小麦籽粒黄色素基因型鉴定及其与色差仪参数相关分析

为了解河南现有小麦品种中籽粒黄色素含量位点Psy-A1、Psy-B1和Psy-D1的等位基因变异及分布,本研究利用其功能标记YP7A、YP7B-1、YP7B-2、YP7D-1和YP7D-2对43份河南小麦供试材料的Psy-A1、Psy-B1和Psy-D1位点的基因型进行鉴定,并探讨了这些等位基因与面粉黄度b*值的关系。结果表明,参试小麦品种中Psy-A1a和Psy-A1b基因型的频率分别为86%和14%,主要为高黄色素含量的Psy-A1a等位基因;Psy-B1a、Psy-B1b和Psy-B1c基因型的频率分别为16.28%、81.40%和9.30%,主要为低黄色素含量的Psy-B1b等位基因;Psy-D1a基因型的频率为100%。参试小麦品种面粉黄度b*值变异幅度较大,从4.85到13.78,平均值为9.58。分析表明,基因型组合Psy-A1b/Psy-B1c和Psy-A1b/Psy-B1b调控低黄色素含量,基因型组合Psy-A1a/Psy-B1a和Psy-A1a/Psy-B1c调控高黄色素含量,基因型组合Psy-A1b/Psy-B1a和Psy-A1a/Psy-B1b调控中等黄色素含量。本研究能够为以小麦面粉色泽为育种目标的小麦新品种培育提供数据参考。     

普通小麦‘Holdfast’条锈病成株抗性QTL定位

Holdfast是来自英国的小麦品种,多年来一直保持良好的条锈病持久抗性。本研究目的是发掘Holdfast的条锈病成株抗性基因及其紧密连锁的分子标记,为小麦持久抗性品种选育提供材料和方法。利用铭贤169和Holdfast杂交后代重组自交系(recombinant inbred lines, RIL)群体,于2014—2015和2015—2016年度在甘肃甘谷、甘肃中梁和四川成都进行条锈病成株抗性鉴定,并统计最大严重度(maximum disease severity, MDS)。基于小麦660K SNP芯片和BSA(bulkedsegregantanalysis)技术初步确定抗病基因所在的染色体后,将目标区域的SNP标记转化为KASP(KompetitiveallelespecificPCR)标记,检测整个RIL群体,进行基因型分析。最后进行RIL群体条锈病成株抗性的QTL分析,在5AL和7AL染色体上发现了2个成株抗性QTL。5A染色体长臂上1个条锈病成株抗性QTL QYr.gaas-5AL,在所有环境下均存在,可解释6.5%～9.3%的表型变异; QYr.gaas-5AL位于标记Ax-109948955和Ax-108798241之间,连锁距离分别为0.5 cM和1.1 cM。在7A染色体长臂上定位到1个条锈病成株抗性QTL QYr.gaas-7AL,在2015年和2016年甘谷环境中均稳定存在,分别解释6.2%和7.3%的表型变异;QYr.gaas-7AL位于标记Ax-110361069和Ax-108759561之间,连锁距离分别为0.5 cM和0.7 cM。携带QYr.gaas-5AL和QYr.gaas-7AL抗病等位基因家系的MDS显著低于感病等位基因家系的MDS,表明QYr.gaas-5AL和QYr.gaas-7AL可有效降低条锈病严重度,可应用于小麦抗条锈育种。     

小麦挑旗期和抽穗期的QTL分析

挑旗期和抽穗期是小麦重要的农艺性状,与小麦的开花期和成熟期密切相关。本研究利用小麦BS20/Fu3的DH群体的289个系,分别于2005-2006和2006-2007两个年度将该群体种植于北京和安徽阜阳,田间调查挑旗期和抽穗期,采用复合区间作图法,对挑旗期和抽穗期进行QTL分析。研究结果表明,挑旗期共有3个主效QTL,分别位于1BL、1DL和6BL,贡献率为3.34%～14.31%;抽穗期共有4个主效QTL,分别位于1BL、1DL、4AL和6BL染色体上,贡献率为4.93%～19.98%。挑旗期与抽穗期共同的QTL位于1BL、1DL和6BL,分别与cfa2129、cfd65和Xgwm58紧密连锁,与cfa2129的遗传距离为3.49～13.39cM,与cfd65的遗传距离为0.05～2.05cM,与Xgwm58的遗传距离为0.06cM。抽穗期位于4AL上的QTL,只在阜阳两年种植的材料中检测到,与最近标记Barc170的遗传距离为1.7～6.1cM,可能由于不同生态环境诱导不同基因的表达。挑旗期和抽穗期的QTL基本一致,推测由于基因的多效性或控制不同性状的基因紧密连锁所致,同时从分子水平验证了两个性状的高度相关性。     

