硼对棉花不同品种根系吸收活力、根系分泌物和伤流液组分的影响

营养液培养条件下研究棉花不同品种根系特性对缺硼反应的差异。结果表明 ,缺硼后两棉花品种根系生长受抑制 ,根重、体积、总吸收面积及活跃吸收面积均显著降低 ,但敏感品种 970 6降低幅度比不敏感品种 970 2更大 ;缺硼还使敏感品种根系比表面积降低 ,而不敏感品种却明显增加。缺硼胁迫对两棉花品种伤流量和根系分泌物的影响也不同 ,它们的一些组分如可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、NO- 3、K+和无机磷等的含量在品种之间存在一定的差异     

牡丹花发育相关基因PsPI的克隆与表达分析

PI基因能够调控植物花器官形成。本研究以牡丹品种‘洛阳红’为研究材料,通过克隆从牡丹花瓣中得到PI同源基因,并利用q RT-PCR对其表达特性进行分析。结果表明,牡丹PI基因cDNA全长636 bp,包含MADS MEF domain,K-box domain,氨基酸序列C末端具有典型PI-motif I,命名为Ps PI,GenBank登录号为MH169595。序列比对与系统进化分析表明,牡丹Ps PI与芍药亲缘关系最近,相似性达90%以上。Ps PI在牡丹营养器官中痕量表达,生殖器官组织中的表达量较高,花瓣中表达量最高,为萼片32倍;牡丹花发育6个时期中,雄蕊、雌蕊原基分化期Ps PI表达量与其他4个时期存在显著差异,雌蕊原基分化期最高;4种不同花型牡丹的花器官中,Ps PI在花瓣中表达量高于萼片、雌蕊与雄蕊,单瓣型、荷花型牡丹表达量显著高于皇冠型与蔷薇型。Ps PI基因参与雌蕊、雄蕊原基分化,不同花型牡丹中该基因均在花瓣表现出较高的表达量,在雌蕊、雄蕊瓣化过程中可能具有关键作用,进而调控牡丹花器官的形态建成,该结果为牡丹花型分子育种提供了理论依据。     

油菜(B.napus L.)硼素营养与结实性的研究

硼营养不足,油菜植株各器官含硼量均下降,下降幅度因器官而异,而以花器官下降幅度最大。缺硼时,花器发育异常,雄蕊在解剖生理上的异常现象尤为突出,严重时花粉败育,花蕾脱落,甚至出现颗粒无收的现象。花粉败育表现为花粉囊空瘪,核质解体,无孢原组织分化,绒毡层发育异常,小孢子原生质团溢出药壁外等现象。硼营养不足降低了花药     

小麦糖基转移酶基因TaUGT73D1的克隆及表达分析

为探讨TaUGT73D1基因在小麦花发育过程中雄蕊和雌蕊形成的作用,本研究利用小麦三雌蕊突变体TP和雄蕊同源转化型不育突变体HTS-1两个品种,从中克隆得到了TaUGT73D1(UDP-glycosyltransferase73D1)的3个同源基因TaUGT73D1-2A、TaUGT73D1-2B、TaUGT73D1-2D,通过基因碱基序列分析表明TaUGT73D1-2A、TaUGT73D1-2B、TaUGT73D1-2D基因序列全长分别为1 907 bp、1 912 bp、1 905 bp,开放阅读框分别为1 365 bp、1 467 bp、1 461 bp,分别编码454、488、486个氨基酸残基,通过与小麦基因组比对,发现这3个同源基因分别位于染色体2AL、2BL、2DL上。TaUGT73D1-2A、TaUGT73D1-2B、TaUGT73D1-2D与乌拉尔图小麦Tu UGT73D1的编码区相似度分别为97.68%、96.52%、99.05%,蛋白序列相似度分别为73.57%、95.08%、95.70%。系统进化分析表明,该类基因与单子叶植物的UGT基因聚在一起,表明其亲缘关系较近,而与双子叶植物相隔较远,表明其亲缘关系较远。利用Real-time PCR分析TTaUGT73D1-2A、TaUGT73D1-2B、TaUGT73D1-2D基因在不同花器官雌蕊(P)、雄蕊(S)及雌蕊化雄蕊(PS)中表达模式。结果表明,该类基因在雄蕊中表达量最高,在雌蕊及雌蕊化中几乎不表达。因此推测TaUGT73D1基因可能与小麦雄蕊同源转化为雌蕊性状有关。本研究为进一步探讨小麦TaUGT73D1基因的功能提供了理论依据。     

