Local Preferences for Economic Development Outcomes: Analytical Hierarchy Procedure

Governments frequently formulate policies designed to stimulate regional economic development. Rarely, however, are efforts made to measure local preferences for economic development outcomes. While the political process should eventually sort out how well local governments are meeting the needs of their constituents, the irreversible nature of many development outcomes makes it preferable to incorporate local preferences directly into the decision making process. This paper presents a straightforward means of measuring preference trade‐offs. The analytical hierarchy procedure is applied to local economic development outcomes in three Virginia counties and is shown to improve the targeting of industries by incorporating local preferences in the targeting process. The method has wide applicability for different development decisions.     

发达国家发展现代农业的若干作法

本文从战略定位与发展思路、国家立法扶持、政府统一管理与服务、政策保护与支持方法、国际化市场体系建立、组织规模化生产、生产要素集约化投入、贸工农产业化经营、专业化分工与优势产品区域布局、工业化装备武装农业、社会化服务体系建设、财政投入与农村金融体系建设、农业科技创新体系与支撑、农民教育与培训、一二三产业互动发展等发展现代农业的主要方面系统介绍了美国、日本、荷兰与德国等发达国家的经验与作法。     

Green Strategy in China

Environmental protection has been a basic national policy since the 1980s. The State Environmental Protection Committee was established in 1984 and the first Environmental Protection Law formally issued in 1989. After     

Taxation of Natural Resources and State Economic Growth

The econometric evidence that has been brought to bear on the question of how state and local taxes affect the location decision of firms among competing states or regions is surprisingly sparse and often contradictory. In this research the question is addressed from a different empirical perspective than has been considered heretofore. Using a pool of cross-section and time-series data, the trends in employment and capital formation in three energy-rich states are analyzed during a period when these states substituted energy-related revenues for more traditional forms of taxation. McLure's general equilibrium model of regional taxation and industrial location forms the theoretical basis for the empirical analysis. The findings suggest that relative changes in state and local taxes on products and labor are of more significance as a location determinant than relative changes in the state corporate income tax.     

Impact of Chinese market segmentation on regional collaborative governance of environmental pollution: A new approach to complex system theory

The market segmentation among local governments under decentralization of China not only directly triggered the “fragmentation” of regional development, but also hindered collaborative actions in environmental governance. This study adopts a new method to calculate regional environmental collaborative governance using a synergy degree model of a complex system, and then it empirically analyzes the impact of Chinese market segmentation. We find that the regional environmental collaborative governance in China shows a growing trend during the period of investigation, but the level is still low. Market segmentation has significantly inhibited the regional collaborative governance of environmental pollution among local governments of China. The effect of market segmentation on the order of personnel input and capital input is significantly negative, while the effect on the order of policy input and organizational input is not significant. In the areas where the air pollution and water pollution are serious, the effect of market segmentation is also significantly negative. The conclusions are helpful to understanding the institutional factors that hinder regional environmental collaborative governance in China more comprehensively, and provide insights for improving the performance of environmental governance.     

Shift-Share Analysis: The International Dimension

This paper extends the traditional shift-share model to incorporate international effects. While some industries compete nationally for markets, other compete internationally. For industries competing nationally, regional growth derives from regional superiority relative to the national economy. For those competing internationally, regional growth is tied to regional advantages from specialization and competitive advantage relative to the international economy. Building on the Esteban - Marquillas concept of homothetic employment, the international shift-share model identifies regional growth due to regional and national competitive advantage and regional and national specialization. We demonstrate that the international model retains the property of region to region additivity.     