玉米种子休眠性的QTL定位

选用两个种子休眠性差异较大的普通玉米自交系R08与A318组配的F2群体共331个单株,构建了包含137个SSR标记的分子遗传连锁图谱,覆盖玉米基因组2 076.7 cM,平均图距15.2 cM。采用复合区间作图法对F_2:3家系种子休眠性数据进行分析,共检测到7个QTL,分别位于玉米第1、3、5和10染色体上。7个QTL的贡献率在2.45%~26.     

玉米SSR连锁图谱构建与株高及穗位高QTL定位

用玉米自交系组合R15×掖478的F₂群体构建连锁图谱,并通过1年2点随机区组试验设计,考察玉米229个F_2:4家系成株期的株高和穗位高。所建连锁图谱上共拟合146个SSR标记位点,覆盖基因组1 666 cM,标记间平均距离为11.4 cM。用复合区间作图法进行QTL分析,共检测到8个控制株高的QTL,分别位于第2、3、4、5和8染色体;3个控制穗位高的QTL位点,位于第4染色体。单个株高QTL的贡献率变幅为6.67%~11.59%,单个穗位高QTL贡献率变幅为10.46%~12.15%。     

小麦种子根结构及胚芽鞘长度的QTL分析

为探讨小麦种子根结构及胚芽鞘长度的遗传基础,以小麦DH群体(旱选10号×鲁麦14)的150个株系为材料,利用凝胶室培养幼苗,测定种子根的数目和最大根长、胚芽鞘长度、根苗干重比等性状,并通过扫描仪测定幼苗种子根的总长度、根直径及角度。利用已经构建的DH群体遗传连锁图谱,采用基于混合线性模型的复合区间作图法分析上述性状的QTL。在1A、1B、2B、2D、3B、4A、4D、5A、5B、6A、7A和7B共12条染色体上检测到12个加性效应QTL和7对加性×加性互作效应QTL。QTL的加性效应值在0.02~8.45之间,对表型变异的贡献率为5.64%~12.37%。7对加性×加性互作效应QTL分布在1A–2B(2)、1A–6A、1B–2D、5B–6A、6A–7A和6A–7B等6对染色体之间,其互作效应值为0.20~7.45,对表型变异的贡献率为8.70%~15.90%。在染色体3B和7A上各检测到1个种子根结构相关性状的QTL簇。     

普通小麦-野生二粒小麦染色体臂置换系籽粒与品质性状分析

野生二粒小麦在农艺性状和品质性状上具有丰富的遗传变异,这些优异基因的导入对促进优质小麦生产具有重要的意义。以普通小麦品种Bethlehem（BLH）为遗传背景的野生二粒小麦染色体臂置换系（chromosome arm substitution lines,CASLs）为材料,进行2年一点田间试验,考察籽粒（粒长、粒宽和千粒重）与品质相关性状（蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、淀粉含量和灰分含量）。结果表明：CASLs群体中3AL 2年的粒长均显著长于亲本BLH,推测3AL染色体上至少有1个正效QTL控制野生二粒小麦的粒长,至少3个控制粒长的负效QTLs分别位于4BS、6BL和7BL,至少11个控制千粒重的负效QTLs分别位于2AS、5AS、6AL、7AS、1BS、1BL、4BS、4BL、5BL、6BL和7BL,至少6个与蛋白质含量正相关的QTLs分别位于6AL、1BS、2BS、3BL、7BS和7BL,至少3个控制湿面筋形成的正效QTLs分别位于2BL、7BS和7BL,至少3个控制沉降值的主效QTLs分别位于4AL、7AL和7BL,至少1个控制淀粉形成的负效QTL位点位于7BL;至少1个促进小麦籽粒灰分含量增加的QTL位于7BL上。相关性分析表明,千粒重与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值和灰分含量呈显著或极显著的负相关,蛋白质含量与湿面筋含量、沉降值和灰分含量均呈极显著正相关,而与淀粉含量呈极显著负相关。综上所述,CASLs群体具有丰富的遗传多样性,且每个置换系只含有对应野生二粒小麦的染色体臂,各置换系有着不同的遗传特点,因此,可以综合利用置换系的有利性状对小麦目标性状进行遗传改良,进而为小麦育种提供更加丰富的遗传资源。     

