不同施氮量对超高产小麦灌浆期光合日变化的影响

试验研究了不同施氮量对超高产小麦灌浆期光合日变化的影响。结果表明,超高产麦田光合特性日变化是由气孔因素和非气孔因素共同作用的结果,随施氮量增加,小麦的光合特性逐渐增强,光合"午休"现象有一定程度的减缓。但过多的施氮量(纯氮375 kg/hm2)虽然有较高的光合速率,但是降低了群体叶面积指数,千粒重下降,产量降低。由此表明,氮肥对超高产小麦光合日变化有较大的调节作用,但光合作用与产量并非均呈正相关关系。     

施氮量对滴灌冬小麦光合特性、产量及氮素利用效率的影响

在田间研究了5种施氮量N_0(0 kg/hm~2)、N_1(90 kg/hm~2)、N_2(180 kg/hm~2)、N_3(270 kg/hm~2)、N_4(360 kg/hm~2)处理对‘新冬18号'旗叶光合特性、干物质积累、产量及氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明:拔节期增加施氮量,增加孕穗期旗叶的叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量、光合速率、叶面积指数、春季总光合势。孕穗期施氮肥延缓旗叶叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量、光合速率、叶面积指数的衰减;孕穗后均以N_3、N_4的旗叶叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量、光合速率、叶面积指数、春季总光合势较高,干物质积累量和产量也以N_3、N_4较高。随施氮量的增加干物质积累量和产量增加,氮肥利用效率降低。在本试验条件下增加施氮量使旗叶叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量、光合速率、叶面积指数增加及其功能期的延长是‘新冬18号’增产的主要原因。综合考虑施氮量在180~270 kg/hm~2范围内,氮肥农学利用效率为6.9 kg/kg,可满足‘新冬18号’产量为8004.85 kg/hm~2的需要。     

氮素对杂交棉功能叶生理特性及产量的影响

为了探讨北疆杂交棉氮肥运筹措施,为杂交棉的高产栽培提供理论依据,结合北疆气候条件和植棉特点,以杂交棉‘标杂A1’为研究对象,通过设置不同用量氮肥处理,对不同施氮量对杂交棉叶片光合速率、叶绿素含量、叶簇倾角、叶面积指数等指标变化的影响进行研究。结果表明,随施氮量增加,杂交棉单株结铃数和单铃重呈现先增加后减少的趋势。施氮量在374.7~375.6 kg/hm2时,杂交棉籽棉产量达到最大。施氮量不足或过量,对叶片光合速率、叶绿素含量、叶簇倾角和叶面积指数均产生不同程度的影响,从而影响到光合物质的生产和转移,影响到最终产量。由此得出,适宜的施氮量是杂交棉保持较高的光合速率、合理的叶簇倾角和叶面积指数,并获得高产的关键。     

氮肥对小黑麦中饲237光合特性的影响

研究了不同的施氮量和施氮方式对小黑麦中饲237光合特性的影响.结果表明：氮肥能增加叶面积指数、提高叶绿素含量和花后净光合速率,明显提高鲜草产量.花前减小气孔导度,花后气孔导度则随用氮量的提高而增大.增施氮肥能降低中饲237花后胞间CO2浓度,且降幅随用氮量的提高而增加.     

氮素对燕麦冠层结构及光合特性的影响

为了研究氮素对燕麦坝莜1号的冠层结构、光合特性及产量的影响,用红外气体分析仪和冠层分析仪测定不同氮肥处理下群体的冠层结构和光合特性,同时分析了不同氮素水平下产量性状指标之间的差异性。结果表明:随着施氮量的增加,单株叶面积和叶绿素含量均显著增加,单株叶面积在整个生育期呈"M"型变化,叶绿素含量在抽穗期达到最大值。施氮量对叶面积指数和透光率的影响呈相反的变化趋势,随着施氮量的增加,叶面积指数变大,而透光率变小。随着施氮量的增加,燕麦坝莜1号旗叶净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著提高,胞间CO2浓度则降低。产量以N2处理(144.0 kg/hm2)最高。因此认为,合理的氮肥用量能显著改善燕麦群体的冠层结构,提高光合效率,是燕麦增产的重要农艺措施。     

液态有机肥与氮肥配施对棉花生理特性及产量的影响

为优化新疆北疆地区滴灌棉花施肥技术，于2016 年进行了氮肥、液态有机肥配施田间试验。采用单因子随机区组试验设计，共设置3 个施氮水平及对照处理。测定了叶面积指数、叶绿素含量、光合参数、可溶性蛋白含量、产量及产量构成因素。结果表明：氮肥减量20%并配施液态有机肥时，叶面积指数、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、棉花的生理特性及产量均表现最优，其产量比单施氮肥的处理增产48.25%，比氮肥未减量或减量40%且配施液态肥处理的平均产量提高16.61%。施用液态有机肥能有效改善植株的生长状况，提高群体叶面积指数，增加叶绿素含量，增强光合特性，从而促进棉花增产。     

