铜在蚯蚓体内富集及对蚯蚓急性毒性的研究

土壤中重金属铜的污染日益加剧,严重影响了土壤生态系统,并引起铜在食物链中迁移。为了评价铜的毒性,在重金属铜处理过的人工土壤中培养蚯蚓,测定铜对蚯蚓的急性毒性以及蚯蚓对铜的富集。蚯蚓生态毒理试验参照国际标准组织(ISO)和OECD指南进行。铜富集试验以各个观察时间点土壤和蚯蚓体内铜含量为试验终点,试验周期32天。铜离子含量采用原子吸收分光光度法测定。结果显示蚯蚓的半数致死浓度（LC50）为116.91 mg Cu /kg干土;蚯蚓对铜富集系数在2.55-11.93范围内,富集平衡后,线性回归方程：y=-0.9870x+1.76,相关系数r2=0.9994。试验表明铜对蚯蚓急性毒性强;蚯蚓对铜富集,富集系数的对数值与土壤铜浓度的对数值具有很好的相关性。     

壳聚糖对水环境镉致罗非鱼急性毒性影响的研究

为研究壳聚糖对水环境镉致罗非鱼急性毒性的影响,将540尾罗非鱼随机分为2个处理组,每个处理3个重复,每个重复90尾。对照组按照水生生物急性毒性试验方法进行镉对罗非鱼的急性毒性试验;试验组加入等量壳聚糖,同法进行镉对罗非鱼的急性毒性试验。结果为：对照组24h LC50为20.51mg/L,试验组24h LC50为33.96mg/L,两组间差异极显著（P＜0.01）;对照组48h LC50为9.00mg/L,试验组48h LC50为18.59mg/L,两组间差异显著（P＜0.05）。说明壳聚糖可以在一定程度上缓解镉对罗非鱼的毒性。     

营养和湿度对华北大黑鳃金龟生长发育和生殖的影响

以华北大黑鳃金龟为对象,研究了营养和湿度对其发育和生殖的影响.在室内条件下,以不同饲料饲养成虫,取食榆树叶的华北大黑鳃金龟产卵量最高,为107.1粒/头,其次是毛白杨叶,而取食玉米叶和刺槐叶的产卵量最低.在马铃薯块、甘薯块和花生米三种饲料中幼虫最嗜取食马铃薯块,且存活率最高,幼虫重量显著高于取食甘薯块和花生米的幼虫重量.土壤湿度对卵发育影响较大,土壤湿度为18%时,卵的孵化率最高为75.6%,过干过湿都不利于卵的孵化.以含有15.7 mg/cm2水的滤纸在暗处培育卵,孵化率可达77.7%,这种卵的孵育方法操作简便,减少了土壤中病原微生物和土壤颗粒对卵的侵染及损伤.土壤湿度为15%～18%时最有利于幼虫的生长发育,高于或低于这一湿度,幼虫的死亡率均增加.饲养中发现,幼虫在低龄阶段死亡率最高,尤其在初孵幼虫生长发育的前30 d内,这可能与低龄幼虫体壁较薄,抵抗过干过湿以及物理损伤的能力较差有关.     

3种植物对镉污染土壤修复的试验研究

为探究植物修复技术在济源镉(Cd)污染土壤的应用特征和效果,笔者以不同Cd污染程度的实际土壤为对象,采用盆栽试验,对比三叶鬼针草、黑麦和印度芥菜对Cd的耐受、富集、转移能力及修复效率。结果表明：污染组植物的生物量无显著下降,供试植物均具有较强的Cd耐性。3类植物富集特征不同,地上部分富集Cd浓度顺序依次是：三叶鬼针草＞印度芥菜＞黑麦。3种植物中黑麦地下部分Cd含量最高,轻、重度污染组的Cd含量分别达到11.95 mg/L、28.56 mg/L。三叶鬼针草对Cd具有较强的转移能力,其中在轻度污染土壤中转移系数(TF=2.23)最大。此外,三叶鬼针草修复效率最高,轻、重度污染组分别为2.04%、1.59%。综上所述,三叶鬼针草的生物量、富集转运系数和修复效率均高于黑麦和印度芥菜。因此,三叶鬼针草可作为济源Cd污染土壤修复植物之一,为当地土壤Cd污染治理提供理论指导和技术依据。     

铜、镉单一及复合胁迫对玉蝉花种子萌发的影响

为探讨重金属铜、镉单一及复合胁迫对玉蝉花(Iris ensata)种子萌发的影响,本试验运用模拟重金属胁迫环境,测定了不同处理下玉蝉花的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数以及种子发芽后的生长指标。结果表明,随处理浓度的增加,种子的萌发指标呈先升后降的趋势;在铜浓度低于50 mg·L~(-1)时,镉浓度低于5 mg·L~(-1)时,会促进玉蝉花种子的萌发和对玉蝉花种子的萌发胁迫无显著影响,而铜浓度高于50 mg·L~(-1)、镉浓度高于5 mg·L~(-1)时,会抑制玉蝉花种子的萌发。重金属铜、镉对玉蝉花初生根的生长抑制作用较强,在铜单一处理浓度为400 mg·L~(-1)时几乎不长根,叶片部分变黄,说明玉蝉花出现了铜中毒现象;在镉200 mg·L~(-1)的处理下,玉蝉花的生长也受到了影响,部分幼苗根部变红。在铜镉的复合胁迫下,低浓度(5～1 mg·L~(-1))混合液对玉蝉花种子萌发有促进作用,但随着浓度增大,玉蝉花种子萌发受到了严重的抑制,较单一胁迫抑制作用更强。     

