100份谷子品种资源萌发期耐盐性评价及耐盐品种筛选

研究了100份谷子品种资源萌发期盐胁迫条件下芽、根的变化,并对供试材料的耐盐性进行了综合评价和等级划分,结果表明：150mmol/L的NaCl溶液是谷子萌发期耐盐筛选的最适浓度;盐胁迫条件下谷子芽受到的抑制作用小于根;100份谷子品种资源各测定指标变异系数由大到小顺序为：发芽相对盐害率>相对活力指数>相对发芽势>相对根干重>相对芽干重>相对发芽指数>相对芽长=相对根长>相对发芽率;晋育红谷、公矮6号、红钙谷和晋谷29共4个品种为综合耐盐能力强的资源。     

谷子杂交种和常规种耐盐性筛选

为了筛选出耐盐性的谷子品种,本试验选用了山西、陕西、河北等地的27个常用谷子品种的种子和幼苗进行处理,通过调查不同盐梯度下种子的发芽率,测得发芽相对盐害率;依据《谷子种质资源描述规范和数据标准》苗期耐盐性鉴定方法,测得苗期盐害指数。结果表明:不同谷子品种芽期在0 mmol/L和150 mmol/L盐胁迫下,差异很小,在200 mmol/L盐胁迫下,差异明显;在200 mmol/L NaCI溶液的环境下,‘张杂谷3号’达到3级耐盐标准,‘张杂谷DH3’达到5级耐盐标准。苗期耐盐性鉴定结果表明,‘张杂谷3号’达到3级耐盐标准、‘张杂谷DH3’达到7级耐盐标准。苗期出苗和生长结果表明,不同谷子品种在盐胁迫下随着盐浓度的提高,出苗率逐渐下降;随着盐浓度的提高,谷苗生长高度逐渐下降。个别不耐盐的谷子父母本,通过杂交获得的杂交种,耐盐能力得到显著增强。经以上结果分析,土壤盐度大于千分之三,不适宜谷子的正常生长,含盐量在千分之三以下的轻度盐碱地,是将来选育耐盐谷子品种的重点利用领域。     

谷子杂交种和常规种耐盐性筛选与研究

为了对谷子杂交种和常规品种进行耐盐性筛选与研究，选用山西、陕西、河北等地的27个常用谷子品种进行了芽期耐盐性筛选试验，对筛选出的芽期耐盐性品种进行了苗期耐盐性鉴定试验，对部分品种进行了盐胁迫条件下出苗和生长试验。结果表明不同谷子品种芽期在0 mmol L-1和150 mmol L-1盐胁迫下，相差很小，在200 mmol L-1盐胁迫下，差距明显。在200 mmol L-1NaCI溶液的环境下，张杂谷3号达到3级耐盐标准、张杂谷DH3达到5级耐盐标准。不同谷子品种在盐胁迫下随着盐浓度的提高，出苗率逐渐下降；随着盐浓度的提高，谷苗生长高度逐渐下降。个别不耐盐的谷子父母本，通过杂交获得的杂交种，耐盐能力得到显著增强。经结果分析，土壤盐度大于千分之三，不适宜谷子的正常生长，含盐量在千分之三以下的轻度盐碱地，是将来选育耐盐谷子品种的重点利用领域。     

不同高梁品种种子萌发耐盐能力评价

对103份高粱种质资源在发芽期进行耐盐性鉴定.结果表明,随着盐浓度的升高,发芽率、发芽势呈现出下降的趋势.不同品种(系)间的耐盐能力存在着明显的差异,按盐害百分率分级,1级品种(相对盐害率＜20%)11份,3级品种(相对盐害率20%～40%)27份,5级品种(相对盐害率40%～60%)32份,7级品种(相对盐害率60%～80%)18份,9级品种(相对盐害率≥80%)14份.其中芽期耐盐性强(耐盐级别3级以上)的高梁品种38份,占供试材料的36.8%.     