典型黑土区土壤环境质量综合评价指标体系与分区管理对策研究

东北黑土区是中国重要的商品粮基地,但由于经济的快速发展和工农业水平的提高,造成区域水土流失严重,黑土层变薄,土壤肥力变差,区域内土壤环境质量逐年下降。从研究区实际情况出发,结合现存环境问题,通过对东北黑土区驱动力、土壤环境压力、土壤环境状态、土壤环境影响及响应5个方面出发,在驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应(DPSIR)框架模型基础上,进行典型黑土区土壤环境质量指标筛选,建立由5大部分,18个一级指标,30个二级指标构成的指标体系。同时,以评价指标体系为指导,结合东北地区现有环境管理政策和存在的土壤环境质量问题,提出黑土区土壤环境分区分类管理方案,为区域土壤环境管理和土壤环境保护提供科学依据。     

Ecological Carrying Capacity Prediction of Huainan City Based on GM–BP Neural Network

Evaluation of ecological carrying capacity is an important method of analyzing regional sustainable development, study on ecological carrying capacity is to settle the contradictions between resource and environment, and it is a significant basis for realizing regional sustainable development. This paper, on the basis of the academician Sun Tiehang's "unification of three" for the eco-city construction, established ecological carrying capacity evaluation indexes for the traditional industrial and mining city—Huainan City; and applied GM–BP neural network coupling model for the dynamic evolution and prediction of ecological carrying capacity of Huainan City in the future decade. The results showed that ecological carrying capacity index of Huainan would be 2.13 by 2025, higher than the loadable state 1, so the ecological carrying capacity would keep in the over-loaded level, but the over-loaded degree would be lower than the current. Carrying capacity of arable land, energy and water resources contribute greatly to the improvement of ecological carrying capacity, thus it is imperative to adjust this unreasonable and unsustainable ecological consumption relationship, enhance environmental protection awareness and high-efficiency utilization of resources, and take an energy-saving and intensive development path.     

Landscape Economics: Connotations,Basic Problems and Research Methods

This paper analyzed necessity and laws of natural and cultural resource consumption and creation activities as a branch of economics or research direction, proposed such basic frameworks of landscape economics such as connotations, basic problems and research methods on the basis of sorting out literature. Landscape economics is a social science focusing on the public preferences for natural and humanistic landscapes, and the preference evolution laws, economic laws of landscape resource consumption and creation activities. The basic problems include evaluation of landscape resource value, optimal utilization of landscape resources, landscape resource development and protection policies, formation and creation of diversified landscape structure. The research methods include investigation of consumers' willingness, experiment and behavioral economics, logical reasoning, and case study.     

The Spatial Distribution of Military Spending in the United States 1941-1985

The spatial distribution of military expenditures in the United States is a major influence on the regional shifts of economic activity that are occurring in the US. The purpose of this study is to trace the changing spatial distribution of military prime contract awards (MPCAs) from 1941 to 1985. Using T-mode and S-mode factor analysis, the results indicate that since 1941 there have been four distinct eras in the spatial distribution of MPCAs. During each era the spatial pattern of military spending remained stable. The shift from one era to another appears to be linked to changes in the type of weapons purchased by the Department of Defense. The most recent era, the High-Technology Weapons era, has lasted for twenty years. The long-term stability evident in the spatial distribution of MPCAs supports the argument that military expenditures have played an important role in regional economic development and change. The findings also indicate that, while many states tend to follow the national trend in military spending, there are also four distinct groups of states which have gained and then lost their positions as military production centers. The main reason behind the rapid growth and decline of MPCAs going to these states was their dependence on a single weapons system.     

中国农业可持续发展评价指标体系构建及研究

为准确把握全国及各地区农业可持续发展状况,诊断识别各地区农业可持续发展的障碍性因子,通过构建中国农业可持续发展评价指标体系,运用多指标综合评价法,对中国农业可持续发展水平进行评价,在此基础上研究其时空变化特征,并提出推进农业可持续发展的重大措施,以期为中国农业可持续发展提供参考。结果表明:(1)2000—2013年中国农业可持续发展水平在逐步提高;(2)从四个农业可持续发展维度来看,农业经济可持续水平增长最快,增幅最大,农业社会可持续指数持续提高,农业生态可持续水平稳中有升,农业环境可持续水平稳中有降;(3)农业可持续发展水平可分为低可持续、中可持续和高可持续三类,地区间差异显著且变化类型多样;(4)农业可持续发展是一项系统工程,应统筹综合运用工程、技术、管理、政策和法律措施,来提升全国农业可持续发展水平。     