直播种植模式下水稻剑叶光合、强弱势籽粒灌浆特性及产量的氮素调控

为探讨不同施氮水平对水稻剑叶光合、籽粒灌浆特性和产量的影响。以生育期较短的‘新稻567’、‘新稻568’和‘新科稻31’为试验材料,在直播种植模式下,设置3个施氮水平0、255、300 kg/hm²,分别测定抽穗后剑叶光合速率、强弱势籽粒灌浆速率和产量等指标,研究氮肥调控水稻产量的生理机制。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,3个品种产量均呈先增加后降低的趋势;高效叶面积率和粒叶比表现为中氮水平较高,高氮水平较低。灌浆期剑叶光合速率呈先增加后降低趋势,不同氮肥处理间基本表现为中氮处理高于高氮处理;强弱势籽粒灌浆速率在整个灌浆期内呈开口向下的抛物线趋势,不同氮肥处理间的差异在灌浆盛期至灌浆中后期较大,表现为无氮和中氮处理高于高氮处理,灌浆末期处理间差异较小。产量与灌浆期剑叶光合速率呈正相关关系,与强弱势籽粒灌浆速率在灌浆初期呈负相关在灌浆中后期呈正相关关系。适度的氮肥施用量有利于提高直播水稻高效叶面积率、粒叶比,增加剑叶光合速率、强弱势籽粒灌浆速率,从而促进水稻高产。     

三角形强化栽培模式下氮肥运筹对II优498产量及氮肥利用的影响

以大穗型杂交籼稻II优498为材料,在三角形强化栽培(triangle-planted system of rice intensification, TSRI)适宜的密度和秧龄条件下,研究施氮量和施肥比例对TSRI结实期叶面积、光合作用以及干物质积累与转运的影响,并探讨花前期物质积累转运与花后期光合生产在产量形成过程中的作用,同时探索既能提高产量又能减少氮肥损失的氮肥运筹措施。结果显示,TSRI下,除蜡熟期叶面积指数(leaf area index, LAI)外,施氮量和施肥比例对光合作用和LAI有显著运筹作用; 增施氮肥和氮肥后移可以显著提高齐穗期和蜡熟期剑叶净光合速率,LAI则随施氮量和氮肥后移程度增加多呈抛物线趋势。TSRI下施氮量和施肥比例共同提高总颖花数增加产量,而施氮量和施肥比例又各自通过提高千粒重和结实率来增加产量。TSRI下,花前干物质积累量、物质转运量、转运率与产量极显著正相关,施氮量为150 kg hm^-2, 穗肥占总施氮量的30%的处理在显著增大花前干物质积累量和籽粒灌浆期间向穗部的转运量实现高产的同时显著提高氮肥农学利用率和生理利用率,是TSRI平衡产量与氮肥利用率的最优氮肥运筹组合。     

冬小麦光合速率对施氮量与光照强度的响应分析

为了探索施氮量在不同光照强度下对冬小麦光合速率的影响,基于小区施氮控制试验,设置4个施氮量水平和5个光照强度,分析施氮量对冬小麦叶片氮素含量的响应规律,研究光照强度和叶片氮素对冬小麦叶片净光合速率的影响。结果表明,随施氮量的提高,叶片含氮量逐渐上升,过量施氮会抑制灌浆初期和灌浆中期叶片含氮量的增加;从拔节期-灌浆中期,叶片含氮量总体降低,冬小麦净光合速率随光照强度的增大呈增加趋势,光合速率在低施氮量下先上升后下降,而在不施氮和中、高施氮量下随生育时期推进呈下降趋势;在人工控制的固定光照强度下,冬小麦叶片净光合速率与叶片含氮量呈极显著正相关,即随着叶片含氮量的增加光合速率呈上升趋势,故适量增施氮肥有助于冬小麦光合速率的提高。     

施氮量对直播稻群体发育及产量的影响

以两系杂交早稻陵两优819为材料,研究了不同氮肥用量对直播水稻群体发育和产量的影响。结果表明,以施氮量165kg/hm2产量最高,为8 760.15kg/hm2。提高氮肥用量有利于促进直播水稻群体发育,其最高茎蘖数、叶面积和叶绿素含量随着施氮量增加而提高;同时增施氮肥也增加了直播稻群体的冗余生长。施氮量低于165kg/hm2时,其有效穗、干物质积累量、稻谷产量和氮素积累量随施氮量增加而递增。但是,茎蘖成穗率和稻谷收获指数随施氮量增加而下降,干物质和稻谷生产氮肥效益随着施氮量增加而递减。     

冷冻干燥速溶蛋花汤的加工技术

介绍了运用冷冻干燥技术进行速溶蛋花汤的加工,研究了生产工艺、特点以及影响产品质量的主要因素。试验表明,采用冷冻干燥技术加工的速溶蛋花汤,具有营养丰富、风味独特、方便快捷等特点。     