棉花花器官突变体的鉴定及候选基因的克隆

棉花是世界性的重要经济作物,是天然纤维的主要来源。棉花生殖生长过程现蕾、开花、结铃都直接影响棉花主要经济性状——棉纤维的产量和品质。本研究在转基因棉花材料中发现了1个花器官突变体,命名为182-9,其花器官呈现瓣化特征。PCR和Southern杂交证明突变体182-9中的外源基因已整合到基因组中,且为单拷贝插入。通过基因组重测序进行序列比较发现,突变体182-9基因组中外源T-DNA插入位点为染色体A11:59086840。PCR和Southern杂交对插入位点进行了进一步验证。根据棉花基因组注释结果,在基因组插入位点附近有3个候选基因(GH_A11G2251、GH_A11G2252和GH_A11G2253)。其中GH_A11G2251为AP2类基因。已有研究证明, AP2类基因为花器官ABC模型中控制萼片和花瓣形成的A类功能基因。qRT-PCR结果显示,GH_A11G2251在转基因受体W0的花瓣、雌蕊和雄蕊3个组织中的表达与突变体182-9中存在显著性差异。本研究为进一步深入探究棉花花器官发育的分子机制研究提供了参考。     

不同棉花品种苗期低钾胁迫响应研究

在液培条件下,对12个棉花品种进行了钾高效品种筛选研究。结果表明,不同棉花品种耐低钾能力不同,其中泗阳328、金106、金农棉3号、隆杂棉2号为钾高效品种,具有钾积累能力强、干物质积累多、钾利用指数高等特点;而湘杂棉7号、金102、隆杂棉1号、湘农棉8号与此相反。钾高效品种叶绿素含量均高于低效品种,说明钾高效棉花品种具有较强向地上部转运钾的能力,从而能维持棉株叶片叶绿体的生理功能;随着钾浓度下降,钾高效品种丙二醛含量低于低效品种,表明钾高效品种自身膜系统稳定性较好,在遭遇低钾胁迫时其抗逆性较强。     

低硼及高硼胁迫对棉花幼苗生长与脯氨酸代谢的影响

以‘鄂抗10号’棉花品种为材料,采用营养液培养,设置不加硼(B0, 0 mg L~(-1))、低硼(B0.002, 0.002 mg L~(-1))、适硼(CK, B0.2, 0.20 mg L~(-1))、高硼(B50, 50 mg L~(-1)) 4个硼(Boron, B)水平,探究低硼和高硼胁迫处理下棉花幼苗生长及脯氨酸代谢的响应。结果表明, B0、B0.002及B50处理较CK显著抑制植株生长,表现出较低的植株鲜重和干重,根系伸长受到抑制。在供硼处理下,随着硼浓度的升高,棉花幼苗根、茎和叶中硼含量均呈梯度性上升,其中,B0.2和B50处理下叶片中硼含量均高于根和茎;而在B0和B0.002处理下,根中的硼含量高于叶和茎。低硼和高硼处理下叶片中脯氨酸含量明显增加,而根中脯氨酸含量显著减少。进一步分析叶片和根中脯氨酸合成代谢相关酶活性发现, B0.002和B50处理较CK增加棉花幼苗叶片Δ~1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶(Δ~1-pyrroline-5-carboxylatesynthetase,P5CS)和鸟氨酸转氨酶(Ornithine-δ-aminotransferase,OAT)活性而降低脯氨酸脱氢酶(Prolinedehydrogenase,ProDH)的活性;叶片中Δ~1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸还原酶(Δ~1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, P5CR)活性在B50处理下显著高于CK,而B0.002处理下该酶活性变化差异不显著。另外, B50处理较CK显著降低棉花幼苗根中OAT和P5CR酶活性,而B0.002处理显著增加根中P5CS和ProDH的活性。表明低硼和高硼胁迫均抑制棉花幼苗的生长。硼胁迫条件下,脯氨酸主要积累在棉花幼苗叶片中,根中脯氨酸含量显著降低。缺硼和硼毒害时,棉花幼苗叶片中脯氨酸的积累主要是通过调节脯氨酸Glu和Orn途径中的关键酶(OAT、P5CS合成酶和ProDH分解酶)活性,使得脯氨酸的合成速度高于其降解。而在根中,缺硼胁迫下主要是促进脯氨酸的降解导致根中脯氨酸含量降低,高硼胁迫下主要是通过降低OAT和P5CS合成酶以及ProDH分解酶活性来抑制脯氨酸的合成及其分解,但是对脯氨酸合成的抑制作用远大于其降解,最终导致根系脯氨酸含量降低。     