转PvP5CS1基因拟南芥植株对干旱和盐胁迫的反应

为探索普通菜豆脯氨酸合成酶基因P5CS1在植物渗透胁迫中的作用,本研究应用农杆菌介导法,将PvP5CS1基因转入拟南芥,获得6株阳性转基因株系;通过检测转基因植株与野生型植株在干旱和盐胁迫下种子发芽率,幼苗脯氨酸含量、株系电导率、相对根长和成株死亡率,分析了PvP5CS1基因的表达对改善拟南芥抗渗透胁迫的效应。结果表明,在150 mmol L^-1 NaCl和150 mmol L^-1甘露醇渗透胁迫下,转基因植株平均相对发芽率分别是野生型的1.6倍和1.62倍;150、250 mmol L^-1甘露醇和150 mmol L^-1 NaCl处理下,转基因拟南芥植株平均脯氨酸含量分别是野生型的2.68、1.30和1.30倍;平均相对电导率分别是野生型植株的85%、77%和85%;平均相对根长分别是野生型植株的1.2、1.3和1.2倍;300 mmol L^-1 NaCl处理下,转基因植株的平均死亡率为42%,显著低于野生型(90%)(P<0.05);干旱胁迫下,转基因植株的平均死亡率为56%,显著低于野生型(70%)(P<0.05),说明PvP5CS1基因在拟南芥中的表达明显改善了转基因植株的抗旱性和耐盐性。     

引进春小麦种质耐盐性的鉴定评价

对从美国引进的28份春小麦种质经过实验室耐盐性鉴定,筛选出13份芽期相对盐害率在20%以下,苗期盐害指数在40%以下的耐盐性较强的材料,进一步在0.37%以上的盐渍化土壤上进行全生育期的耐盐性鉴定,对株高、穗长、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重等生产要素进行统计分析及逐步剔除多元回归分析,结果表明产量性状的耐盐指数与出苗率、     

水稻耐盐种质的鉴定评价

进一步鉴定现有水稻材料的耐盐性,为水稻耐盐育种提供种质资源和耐盐亲本。以通过花粉管通道技术获得的耐盐品系和当地水稻育成品种共21份为试验材料,评价各材料在盐胁迫下发芽期和苗期的耐盐性。结果表明：在150 mmol/L NaCl处理下,各材料发芽率及芽的生长均受到不同程度抑制,其中,材料D-1,D-3,D-4,D-7,D-13,‘长白10号’,‘节9’和D10在盐处理下的发芽率较高,相对盐害率较低,耐盐性均表现为极强,耐盐级别为1级,芽长盐处理(T)与非盐处理(CK)的比值较高,说明其受到盐的抑制较小,芽期耐盐能力较强;用100 mmol/L NaCl对各材料幼苗处理8天后,材料‘长白10号’、D-10、‘节10’、D-13、‘天井4号’、D-14、D-11、D-2、D10和D-8的相对死叶率较低,盐处理地上部和地下部含水量与未用盐处理的相比下降幅度较小,可溶性糖积累量较多,说明其渗透调节能力较强,属于苗期较耐盐的材料。     

黑龙江省春小麦品种(系)耐盐性评价

依据农业部行业标准,以耐盐品种茶淀红为对照,选取黑龙江省近5年推广的具代表性的44份春小麦品种(系),进行芽期和苗期耐盐性鉴定,筛选出3个芽期1级耐盐品种、2个苗期2级耐盐品种,讨论了小麦芽期和苗期耐盐性等问题。     

甘薯苗期耐盐性鉴定及其指标筛选

以18个甘薯品种(系)为试验材料, 设置对照和200 mmol L ^-1 NaCl浓度处理, 通过苗期盐土栽培胁迫方式, 对各处理下各品种(系)的茎叶鲜重、根系鲜重、茎叶干重、根系干重、叶片相对电导率、F_v/F_m、SPAD值、SOD酶活性、MDA含量、脯氨酸含量、根系活力、根系Na ⁺和K ⁺含量、Na ⁺/K ⁺比值等14个生理指标进行测定, 通过对各单项指标的耐盐系数进行相关分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和逐步回归等方法对品种(系)耐盐性进行综合评价。通过主成分分析, 将盐胁迫处理下甘薯苗期的14个单项指标转换成5个彼此独立的综合指标; 通过隶属函数分析, 得到不同品种(系)苗期耐盐性综合评价值(D值), 并通过聚类分析, 将18个甘薯品种(系)划分为4种耐盐类型, 其中盐敏感型4个、弱耐盐型3个、中度耐盐型7个和高度耐盐型4个。在此基础上, 利用逐步回归方法建立了可用于甘薯苗期耐盐性评价的回归方程, 同时筛选出茎叶鲜重、根系鲜重、茎叶干重、叶片SPAD值、SOD酶活性、MDA含量、脯氨酸含量、根系Na ⁺/K ⁺比值等8个可用于甘薯苗期耐盐性评价的生理指标。本研究可为甘薯耐盐新品种选育提供种质并为甘薯苗期耐盐性评价及耐盐机制研究提供理论依据。     