玉米丝裂病的抗性QTL定位

选用感丝裂病的玉米自交系R08与抗丝裂病的自交系Es40组配F₂群体共348个单株,构建了包含115个SSR标记的分子遗传连锁图谱,覆盖玉米基因组2 178.6 cM,平均图距为18.9 cM。采用复合区间作图法,对F_2:4家系丝裂病数据进行抗性QTL分析,共检测到12个QTL,分别位于第1、2、4、5和7染色体,贡献率为4.22%~37.95%。其中在第1、3染色体上检测到主效QTL,贡献率均大于30%,基因作用方式均为显性,其余10个QTL的作用方式多为加性或部分显性。     

大豆重组自交系群体NJRIKY遗传图谱的加密及其应用效果

作物基因组研究,包括基因或数量性状位点(QTL)定位、图位克隆以及物理图谱构建等,首先必须建立具有丰富标记信息的高密度遗传连锁图谱。由科丰1号和南农1138-2杂交组合衍生的重组自交系群体NJRIKY已经构建了4张大豆遗传连锁图谱,但由于遗传信息和标记数目不够充分,在基因和QTL作图时仍然存在精确度和准确度问题。为增加NJRIKY图谱密度,本研究在967对SSR引物中获得了401个多态性SSR标记。结合其他分子数据,使用作图软件Mapmaker/Exp3.0b,获得一张含有553个遗传标记,25个连锁群,总长2071.6cM,平均图距3.70cM的新遗传连锁图谱,其中SSR标记316个,RFLP标记197个,EST标记39个,形态标记1个。连锁群上大于20cM的标记间隔由原来42个减少到2个。原图谱的3个SMV抗性基因定位于D1b连锁群末端的开放区间上且仅与一个RFLP标记连锁,利用加密图谱对Rsc-3、Rsc-7、Rsc-9、Rsc-13、Rsa、Rn1和Rn3等7个SMV抗性基因重定位,全部位于D1b连锁群,与相邻分子标记距离均小于6cM,其中Rsc-9、Rn1、Rsa的距离小于1cM,Rsc-13与EST标记GMKF168a共分离。对本群体农艺性状进行QTL重定位,获得8个性状相关的42个主效QTL,其中20个QTL遗传贡献率大于10%,与原图谱比较,新定位的各QTL的标记区间明显缩短,与相邻标记的连锁更加紧密。     

小麦面粉膨胀势的遗传方式及QTL定位

通过对小麦面粉膨胀势进行初步定位,可以为小麦品质遗传改良和相关基因的精细定位和克隆提供理论依据。以小麦‘花培3号’和‘漯麦4号’的双单倍体群体为材料,通过一年两点试验,研究了面粉膨胀势的遗传方式,并采用复合区间作图法对其进行QTL分析。结果发现,面粉膨胀势由微效多基因控制,为数量性状。QTL定位结果表明,在北京点定位到2个与面粉膨胀势相关QTLs,位于4A染色体上。这两个位点均来自母本‘花培3号’等位基因的增效作用,其效应值分别为0.4298和0.5948。河南点只检测到1个与面粉膨胀势相关QTL,也位于4A染色体上。该位点来自母本‘花培3号’等位基因的减效作用,其效应值为0.3024。3个QTLs位于4A染色体上的不同标记区间,共解释面粉膨胀势37.92%的表型变异。两地没有检测到共同的QTL。尽管北京点的两个位点贡献率分别为11.29%和21.48%,但不是稳定的QTL,可能在小麦面粉膨胀势分子标记辅助选择上应用不是很大。     