福建省耕地生态安全与经济系统协调发展研究

对福建省近年来的耕地生态安全及经济发展状况进行评价,同时对2个系统在发展过程中的协调性进行分析,以期为福建生态省的建设提供理论依据。在研究中,运用熵权法确定指标权重,采用多因素综合评价法进行分析,同时根据协调发展模型确定2个系统的协调度及协调发展度。结果表明:(1)2004—2015年福建省耕地生态安全值总体较高,且在十八大提出生态文明建设后有进一步提升,此期间经济一直呈快速稳定发展;(2)2004—2015年福建省耕地生态安全状况与经济发展的协调性历经最初的不协调到后来的高度协调,协调发展状况从最初的失调发展逐渐进入中期的初级协调发展和中级协调发展,最终达到高度协调发展状态。为确保耕地生态安全与经济的协调发展,在持续推进经济发展的同时,应加大耕地生态安全建设力度,注重土地整治的质量,扶持农业生产,宣传生态环保理念。     

Regional Innovation Clusters: A Critical Review

In this paper, we present a critical assessment of recent economic development policy directions centered on the concept of regional innovation clusters. We begin by investigating the rationale underlying the Obama administration's promotion of regional innovation clusters (RICs) and their introduction to the policy arena in its Strategy for American Innovation. The connections among RICs and existing research and policies in industry and occupational clusters, regional innovation systems and regional economic development are identified and analyzed to highlight those most critical challenges to conceptualizing and theorizing RICs. While we applaud the long overdue focus of economic development policies on sub‐national regions, we identify several major conceptual shortcomings and programmatic difficulties associated with RICs as a centerpiece for economic development strategies.     

Participatory farmers’ selection of common bean varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under different production constraints

On‐farm evaluation of 15 common bean varieties was undertaken with nine farmer groups under two fertilizer applications levels in four subcounties of Hoima and Rakai districts for two seasons to select farmers’ desired and undesired varieties. Farmers’ votes for acceptance and rejection of varieties at podding stage were converted to a preference index, and analysis of variance was conducted to examine differences in farmers’ preference indices among subcounties and combined across subcounties, seasons, management and gender. Management had no‐significant influence on the way farmers selected varieties in the subcounties. Choice of varieties varied significantly (p ≤ .001) between seasons and gender in the different subcounties. Variety Masindi Yellow Long and Farmers’ seed (Kaduli), and the introduced KATB1 were accepted by farmers due to their medium seed size, desired seed colour and potential of varietal adaptability to their farm conditions. Varieties NABE2, ROBA1 and RWR719 were deselected due to possession of traits less desired in the market. These results demonstrate the need for breeding programmes to involve diverse stakeholders in capturing the diverse traits preferences in varietal development process.     

基于SWOT分析的河南省城镇化发展策略研究

研究旨在分析河南省现阶段城镇化的发展水平,了解其优势及问题所在,在此基础上得出未来城镇化发展的相关策略,以推动其持续健康发展。以河南省城镇化进入历史转型期为切入点,运用SWOT分析方法,明确了当前的城镇化建设在历史文化、区位交通及国家政策等方面拥有显著优势,并揭示了城镇化进程中存在的诸多问题：城乡发展不均衡、基础设施建设及产业发展滞后、“城市病”频发及人口素质和资源环境的制约等。以此为依据,提出未来河南省的城镇化建设应集中力量做好四件事：以“新三化”协调发展助推新型城镇化建设;加快城乡一体化建设,全力缩小城乡差距;加大生态环境保护力度,追求可持续发展的新型城镇化;注重农村人口素质提升,助力城镇化转型升级。     

甘薯国家地理标志的保护现状与发展对策

为了促进甘薯地理标志产业和农业经济发展,对中国甘薯地理标志数量、保护范围、品种种类、专用标志使用现状以及产业现状进行统计分析。结果表明：（1）截至2020年12月31日,共有49种甘薯产品成为国家地理标志产品,分别产于河南、四川、山东等15个省份;（2）在所有甘薯国家地理标志产品中只有铜仁红薯粉丝的保护范围是以地级市级为单位,而其他甘薯地标产品的保护范围均以县（县级市）级或乡（镇）级为单位;（3）在这些甘薯国家地理标志产品中一部分是现有育成品种,而另一部分则为当地传统品种;（4）截至2020年底,共有18家企业已被国家质检总局核准可使用甘薯“地理标志产品专用标志”;（5）甘薯地标产业在中国逐渐发展起来,但仍然存在着一些问题。根据现状所提出的发展对策：（1）强化育种利用;（2）建立国家质量标准;（3）加强原产地保护;（4）规范使用专用标志;（5）打造知名品牌。本研究将为推进中国甘薯地理标志的保护以及产业经济发展提供参考。     