棉花幼苗及子叶节NaCl敏感性筛选试验

以NaCl为筛选剂,对5个棉花品种的苗期、子叶节芽启动分化、丛生芽生根的生长情况进行研究。结果表明:不同棉花品种对NaCl的敏感性不同,同一品种的不同部位对NaCl的敏感性也存在差异,最终确定了NaCl对苗期生长、子叶节芽启动分化以及丛生芽生根的适宜筛选浓度。棉花苗期NaCl临界筛选浓度:中棉所38、中棉所50为200 mmol/L;百棉1号、百棉2号、百棉5号为150 mmol/L;子叶节芽启动分化期NaCl临界筛选浓度:中棉所38和中棉所50为200 mmol/L;百棉1号、百棉2号和百棉5号为175 mmol/L。丛生芽生根NaCl临界筛选浓度:中棉所38为125 mmol/L,中棉所50、百棉2号为100mmol/L,百棉1号、百棉5号为75 mmol/L。     

玉米自交系芽苗期耐盐性的鉴定与筛选

以14个玉米自交系为材料,用不同浓度NaCl溶液模拟盐胁迫环境对其芽苗期耐盐性进行了鉴定。结果表明:玉米对盐胁迫非常敏感,不同盐浓度均对玉米芽苗期的发芽率、胚根长度、叶片相对含水量及净光合速率产生抑制作用;不同材料间耐盐性存在明显差异,各指标均能反映出不同材料的耐盐性;通过鉴定筛选,14个材料中,耐盐性极强的为XS98-28,耐盐性较强的为XSK5,耐盐性中等的为XSF,XS01-61,其余材料耐盐性均较弱。     

Effect of Sodium Chloride on Germination and Seedling Characters of Different Types of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The rice eultivars grown in the tropies and sub-tropics can be broadly categorized as aromatic small grain, local coarse grain and modern high yielding varieties (HYV). The first two categories are traditional rice, and are generally palatable. The aromatic rice has better market value than HYV rice, yet farmers are unwilling to expand its cultivation because of the low yield potential. One possibility to expand the cultivation of traditional rice is o t find stress tolerant cultivars for growing in marginal land. The salinity tolerance of nine rice cultivars representing three from each type of aromatic small grains, local coarse grains and HYV types, was analysed at germination and early seedling stage. Seeds were placed for germination and the seedlings were allowed to grow for nine days at NaCl concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM. NaCl decreased the germination index (GI), speed of germination, seedling height and seedling dry matter weight. Seedling characteristics were decreased more than GI. In general aromatic small grain type showed more salt sensitivity than the other two types. Among the nine cultivars Shakkorkhora (aromatic type) showed the least salt tolerance in relation to germination and seedling characters while the other two cultivars of the same group showed tolerance as high as the tolerant cultivars in other types. Generalization of group salt tolerance of rice, therefore, has little value from the agronomic point of view at least at early growth stage. As the number of cultivars employed in this study was only three from each type it is suggested that more cultivars be considered for the purpose of salt tolerant improvement programme of various types of rice.     

粒用高粱耐盐种质资源的鉴选与综合评价

旨在为高粱耐盐种质资源的开发利用及耐盐新种质的创新提供一定的理论依据。选用20 份高粱种质作为试验材料,采用150 mmol/L NaCl 溶液进行处理,置于人工气候培养室,测定发芽率、发芽势等相关指标;将20 份材料置于25℃恒温培养箱中进行催芽,用150 mmol/L NaCl 溶液浇灌,以等量的浇水为对照,调查并比较幼苗成活率、生长速率及枯萎指数。采用隶属函数进行相关性分析,并进行聚类分析。结果表明,在150 mmol/L盐胁迫下,‘3438’、‘航天育种SP42’、‘09305R’、‘3560R’品种的发芽率高于对照,其他指标均小于对照。20 份材料中,在芽期鉴选出耐盐材料4 份,苗期筛选出3 份;相关性大小顺序为相对芽长＞相对根长＞相对植株鲜重＞发芽势;20 份材料分成高度耐盐型、耐盐型、中等耐盐型、盐敏感型和高度盐敏感型品种5 类。确定150 mmol/L NaCl选定为高粱品种萌发期耐盐性鉴定的标准盐浓度,确定发芽率、发芽势、根长、叶长、植株鲜重可用于高粱耐盐性的鉴定指标。     