QTL analysis of main and epistatic effects for flour color traits in durum wheat

The aim of this work was to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with flour yellow color (Fb*) and yellow pigment content (YPC) in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum). Additionally, QTLs affecting flour redness (Fa*) and brightness (FL*) color parameters were investigated. A population of 93 RILs (UC1113 × Kofa) was evaluated in three locations of Argentina over 2 years. High heritability values (>94%) were obtained for Fb* and YPC, whereas FL* and Fa* showed intermediate to high values. The main QTLs affecting Fb* and YPC overlapped on chromosome arms 4AL (4AL.2), 6AL (6AL.2), 7AS, 7AL, 7BS (7BS.2) and 7BL (7BL.2). The 7BL.1 QTL included the Psy-B1 locus, but one additional linked QTL was detected. A novel minor QTL located on 7AS affected Fb*, with an epistatic effect on YPC. An epistatic interaction occurred between the 7AL and 7BL.2 QTLs. The 4AL.2 QTL showed a strong effect on Fb* and was involved in two digenic epistatic interactions. The 6AL.2 QTL explained most of the variation for Fb* and YPC. The main QTLs affecting FL* and Fa* were located on 2BS and 7BL, respectively. These results confirm the complex inheritance of flour color traits and open the possibility of developing perfect markers to improve pasta quality in Argentinean breeding programs.     

QTL analysis of quality traits in the spring wheat cross RL4452 × 'AC Domain'

Wheat grain quality is a complex group of traits of tremendous importance to wheat producers, end‐users and breeders. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis studied the genetics of milling, mixograph, farinograph, baking, starch and noodle colour traits in the spring wheat population RL4452/‘AC Domain’. Forty‐seven traits were measured on the population and 99 QTLs were detected over 18 chromosomes for 41 quality traits. Forty‐four of these QTLs mapped to three major QTL clusters on chromosomes 1B, 4D, and 7D. Fourteen QTLs mapped near Glu‐B1, 20 QTLs mapped near a major plant height QTL on chromosome 4D, and 10 QTLs mapped near a major time to maturity QTL on chromosome 7D. Large QTLs were detected for grain and flour protein content, farinograph absorption, mixograph parameters, and dietary fibre on chromosome 2BS. QTLs for yellow alkaline noodle colour parameter L* mapped to chromosomes 5B and 5D, while the largest QTL for the b* parameter mapped to 7AL.     

Genetic mapping within the wheat D genome reveals QTL for germination, seed vigour and longevity, and early seedling growth

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling germination, seed vigour and longevity, and early seedling growth were identified using a set of common wheat lines carrying known D genome introgression segments. Seed germination (capacity, timing, rate and synchronicity) was characterized by a standard germination test, based either on the 1 mm root protrusion (germination sensu stricto) or the development of normal seedlings. To quantify seed vigour, the same traits were measured from batches of seed exposed for 72 h at 43°C and high (ca. 100%) humidity. Seed longevity was evaluated from the relative trait values. Seedling growth was assessed both under non-stressed and under osmotic stress conditions. Twenty QTL were mapped to chromosomes 1D, 2D, 4D, 5D, and 7D. Most of the QTL for germination sensu stricto clustered on chromosome 1DS in the region Xgwm1291–Xgwm337. A region on chromosome 7DS associated with Xgwm1002 harboured loci controlling the development of normal seedlings. Seed vigour-related QTL were present in a region of chromosome 5DL linked to Xgwm960. QTL for seed longevity were coincident with those for germination or seed vigour on chromosomes 1D or 5D. QTL for seedling growth were identified on chromosomes 4D and 5D. A candidate homologues search suggested the putative functions of the genes within the respective regions. These results offer perspectives for the selection of favourable alleles to improve certain vigour traits in wheat, although the negative effects of the same chromosome regions on other traits may limit their practical use.     

