玉米品种农单116膜下滴灌高产制种技术

正农单116是河北农业大学育成,2014年通过河北省农作物品种审定委员会审定(冀审玉2014012号)的夏播玉米品种,承德裕丰种业有限公司独家买断生产、经营权。1.基地的选择2014年在新疆生产建设兵团农六师军户农场采取普通地膜制种生产农单116种子31.9hm~2,为达到对比效果,2015年仍在军户农场同等条件的地块安排膜下滴     

秸秆还田条件下玉米-高粱（玉米）-大豆轮作的产量与效益分析

为明确不同轮作模式的籽粒产量与经济效益差异,推广合理的轮作种植模式,试验设置玉米-高梁-大豆、玉米-玉米-大豆、连作玉米、连作大豆4种种植模式。研究结果表明:玉米-高梁-大豆、玉米-玉米-大豆中大豆籽粒产量较连作大豆籽粒产量分别增加23.88%和17.55%,玉米-高梁-大豆和玉米-玉米-大豆轮作模式年净收益比连作玉米分别高1377元/hm^2和336元/hm^2,玉米-高梁-大豆和玉米-玉米-大豆轮作模式年净收益比连作大豆分别高2279元/hm^2和1237元/hm^2,玉米-高梁-大豆轮作年净收益比玉米-玉米-大豆轮作高1041元/hm^2。     

杭州市农作物种子检验检测能力现状与对策

<正>1现状1.1检验机构现状查阅2014~2016年杭州市农作物主要品种播种面积统计报表,杭州市近3年粮食作物播种面积12.60万~14.65万hm~2,主要包括早稻、晚稻、玉米、大豆、大麦、小麦、油菜等,根据每种作物的平均用种量估     

杂交玉米积压缓解杂交水稻生产过剩2015年种子市场供需仍不平衡

全国农业技术推广服务中心日前在天津市召开了2014年全国主要农作物种子产供需形势分析秋季例会,对2014年玉米;水稻、小麦、油菜、棉花和大豆等主要农作物种子生产及2015年种子市场需求情况进行了汇总分析。     

半干旱地区不同前作模式对后茬大豆产量和土壤水分的影响

土壤水分是限制旱作农业生产的重要因子。采用等值线法分析6种不同前作模式下后茬大豆田土壤水分的时空分布规律,并对其水分利用效率和产量进行比较,以期为筛选半干旱地区节水高效型种植模式提供理论依据。结果表明:不同前作模式下大豆种植季土壤水分的时空动态变化相似,土壤贮水量均先降低后增加;随着时间的推移和土层深度的变化,土壤水分动态变化有一定的差异。其中,谷子→甘蓝→马铃薯→大豆轮作模式等值线密集,耗水速率快;玉米→甘蓝→马铃薯→大豆轮作模式等值线最疏松,左部等值线边缘数值大,土壤贮水量变化较小。各种植模式之间大豆生育期的耗水量差异明显,且不同种植模式下大豆产量和水分利用效率差异显著。其中玉米→马铃薯→甘蓝→大豆轮作模式下大豆产量显著高于其他种植模式,达到3 767.39kg/hm~2,水分利用效率为12.83kg/(hm~2·mm)。因此,玉米→马铃薯→甘蓝→大豆的种植模式优于其他种植模式,是适宜半干旱地区的较好种植组合。     

垦粘7号糯玉米高产制种技术

<正>垦粘7号玉米是黑龙江省农垦科学院农作物开发研究所以垦裕糯1为母本,垦裕糯3为父本组配选育的高产、优质白糯玉米杂交种。2013~2014年参加黑龙江省糯玉米组区域试验鲜穗平均产量14 892.4kg/hm~2,较对照垦粘1号增产4.75%;2015年参加生产试验     