盐胁迫对不同基因型黄秋葵苗期生长及生理生态特征的影响

为揭示盐害下不同黄秋葵品种苗期生长的差异,以2个黄秋葵品种皇星五角(HXWJ,耐盐型)和绿新五角(LXWJ,盐敏感型)为试验材料,采用盆栽法研究不同浓度Na Cl(0,80,160 mmol/L)、不同胁迫时间(25,50 d)对黄秋葵植株苗期生长及生理生态指标的影响。结果表明:随着Na Cl浓度的提高、胁迫天数的增加,黄秋葵幼苗的株高、根长、植株鲜干质量、细胞膜稳定指数(CMSI)、K+含量,K+/Na+比呈下降的趋势;而叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量,Na+含量逐步升高;盐胁迫下黄秋葵幼苗鲜质量下降的幅度大于干质量,茎叶下降的幅度大于根系;胁迫至25 d,黄秋葵叶片和根中SOD、POD活性随Na Cl浓度增加逐步升高,胁迫至50 d,2个酶活性随Na Cl浓度增加先升高后降低;整个胁迫过程中,幼苗的株高、根长、植株鲜干质量、CMSI、K+含量,K+/Na+比含量的降幅及MDA含量的增幅均为HXWJLXWJ,表明苗期较高的干物质积累、细胞膜稳定性及K+含量是耐盐性黄秋葵品种的基本特征。     

Salinity Effects on the Growth and Ion Contents of Some Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) Varieties

The effect of salinity on seed germination, plant yield parameters, and plant Na, Cl and K concentrations of chickpea and lentil varieties was studied. Results showed that in both crops percentage emergence was significantly reduced by increasing NaCl levels (0–8dSm^?1). From the plant growth studies it was found that differences existed among chickpea and lentil varieties in their response to NaCl application. In chickpea, the variety Mariye showed the comparatively lowest germination percentage and the lowest seedling shoot dry weight in response to salinity and was also among the two varieties which had the lowest relative plant height, shoot and root dry weight and grain yield at maturity. Similarly, variety DZ-10-16-2, which was the second best in germination percentage and the highest in terms of seedling shoot dry weight, also had the highest relative plant height, shoot and root dry weights, and grain yield at maturity. In lentil, however, such relationships were less pronounced. Chloride concentration (mg g^?1) in the plant parts at salt levels other than the control was about 2–5 times that of Na. K concentration in the plants was significantly reduced by increasing NaCl levels. Chickpea was generally more sensitive to NaCl salinity than lentil. While no seeds were produced at salinity levels beyond 2dSm^?1 in chickpea (no seeds were produced at this salt level in the most sensitive variety, Mariye), most lentil varieties could produce some seeds up to the highest level of NaCl application. Overall, varieties R-186 (lentil) and Mariye (chickpea) were the most sensitive of all varieties. On the other hand, lentil variety NEL-2704 and chickpea variety DZ-10-16-2 gave comparatively higher mean relative shoot and root dry weights, and grain yield, thus showing some degree of superiority over the others. The observed variations among the varieties may be useful indications for screening varieties of both crops for salt tolerance.     

Root Growth of a Salt Susceptible and a Salt Resistant Rice (Oryza sativa L.) During Seedling Establishment Under NaCl Salinity

The salt susceptible rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cv. Jaya and salt resistant cv. Damodar seed germination and seedling growth rates were studied in laboratory and field conditions. The effect of salinity on seed germination, shoot and root length, seedling vigour index (SVI) and increase in the root: shoot length ratio in the laboratory was relatively more in cv. Jaya than in cv. Damodar. The relative susceptibility to salinity was more in cv. Jaya than in cv. Damodar in the field also. However, their responses varied with growth period. The root: shoot length and fresh and dry weight ratios increased with salinity at 15 days in cv. Jaya. The root: shoot fresh and dry weight ratio decreased with salinity at 15 days in cv. Damodar. However, the root: shoot fresh weight ratio decreased with salinity at 25 days in the susceptible cv. Jaya. The root and shoot length fresh and dry weight of cv. Damodar was enhanced at 0.5% (w/v) NaCl treatment compared to the control seedlings at 25 days. SVI in cv. Jaya decreased with salinity in the laboratory and field conditions. SVI in cv. Damodar, SVI showed little change at 15 days but decreased with salinity of 1–3% NaCl with an enhancement at 0.5% NaCl level in the laboratory and at 25 days in field conditions.     