Molecular mapping of quantitative trait loci for domestication traits and β-glucan content in a wheat recombinant inbred line population

Genetic maps are useful for analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in breeding. A simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker linkage map of common wheat was constructed based on recombination inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between Chinese Spring and spelt wheat. The map included 264 loci on all wheat chromosomes covering 2,345.2 cM with 962, 794.6, and 588.6 cM for the A, B, and D genomes, respectively. Using the RILs and the map, we detected 42 putative QTLs on 15 chromosomes for ear length, spikelet number, spike compactness, kernel length, kernel width, kernel height and β-glucan content. Each QTL explained 4–45% of the phenotypic variation. Five QTL cluster regions were detected on chromosomes 1A, 5AL, 2B, 2D, and 4D. The first QTLs for β-glucan content in wheat were identified on chromosomes 3A, 1B, 5B, and 6D.     

Mapping quantitative trait loci in wheat for resistance against greenbug and Russian wheat aphid

Breeding for genetic resistance against greenbug and Russian wheat aphid (RWA) is the most effective way of controlling these widespread pests in wheat. Earlier work had shown that chromosome 7D of a synthetic hexaploid wheat, ‘Synthetic’ (T. dicoccoides × Ae. squarrosa) (AABB × DD) gave resistance when transferred into the genetic background of an aphid‐susceptible cultivar, ‘Chinese Spring’, as the recipient. To map the genes involved, a set of 103 doubled haploid recombinant substitution lines was obtained from crossing the 7D substitution line with the recipient, and used to determine the number and chromosomal location of quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling antixenosis and antibiosis types of resistance. Antixenosis to RWA was significantly associated with marker loci Xpsr687 on 7DS, and Xgwm437 on 7DL. Antibiosis to greenbug was associated with marker loci Xpsr490, Rc3 (on 7DS), Xgwm44, Xgwm111, Xgwm437, Xgwm121 and D67 (on 7DL). Similarly, antibiosis to RWA was linked to loci Xpsr490, Rc3, Xgwm44, Xgwm437 and Xgwm121. At least two QTL in repulsion phase, one close to the centromere either on the 7DS or 7DL arms, and a second distal on 7DL could explain antibiosis to RWA and, partially, this mechanism against greenbug.     

普通小麦多酚氧化酶活性的QTL分析

多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase, PPO）是引起面团（片）颜色褐变的主要原因。利用122对SSR引物、4对贮藏蛋白的STS引物和10对AFLP引物组合，分析了中优9507´CA9632的71个DH系的基因型，构建了由173个位点组成的遗传连锁图，在小麦21个连锁群上覆盖2 881 cM。将该群体种植于3种环境，采用复合区间作图法（CIM）进行了P     

QTL mapping for flour and noodle colour components and yellow pigment content in common wheat

Improvement of flour colour is an important breeding objective for various wheat-based end-products. The objectives of this study were to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for flour colour components and yellow pigment content (YPC), using 240 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between the Chinese wheat cultivars PH82-2 and Neixiang 188. Field trials were performed in a Latinized α-lattice design in Anyang and Jiaozuo, Henan Province and Taian, Shandong, in the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 cropping seasons providing data for six environments. One hundred and eighty-eight polymorphic SSR markers, rye secalin marker Sec1, STS markers YP7A for a phytoene synthase gene (Psy-A1), and four glutenin subunit markers, were used to genotype the population and construct the linkage map for subsequent QTL analysis. Two major QTL were detected for YPC, associated with 1RS (1B.1R translocation) and the Psy-A1 (7A) gene, explaining 31.9% and 33.9% of the phenotypic variances, respectively. 1RS also had large influences on Fa*, Fb*, KJ, NL*and Nb*, and Psy-A1 genes showed large effects on Fa*, Fb*, Kj, Fci, NL*, Na* and Nb*, explaining from 4.5 to 26.1% and 4.3 to 35.9% of the phenotypic variances, respectively. In addition, QTL for flour colour parameters and yellow pigment content were also detected on chromosomes 1A and 4A, accounting for 1.5–4.1% of the phenotypic variance. The genetic effect of the 1B.1R translocation on flour colour parameters was also discussed.     

