM）可以在减少氮肥施用量，秸秆全量还田的同时，增加水稻的产量，降低单位面积穗数，提高每穗粒数、结实率。秸秆还田与实地氮肥管理降低稻米的垩白米率、垩白度和直链淀粉含量，改善稻米的外观品质和营养品质，淀粉谱的最高粘度和崩解值增加，消减值减低，稻米食味品质得到改善，该技术同时减少穗分化前干物质积累，增加抽穗期光合速率、根系活力与ATP酶活性，促进同化物向籽粒的运转，减少茎杆中非结构性碳水化合物的残留。对秸秆还田与不同氮素管理在产量、品质上的差异进行了讨论。     

水稻强化栽培下的稻米品质

以协优527为材料，对水稻强化栽培下的稻米品质进行了探讨。结果表明：（1）在同一栽培条件下，因单株不同位次分蘖抽穗的早迟，稻米品质有较大差异，即随抽穗时期的推迟，稻米品质降低；（2）强化栽培抽穗历时比常规栽培相对较长或相当，其所产稻米品质显著改善，特别是精米率、整精米率提高，垩白粒率、垩白度降低，但对籽     

外源ABA对稻米蒸煮品质的影响分析

于水稻齐穗期进行外源ABA处理。以探索ABA对稻米蒸煮品质的影响。结果表明：水稻齐穗后，叶面喷施外源ABA溶液，稻米的蒸煮品质有一定改良，使稻米的商品品质有所提高。     

抽穗开花期喷施MeJA对粳稻产量和品质的影响

茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）可有效促进水稻颖花开放,使父母本花时相遇,提高制种产量,但MeJA对水稻产量和米质的影响研究报道较少。以辽宁稻区具有代表性的4个粳稻品种为试验材料,研究了抽穗开花期喷施不同浓度的MeJA对产量和米质性状的影响。结果表明,喷施MeJA可显著降低粳稻产量,且浓度越大,降低的程度越明显。MeJA对产量结构中的有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重没有显著影响,但对结实率影响显著,尤其一次枝梗和二次枝梗的结实率均随MeJA浓度的升高呈极显著下降趋势,而结实率的显著下降是产量下降的主要原因。喷施MeJA可显著降低粳稻品质。与对照相比,不同浓度MeJA处理下精米率显著下降,且浓度越大,降低程度越明显,整精米率在高浓度处理下降低程度达极显著水平。但垩白粒率和垩白度变化不显著。随MeJA喷施浓度升高,稻米蛋白质含量提高,而直链淀粉含量和食味值下降。本研究可为生产上充分发挥MeJA调控花时的作用,同时避免对产量和米质的不利影响提供理论依据。     

海拔对水稻产量和品质的影响研究进展

为了丰富水稻立体栽培理论,更好地推动高海拔区水稻的生产,综述了海拔对水稻生长发育、产量及构成因素和各稻米品质的研究,发现随海拔的升高,水稻生长所需的积温减少,水稻全生育期会延长,分蘖期推迟,结实率降低,产量、有效穗数和穗粒数随着海拔的升高先增后减;稻米品质方面,整精米率和垩白受海拔影响较大,随海拔升高,整精米率有明显增加,垩白粒率有明显下降趋势。关于海拔对稻米蒸煮食味的影响研究存在较大差异,今后还需进一步研究。     

连年规模稻鸭共养对稻田土壤性状、稻米产量及品质的影响

为探讨连年规模化稻鸭共养对稻田土壤性状、水稻产量及品质的影响,设置连续10年（2010—2019年）大田规模化稻鸭共养和常规水稻高产栽培的2组处理,调查研究了稻田土壤养分含量、水稻产量结构、稻米品质、重金属含量以及农药残留等指标,进行对比试验。结果表明：与常规水稻种植相比,多年稻鸭共养后土壤容重降低5.65%,0~10 cm耕层土壤中有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别增加了8.71%、14.29%、9.68%和8.34%,提升了稻田土壤肥力;稻鸭共养的水稻穗粒数、结实率和千粒重分别提高了11.3%、2.9%和3.2%,有利于形成大穗,但有效穗减少使水稻产量降低16.4%;稻鸭田稻米的糙米率和精米率分别提高了4.8%和3.6%,垩白粒率和垩白度显著下降,蛋白质含量提高7.5%,直链淀粉含量和胶稠度与常规田差异不显著,总体来说稻米品质得到了改善;稻鸭田土壤重金属元素含量及稻米中重金属元素含量、农药残留均符合绿色标准。因此,连年稻鸭共养能够改善土壤性状,提高土壤肥力,提升稻米品质,但有效穗的减少使水稻产量显著降低。     

杂交水稻籽粒比重与产量品质性状相关分析及其在育种中的应用

为了探究杂交水稻籽粒的比重与产量因素及品质因素相关性,以高产优质品种天优华占为对照,对7个三系不育系与5个自选恢复系进行杂交配组后得到组合的单株穗数、每穗总粒数、籽粒体积、比重、充实度、千粒重等进行研究。结果发现,千粒重是影响产量的最大因素,其次是单株穗数；籽粒比重的提高可以提高整精米率和降低垩白度,从而改善水稻的产量和品质。研究认为,杂交稻水稻的选育中,籽粒较大的情况下兼顾单株穗数和充实度,且单方面强调通过增加粒重去提高产量会导致整精米率降低,因此为兼顾产量与品质,籽粒比重适中为宜。     

冷冻干燥速溶蛋花汤的加工技术

介绍了运用冷冻干燥技术进行速溶蛋花汤的加工,研究了生产工艺、特点以及影响产品质量的主要因素。试验表明,采用冷冻干燥技术加工的速溶蛋花汤,具有营养丰富、风味独特、方便快捷等特点。     