外源脯氨酸对缺硼下棉花幼苗生长、生理特性以及脯氨酸代谢的影响

【目的】研究外源脯氨酸对不同硼浓度处理下棉花幼苗生长及生理特性和脯氨酸代谢的影响。【方法】采用水培方法,以鄂抗8号棉花品种为试验材料,设置0.02μmol·L~(-1)(低硼)、2.5μmol·L~(-1)(中硼)、100μmol·L~(-1)(适硼)3个硼(Boron,B)浓度梯度以及0和20μmol·L~(-1)2个脯氨酸(Proline,Pro)浓度,共计6个处理,完全随机,其中低硼和中硼均属于缺硼处理,植株生长出现明显差异后收获并测定相关指标。【结果】添加外源脯氨酸在适硼(100μmol·L~(-1))浓度下抑制了棉花的生长,而在低硼(0.02μmol·L~(-1))处理时促进了根系对硼的吸收。与低硼处理相比,添加脯氨酸降低了叶片中脯氨酸、过氧化氢(Hydrogen peroxide,H_2O_2)含量,而促进根中丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)和H_2O_2的积累;同时,根和叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(Ascorbate peroxidase,APX)活性显著上升,过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)活性显著下降,而过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性无明显变化。另外,缺硼时(0.02μmol·L~(-1)和2.5μmol·L~(-1))添加脯氨酸可明显增加其代谢途径中Δ~1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶(Δ~1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase,P5CS)、Δ~1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸还原酶(Δ~1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase,P5CR)、鸟氨酸转氨酶(Ornithine-aminotransferase,OAT)等合成酶及脯氨酸脱氢酶(Proline dehydrogenase,PRODH)的活性。【结论】在适硼下施用脯氨酸抑制了棉花的生长。低硼下添加脯氨酸促进根系对硼的吸收,提高叶片抗氧化酶APX活性而降低叶片中膜脂过氧化物质。低硼导致植株体内脯氨酸的积累,而低硼处理下添加外源脯氨酸会降低叶片中脯氨酸含量,其诱因是影响了脯氨酸代谢途径(谷氨酸和鸟氨酸途径)中关键的合成酶和分解酶活性,主要是由于促进分解代谢的脯氨酸脱氢酶活性显著增加所致。     

两个水稻生殖器官突变体的形态特征和遗传分析

我们在转基因水稻后代中发现了两个生殖器官发育相关的隐性突变体,暂命名为function of reproductive organ J(from)和pistilloid-stamen(ps-2).frol突变体内外稃闭合,抽穗但不开花;4轮器官结构及数目近正常,但内外稃片抱合扭曲成辣椒状,雌雄蕊发育不完全,无花粉形成,雌蕊不育.ps-2突变体类似Luo等(2006)报道的ps突变体:颖花开裂,内外颖片变窄、变硬,外颖弯曲,但ps只有1～5枚雄蕊转化成雌蕊,而ps-2有5～6枚雄蕊转化成雌蕊,仅有极少数突变颖花留有1枚未转变的雄蕊,突变体雌蕊状结构10个以上,不能结实.通过对突变体frol和ps-2分别与野生型明恢86正反杂交,与R527、93-11和中花16的杂交后代表型分离规律分析表明:突变体frol和ps-2是分别由一对隐性基因控制的突变体,其中frol的F2后代表型分离比均符合3:1,大部分ps-2的F2后代表型分离比偏离3:1.进一步分析frol和ps-2双突变体的遗传和表型发现:frol和ps-2基因不等位,是两个独立遗传的基因.植株生活力受纯合ps-2基因的影响,但不受纯合frol基因的影响.双突变体的内外稃片结构及开裂特征似ps-2,而内外稃包合状与frol近似,雄蕊仍表现雌化,但数目明显减少.frol和ps-2双突变体的表型特征暗示了ps-2和frol间存在一定的互作.     

不同硼效率油菜品种细胞壁组分中硼的分配

应用不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜品种(Brassica napus),研究硼在细胞壁各组分中的分配规律。结果表明,细胞壁硼主要结合在果胶中,根系细胞壁80%以上的硼、叶片细胞壁95%以上的硼结合在果胶中。叶片细胞壁果胶硼含量高于根系细胞壁。品种间细胞壁各组分硼含量存在差异,低效品种苗期叶片中螯合剂可溶性果胶硼含量显著高于高效品种     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.