QTL analysis of resistance to Fusarium head blight in wheat using a 'Wangshuibai'-derived population

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease that reduces the yield, quality and economic value of wheat. For quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of resistance to FHB, F₃ plants and F_3:5 lines, derived from a ‘Wangshuibai’ (resistant)/‘Seri82’(susceptible) cross, were spray inoculated during 2001 and 2002, respectively. Artificial inoculation was carried out under field conditions. Of 420 markers, 258 amplified fragment length polymorphism and 39 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were mapped and yielded 44 linkage groups covering a total genetic distance of 2554 cM. QTL analysis was based on the constructed linkage map and area under the disease progress curve. The analyses revealed a QTL in the map interval Xgwm533‐Xs18/m12 on chromosome 3BS accounting for up to 17% of the phenotypic variation. In addition, a QTL was detected in the map interval Xgwm539‐Xs15/m24 on chromosome 2DL explaining up to 11% of the phenotypic variation. The QTL alleles originated from ‘Wangshuibai’ and were tagged with SSR markers. Using these SSR markers would facilitate marker‐assisted selection to improve FHB resistance in wheat.     

小麦抗白粉病新基因的AFLP和SSR标记及其染色体定位

M53 (YAV2/TEZ//Ae.squarrosa 249) 是硬粒小麦与粗山羊草的双二倍体合成种,携带一个抗白粉病新基因,暂命名为Pm-M53,该基因对北京地区白粉病优势生理小种15号表现免疫抗性。本研究利用来源于杂交组合M53/宛7107的一个F₂群体,在苗期采用白粉病15号小种（Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici）接种,抗病反应型鉴定表明,抗感比例符合3∶1,说明其抗性受显性单基因控制;对部分F₂植株的F₃株系的抗病鉴定进一步证明了F₂鉴定的可靠性;利用AFLP和SSR标记技术结合F₂分离群体对目的基因进行了遗传作图,将目的基因定位在5D染色体的长臂上。其中AFLP标记P16M16_-109(Apm109)和P5M16_-161(Apm161)与目的基因的遗传距离分别为1.0和3.0 cM。SSR标记Xwmc289b、Xgwm583和Xgwm292与目的基因的遗传距离分别为20.0、33.0和24.0 cM。这些标记位于目的基因的两侧。利用中国春遗传背景的缺-四体和双端体结合AFLP标记Apm109确证了SSR标记定位的可靠性,进一步证明该基因是一个新的抗白粉病基因。     

不同盐浓度胁迫下小麦苗期苗高和主根长的QTL分析

小麦苗期苗高和主根长是鉴定小麦苗期耐盐性的重要指标。利用小麦品种花培3号×豫麦57获得的DH群体168个株系,在去离子水(对照)以及50,100,200 mmol/L NaCl溶液处理下,进行苗高和主根长的数量性状基因(QTL)定位分析。利用完备区间作图法,共检测到影响苗高和主根长的25个QTL,单个QTL对表型的贡献率为4.19%～23.72%。位于3D染色体区间Xgdm72-Xbarc1119上影响主根长的QTL位点具有最大的遗传效应,贡献率为23.72%;在100 mmol/L和50 mmol/L NaCl处理下,在2D染色体Xwmc170.2-Xgwm539区段,同时检测到影响苗高的2个QTL位点,其贡献率分别为12.59%和8.40%;在100 mmol/L和200 mmol/L NaCl处理下,在4D染色体Xc-fa2173-Xcfe188区段,同时检测到影响主根长的2个QTL位点,其贡献率分别为8.77%和5.70%;在对照和100mmol/L NaCl溶液处理下,在5BL染色体Xgwm213-Xswes861.2区段,同时检测到影响苗高的QTL位点,其贡献率分别为17.49%和6.28%。另外,在50 mmol/L NaCl溶液处理下,4B染色体Xwmc657-Xwmc48区段还定位了1个影响苗高的QTL位点,其贡献率为12.59%;在染色体3A和染色体7D上各检测出与主根长有关的1个不同的QTL;在5A染色体Xbarc358.2-Xgwm186和Xcwem40-Xbarc358.2区间分别检测到1个影响苗高的QTL。这些主效QTL可用于苗高和主根长的分子标记辅助选择。