NaCl胁迫对苦马豆种子萌发的影响及生理效应

盐胁迫是一种主要的非生物胁迫限制植物的生长,受盐害最主要的时期是种子萌发期和幼苗生长期,本文通过不同浓度的NaCl溶液胁迫苦马豆种子,研究高盐浓度下对种子发芽、幼苗生长及生理效应受到的影响。结果表明随着NaCl浓度增加,种子开始发芽的时间推迟、发芽率降低; 胚根生长量下降。在500 mmol/L浓度时,种子不发芽;各处理区随盐浓度的增加电导率越大,脯氨酸呈上升趋势。结果表明盐胁迫对细胞膜修复的抑制可能是造成苦马豆种子萌发推迟和发芽势下降的主要原因,及脯氨酸含量可能和耐盐相关。     

Comparative Effects of NaCl and Polyethylene Glycol on Germination, Emergence and Seedling Growth of Cowpea

Seeds of Paceño and Cuarenteño cultivars of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) were tested for salt and drought tolerance at germination, seedling emergence and early seedling growth in NaCl and PEG‐8000 solutions of different osmotic potentials (0, ?0.2, ?0.4, ?0.6, and ?0.8 MPa). Daily and final germination and emergence percentage, as well as germination and seedling emergence rate, and seedling growth were recorded under controlled conditions. Results showed that germination and emergence rate were delayed by both solutions in both cultivars, with differences between cultivars among growth stages, given that cultivar Cuarenteño, showed a higher germination rate than Paceño in NaCl, but Paceño was less affected by NaCl and PEG solutions at the emergence stage. Sodium chloride had a lesser effect on both cultivars in terms of germination rate, emergence rate and the final germination and emergence percentage than did PEG‐8000. This conclusively proves that the adverse effect of PEG‐8000 on germination, emergence and early seedling growth was due to the osmotic effect rather than the specific ion. Seedling growth was reduced by both stresses, but NaCl usually caused less damage than PEG to cowpea seedlings, suggesting that NaCl and PEG acted through different mechanisms.     

中国高粱地方种质芽期苗期耐盐性筛选及鉴定

日益严重的土壤盐渍化对现代农业生产造成了巨大的危害。高粱既是世界五大粮食作物之一,又是耐盐性很强的抗逆作物。开展高粱耐盐性研究、筛选出一批综合耐盐能力优良的高粱品种对开发利用盐渍化土地、增加粮食产量和维持农业可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究对110份中国高粱地方品种分别进行了芽期200 mmol L~(-1)和苗期100 mmol L~(-1)的NaCl胁迫试验,测定芽期发芽势、发芽率以及苗期的相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)、苗长、根长、苗鲜重、根鲜重、苗干重、根干重等指标。计算芽期、苗期盐胁迫下性状值占对照性状值的百分比表明,参试品种芽期相对发芽势、相对发芽率范围分别为0～98.89%、23.65%～101.79%,盐胁迫下相对发芽势变化差异显著。苗期相对叶绿素含量、相对苗长、相对根长、相对苗鲜重、相对苗干重、相对根鲜重、相对根干重变化范围分别为59.53%～99.91%、52.47%～95.23%、47.87%～100.14%、27.43%～95.28%、30.48%～98.26%、21.62%～100.34%、31.46%～102.13%。采用隶属函数值分析和主成分分析2种方法结合聚类分析对参试高粱芽期和苗期的耐盐能力综合评定,鉴定出芽期高度耐盐材料22份,耐盐材料32份;苗期高度耐盐材料37份,耐盐材料41份;其中,来自内蒙古的朝阳棒槌(00003011)和来自北京的白鞑子帽(00001081)等10个品种在芽期和苗期均表现高度耐盐,可作为后续全生育期耐盐鉴定和耐盐育种的优异资源。对芽期隶属函数值排名以及苗期F值排名结果进行相关性分析表明,芽期与苗期耐盐性没有显著相关性;主成分分析结果表明,反映生物量的指标如苗干重、根鲜重可作为苗期大量材料耐盐鉴定的评价指标。