长期连作棉田不同恢复模式对土壤团聚体及酶活性的影响

选择干旱区玛纳斯河流域绿洲长期连作棉田(20年)为研究对象,研究连作棉田(CM),采用轮作玉米(YL)、轮作大豆(DL)、玉米-大豆间作(YDJ)和休闲免耕(XX)4种轮作模式对农田土壤团聚体及酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同轮作模式均以D53-250团聚体含量最高,团聚体含量分布范围为39%~53%;相比连作棉田,短期轮作玉米和轮作大豆模式土壤过氧化氢酶与脲酶酶活性增强。轮作大豆和轮作玉米模式中土壤过氧化氢酶活性在D250团聚体中最高;在不同轮作模式下,蔗糖酶活性表现为D250D53-250D53,随着团聚体粒级的减小,蔗糖酶的活性降低;磷酸酶活性顺序表现为D250D53D53-250。不同轮作模式均能影响土壤酶活性,团聚体酶活性均集中在大团聚体中。大豆轮作和玉米轮作有利于酶活性的增强,可作为长期连作棉田短期轮作倒茬的首选模式。     

玉米-大豆轮作及氮肥施用对土壤细菌群落结构的影响

在大豆开花期分别对3个施氮水平下(0、50和100 kg hm^-2)大豆连作(大豆-大豆-大豆)、玉米-大豆轮作I (大豆-玉米-大豆)及玉米-大豆轮作II (玉米-玉米-大豆),应用PCR-DGGE技术研究了玉米-大豆轮作及施氮对土壤细菌群落结构变化的影响。结果表明,随着施氮水平的提高,3种种植方式土壤中细菌群落多样性、丰富度均呈减少趋势。高氮处理(100 kg hm^-2)明显降低了大豆连作、玉米-大豆轮作II根际土壤细菌群落多样性及丰富度,玉米-大豆轮作I根际土壤细菌群落多样性及丰富度略有降低。玉米-大豆轮作I种植方式可减轻氮肥对其根际细菌群落多样性和丰富度的影响,但施氮明显改变了其细菌群落结构。玉米-大豆轮作II中大豆根际土壤细菌群落结构较为稳定,受氮肥影响较小。在3种种植方式的土壤中,分布着酸杆菌门、变形菌门及厚壁菌门细菌,其中前两门菌群占主导地位。     

高产大豆品种天益科豆18选育报告及栽培技术

天益科豆18是安徽华成种业股份有限公司以中黄13为母本、周豆12为父本,采用杂交系谱法选育而成;2012—2013年参加安徽省夏大豆区试,两年平均产量2 918.70kg/hm~2,比对照中黄13增产10.02%,达到显著水平;2014年生产试验平均产量2 642.55kg/hm~2,比对照中黄13增产9.35%;蛋白质含量42.30%、脂肪含量20.09%,中抗大豆花叶病毒病流行株系SC3和SC7。2014年通过安徽省农作物品种审定委员会审定(审定编号:皖审豆2017001)。通过了河南省、江苏省和山东省引种备案。     

蠡玉16玉米高产栽培技术

<正>1产量表现蠡玉16参加杭州市春季普通玉米展示试验,2014年淳安展示点产量为8.619t/hm~2,比对照郑单958增产17.87%;2015年淳安展示点产量为12.486t/hm~2,比郑单958增产20.7%;2015年建德展示点产量为9.794t/hm~2,比郑单958增产52.01%;2016年淳安展示点产量为7.256t/hm~2,     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Breeding barriers between the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa, and related wild germplasm

Five-hundred interspecific and intergeneric crosses were performed among accessions of the wild strawberries Fragaria vesca(2x), Duchesnea indica (8x), Potentilla tucumanensis (2x) and 9 genotypes of the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria×ananassa (8x), following an incomplete diallele mating design. Crosses between D. indica and F.×ananassa produced many putative hybrids when D. indica was used as female but a few achenes and plants when used as male; therefore, pollen-pistil compatibility relations were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy in this direction of the cross. Of the genotypic combinations, 78.6% were incompatible at the stigma level and 17.2% at the first third of the style. Only 3.6% were pollen-pistil compatible and produced fruits with achenes (seven did not germinate or originated short-lived plants and nine produced normal plants). F.vesca×F.×ananassa crosses produced 35 hybrid achenes but only 14% germinated, yielding short-lived plants; histological analyses revealed that inviable seeds had less developed (or collapsed) endosperms and smaller embryos than control plump F. vesca seeds. P.tucumanensis was only used as male, with negative results. These species and genera are partially isolated by a complex system of pre- and post-zygotic barriers. Knowledge of their nature would allow the breeder to devise strategies to put the genetic variability available in the group into a useful form. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.