壳聚糖对石榴果汁澄清效果的影响

利用壳聚糖的絮凝作用对壳聚糖在甜石榴汁澄清中的应用效果进行了研究,试验结果表明,壳聚糖用量为0.3g/L、澄清时间为60min、温度为35℃时,甜石榴汁透光率可达85%以上,且通过对壳聚糖处理前后可溶性固形物、总酸、VC等营养成分含量的比较,确定以上工艺参数为甜石榴汁澄清的最佳选择。     

酸枣幼根原生质体的制备

以生长6~9 d的酸枣种子幼根为试验材料,0.7 mol·L^-1甘露醇作为渗透压稳定剂、pH值5.5~6.0、28℃恒温水浴条件下,以光学显微镜观察的水解总时间、初始产生原生质体的时间、原生质体产量及细胞碎片量为指标,研究通过酶水解来制备酸枣幼根原生质体的方法。结果表明,在含1%果胶酶+4%纤维素酶R-10+3%纤维素酶RS组合的酶解液中,保温4 h可制得产量较高、细胞碎片量较少的原生质体。     

母猪繁殖障碍成因分析

繁殖障碍是导致母猪淘汰的最主要因素,直接造成母猪非生产天数延长,繁殖猪群生产效率降低,严重影响猪场的经济效益。就引起母猪繁殖障碍的多方面因素,包括营养因素(如饲养水平、饲料品质、断奶日龄)、环境因素(如温度、湿度、通风、光照)、疫病因素、生产技术及管理因素进行综述。     

南瓜降糖功能及其系列食品加工技术

阐述了南瓜在糖尿病辅助治疗方面的功能特性,介绍了南瓜降糖主要制品南瓜全粉、南瓜脆片、南瓜果酱和南瓜肉汁的工艺流程和操作要点。     

Measuring of Quantity of Matter-mass and the Measuring of Inertia of Matter-momentclm

A new definition of inertia,i.e. the momentum is the measuring of inertia of matter, is proposed. The article through and etc., subjects, the correctness of the new notion of inertia:The monentum is the measuring of inertia has been demonstrated, and the unsolved contradictions of the traditional definition of inetia. And the mass is the measuring of inertia has been revealed.     

影响核桃贮藏品质因素的分析

介绍了几种核桃贮藏方法,综述了影响核桃贮藏品质的几个主要因素,以及针对上述影响因素提出若干解决对策.     

The Simulation of Comfort of Nine DOF of Automobile

Automobile comfort dynamic simulation is necessary when we predict and evaluate the comfort of a automobile or optimize performance of automobile. The nine DOF vibration model of automobile is established , which acts root mean square value of body in multiple work conditions as comfort evaluation indices. Based on the comfort simulation, the Hongyan 1160 is predicted in the way of comfort. The programmes can be used in many different automobiles . The computational result indicates that the model can simulate vibration of automobile truly. It is significant to research automobile comfort evaluation to optimize performance of automobile and comfort simulation .The computational program can be applied to optimize or simulate which has some reference value.     

Estimation of Output Elasticity of Labor of Production Function

For the desire of Chinese computable general equilibrium model, we estimate the output elasticity of labor by using the econometric method and the method that the output elasticity of labor equal to the share of labor income in value added by the sector, and compare our results with the output elasticity of labor of other developing countries. The conclusion is that the output elasticity of labor is between the upper limit and the lower limit of the output elasticity of labor of other developing countries. So ,our results have higher reliability.     

Efficiency of water use of early plantings of sunflower

Rain fed crop production in Mediterranean environments depends to a large extent on strategies that avoid the intense summer drought. Early plantings of sunflower have given consistently higher yields in such environments, but the basis for such yield increases has not been explored. We conducted two field experiments at Cordoba (Spain) to investigate the effects of an early and a late planting date on the components of water-limited crop productivity; namely, water use (T), water use efficiency (TE) and harvest index (HI) of sunflower. The results were generalized by simulating rain fed sunflower yields, under early (1 January) and late (15 March) plantings, for a 25-year period with the aid of a simulation model of the Ceres type (OILCROP-SUN) which has been validated in Cordoba. Experimental seed yields of early plantings in 1989 and 1996 were 2.0 and 3.0 t ha⁻¹, while late plantings yields were 1.3 and 2.4 t ha⁻¹, for the 2 years. Average simulated yields were 2.7 ± 1.1 and 1.9 ± 0.7 t ha⁻¹ for early and late plantings, respectively. For the 2 years, T of early plantings was higher than that of late plantings, but the response of TE and HI to planting date was not the same in the two experiments. In the simulation exercise, T and TE of early plantings were consistently higher than those of late plantings, while there were no differences in the HI for the two planting dates. We conclude that early plantings of sunflower increase rain fed yields by increasing both T and TE, while the impact of planting date on HI very much depends on the crop water stress pattern, which is quite variable from year to year even in the predictable Mediterranean environment.