Research and field monitoring on transgenic crops by the Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT)

The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) aims to genetically enhance both crops and generate public sector-provided products for the resource poor, e.g., drought tolerant wheat and insect resistant maize, and through international–national partnerships facilitate the acquisition of improved germplasm for non-mandate crops in the cropping systems where maize and wheat thrives; e.g., GM-papaya through a national food security undertaking in Bangladesh. The Center also engages in public awareness campaigns in projects such as Insect Resistance Maize for Africa (IRMA), which includes food, feed and environmental safety, monitoring of resistance and establishment of refugia, non-target effects and gene flow. Monitoring of genetic resources is a wide concern among the centers of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), with an emphasis on the quality of gene banks. Decisions, policies and procedures about monitoring should be science-based, and this requires education, an area where CIMMYT and other CGIAR centers can play an important role. There will be a need to continue to evaluate the need for, and type of monitoring, as new (and unique) products are developed and released in the emergent economies of the world.     

河南省各地级市经济与环境耦合关联分析

探究河南省各地市经济与环境因子相互作用情况,旨在全面认清各市经济与环境的耦合度现状,为各区域政策的制定与调整提供借鉴,实现河南省经济与环境的协调发展。基于对河南省18市2008—2012年各项指标数据,运用灰色关联分析法构建出区域经济与环境内部各因子相互作用的关联度模型和耦合度模型,用定量方法分析经济与环境系统耦合的主要因素,并从时间和空间两个角度分析两者之间的关系。结果表明,河南省各地市经济发展对生态环境的胁迫作用以及生态环境对经济发展的约束性都较大,其中环境建设和环境治理对经济发展的约束性最大,而经济结构和经济实力对生态环境胁制作用最大。河南省各地市经济与环境耦合度空间分异规律显著,大致将其划分为协调、磨合、拮抗和低水平耦合4种类型,其中以磨合、拮抗类型为主;2008—2012年河南省各地市经济与环境耦合度总体呈上升趋势,但期间耦合度时序变动较大。     

蒙古扁桃编码Ca~(2+)结合蛋白基因的系统性鉴定和表达分析

为进一步解析蒙古扁桃抗逆境的遗传机理,采用高通量转录组测序技术,结合生物信息学和基因表达分析,在蒙古扁桃体内鉴定到16个编码Ca~(2+)结合蛋白的全长转录本,包括4个Ca~(2+)ATPase(ECA/ACA),3个具有多个跨膜域的新型Ca~(2+)通道蛋白(ERD),5个Ca~(2+)/H+反向转运蛋白(CAX),2个Ca~(2+)依赖的蛋白激酶(CPK)和2个钙调素蛋白(CAM),它们的结构域同拟南芥同源蛋白基本相同。ERD、CAX、CPK和CAM各有1个基因在蒙古扁桃根和叶中有明显表达,其中的ERD、CPK和CAM类的基因表达在不同程度上受干旱和盐胁迫调节,说明有可能调节蒙古扁桃的抗逆能力。     

The Changing Geography of Domestic Financial City Network in China, 1995–2015

Based on longitudinal office distribution data on top domestic financial enterprises, this study explores the evolution of China's financial city network in the last two decades by means of a social network analysis. The position of each city in financial city network is evaluated from two aspects which are external financial resources attraction and headquarters financial development based, respectively, on urban weighted indegree and urban weighted outdegree. Taking these two aspects together, the top echelons of the financial city network can be regarded as potential national or regional financial centers. Furthermore, by means of a panel data regression analysis, determining factors of financial city network evolution are explored from perspectives of location, institution, and social‐economy. We find that most cities have witnessed significant changes in city position, especially in terms of external financial resources attraction, and the influencing factors of financial development vary by region due to the disparities in regional financial development environments.