壳聚糖对石榴果汁澄清效果的影响

利用壳聚糖的絮凝作用对壳聚糖在甜石榴汁澄清中的应用效果进行了研究,试验结果表明,壳聚糖用量为0.3g/L、澄清时间为60min、温度为35℃时,甜石榴汁透光率可达85%以上,且通过对壳聚糖处理前后可溶性固形物、总酸、VC等营养成分含量的比较,确定以上工艺参数为甜石榴汁澄清的最佳选择。     

The Simulation of Comfort of Nine DOF of Automobile

Automobile comfort dynamic simulation is necessary when we predict and evaluate the comfort of a automobile or optimize performance of automobile. The nine DOF vibration model of automobile is established , which acts root mean square value of body in multiple work conditions as comfort evaluation indices. Based on the comfort simulation, the Hongyan 1160 is predicted in the way of comfort. The programmes can be used in many different automobiles . The computational result indicates that the model can simulate vibration of automobile truly. It is significant to research automobile comfort evaluation to optimize performance of automobile and comfort simulation .The computational program can be applied to optimize or simulate which has some reference value.     

母猪繁殖障碍成因分析

繁殖障碍是导致母猪淘汰的最主要因素,直接造成母猪非生产天数延长,繁殖猪群生产效率降低,严重影响猪场的经济效益。就引起母猪繁殖障碍的多方面因素,包括营养因素(如饲养水平、饲料品质、断奶日龄)、环境因素(如温度、湿度、通风、光照)、疫病因素、生产技术及管理因素进行综述。     

酸枣幼根原生质体的制备

以生长6~9 d的酸枣种子幼根为试验材料,0.7 mol·L^-1甘露醇作为渗透压稳定剂、pH值5.5~6.0、28℃恒温水浴条件下,以光学显微镜观察的水解总时间、初始产生原生质体的时间、原生质体产量及细胞碎片量为指标,研究通过酶水解来制备酸枣幼根原生质体的方法。结果表明,在含1%果胶酶+4%纤维素酶R-10+3%纤维素酶RS组合的酶解液中,保温4 h可制得产量较高、细胞碎片量较少的原生质体。     

南瓜降糖功能及其系列食品加工技术

阐述了南瓜在糖尿病辅助治疗方面的功能特性,介绍了南瓜降糖主要制品南瓜全粉、南瓜脆片、南瓜果酱和南瓜肉汁的工艺流程和操作要点。     

Applicability of molecular markers in the context of protection of new varieties of cucumber

The growing number of candidate varieties presented every year at each national Plant Variety Protection Office and their decreasing genetic variability forces strategies to be adopted that will reduce costs without losing rigour when deciding about the acceptance or rejection of a candidate variety. Molecular markers have been envisaged as a reliable tool to establish differences, but can molecular markers be used for assessing distinctness? A comparison between a molecular and a morphological characterization of 41 seed samples belonging to 36 cucumber varieties and including several external controls has been carried out to investigate the applicability of molecular markers in the context of distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) tests and the protection of new varieties. Both types of character indicate the same relationships among main groups, Dutch and Beth‐Alpha types, and Gerking and Slice types, the correlation between distance matrices being only 0.6489. Varieties considered uniform for morphological traits proved not to be so for molecular markers. Therefore, molecular characterization is not offering the same estimates of uniformity and relatedness between varieties as does morphological characterization. External controls were used to establish distinction limits with morphological and molecular dendrograms to focus on those varieties, which were suspiciously similar. The results with cucumber show that molecular identity could be used to assess any lack of distinctness and so corroborate the morphological assessment of candidate varieties. The morphological trait ‘type’ provides distinct characterization of varieties and the molecular characterization of candidate varieties could be used to design better field experiments to assess distinction within each group of morphological cucumber type.     

Measuring of Quantity of Matter-mass and the Measuring of Inertia of Matter-momentclm

A new definition of inertia,i.e. the momentum is the measuring of inertia of matter, is proposed. The article through and etc., subjects, the correctness of the new notion of inertia:The monentum is the measuring of inertia has been demonstrated, and the unsolved contradictions of the traditional definition of inetia. And the mass is the measuring of inertia has been revealed.     

影响核桃贮藏品质因素的分析

介绍了几种核桃贮藏方法,综述了影响核桃贮藏品质的几个主要因素,以及针对上述影响因素提出若干解决对策.     

Efficiency of water use of early plantings of sunflower

Rain fed crop production in Mediterranean environments depends to a large extent on strategies that avoid the intense summer drought. Early plantings of sunflower have given consistently higher yields in such environments, but the basis for such yield increases has not been explored. We conducted two field experiments at Cordoba (Spain) to investigate the effects of an early and a late planting date on the components of water-limited crop productivity; namely, water use (T), water use efficiency (TE) and harvest index (HI) of sunflower. The results were generalized by simulating rain fed sunflower yields, under early (1 January) and late (15 March) plantings, for a 25-year period with the aid of a simulation model of the Ceres type (OILCROP-SUN) which has been validated in Cordoba. Experimental seed yields of early plantings in 1989 and 1996 were 2.0 and 3.0 t ha⁻¹, while late plantings yields were 1.3 and 2.4 t ha⁻¹, for the 2 years. Average simulated yields were 2.7 ± 1.1 and 1.9 ± 0.7 t ha⁻¹ for early and late plantings, respectively. For the 2 years, T of early plantings was higher than that of late plantings, but the response of TE and HI to planting date was not the same in the two experiments. In the simulation exercise, T and TE of early plantings were consistently higher than those of late plantings, while there were no differences in the HI for the two planting dates. We conclude that early plantings of sunflower increase rain fed yields by increasing both T and TE, while the impact of planting date on HI very much depends on the crop water stress pattern, which is quite variable from year to year even in the predictable Mediterranean environment.