氰氟草酯对泥鳅具有一定毒性

<正>为检测除草剂氰氟草酯对水生生物的毒性效应,河南师范大学生命科学学院以泥鳅为受试对象,研究了氰氟草酯对泥鳅的急性毒性、生理毒性、组织形态学毒性。急性毒性试验结果显示,氰氟草酯对泥鳅24、48、72、96小时的半数致死质量浓度(LC50)分别为7.2544、7.1023、6.8093、6.6237mg/L,安全质量浓度(SC)为2.0423mg/L。     

褐潮土中外源镍对植物根伸长和蚯蚓生殖的毒性效应研究

土壤污染物基础生态毒理数据是开展污染土壤生态风险评估和构建土壤生态筛选基准的重要依据。以北京褐潮土为试验介质,采用ISO 11269-1—2012 标准方法,在土壤中添加0、10、18、32、56、100、180、320、560、1000、1780 mg/kg 外源镍,测定镍对单子叶植物大麦、小麦、燕麦和双子叶植物黄瓜、生菜、油菜根伸长的影响,并检测土壤中镍的残留含量。同时,以此系列浓度（除1780 mg/kg 以外）的镍污染土壤为测试介质,测定了镍对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)生殖（产茧量）和生长（体重变化）的影响。植物毒性试验结果表明：褐潮土中低剂量的镍可以促进大麦、小麦根系的生长,表现出一定的毒物兴奋效应,而在高浓度下,镍对6 种植物的根伸长均表现出明显的抑制作用,镍抑制大麦、小麦、燕麦、黄瓜、生菜和油菜根伸长的EC50 值分别为918.3、696.6、837.5、409.3、232.3、608.1 mg/kg,镍对双子叶植物的毒性普遍大于对单子叶植物的毒性。蚯蚓毒性试验结果表明：在0~1000 mg/kg 的处理浓度范围内,镍对蚯蚓体重无明显影响,但在浓度大于180 mg/kg 时对蚯蚓生殖表现出较强毒性,可明显降低蚯蚓的产茧量。北京褐潮土中镍影响蚯蚓生殖的EC50 值为329.6 mg/kg,研究结果可为制定镍的土壤生态基准和开展镍污染土壤生态风险评估提供基础参考数据。     

施硅对白菜地上部吸收重金属镉的抑制效应

采用土培盆栽试验,研究了施硅对抑制白菜吸收外源重金属镉的效应,结果表明：在试验条件下,土壤施硅有利于黑叶白菜增强抗重金属镉胁迫的能力,显著地提高白菜地上部的生物量,白菜生物量随施硅水平提高而递增;显著地提高了土壤pH值和有效硅含量;显著地降低较高外源镉浓度（0.6,0.9mg/kg）处理的土壤有效镉含量;显著地减少在土壤较高外源镉浓度（0.6,0.9mg/kg）污染下的白菜地上部对镉的吸收与累积,有效地降低了白菜地上部重金属镉的浓度和吸收总量。可见,施适量的硅(1.0g/kg)可有效减轻白菜重金属镉污染毒害。     

氨氮对菊黄东方鲀幼鱼的毒性试验

为研究氨氮对菊黄东方鲀的中毒症状,了解急性毒性作用强度,进行了氨氮对菊黄东方鲀的急性毒性试验,以期为科研和生产提供科学依据。在盐度20,pH 8.30条件下进行了氨氮对菊黄东方鲀幼鱼（40日龄）的急性毒性试验。试验结果表明：氨氮对菊黄东方鲀幼鱼48 h LC50值和96 h LC50 值（95%可信限）分别为3.855 mg/L (3.356~4.385 mg/L)和2.824 mg/L (2.672~2.987 mg/L),安全浓度为0.282 mg/L。     

玉迪安对蚯蚓三种抗氧化酶活性的影响

摘要：采用急性毒性方法,测定了不同浓度玉迪安溶液处理的赤子爱胜蚓半致死浓度(LC50),用测定酶活性方法检测了中毒后赤子爱胜蚓抗氧化酶活性的变化。（1）玉迪安对赤子爱胜蚓48h LC50为81.371 mg L-1。（2）玉迪安药物对动物SOD、CAT、POD活性影响均为显著(p＜0.05)。低浓度药物60.342~75.044 mg L-1处理动物SOD、CAT活性呈上升趋势;当浓度增加至83.691mg L-1,SOD、CAT活性开始表现为不同程度的降低,POD与SOD、CAT活性变化趋势相反,酶活性呈现先下降再上升的现象。拌种农药玉迪安流失到自然土壤中,在一定浓度范围内对蚯蚓造成胁迫,影响动物正常行为以至危害生命,并直接或间接地影响土壤生态系统及以蚯蚓为食物的下一级消费者。     

植物铝毒及其耐铝机制研究进展

铝毒是酸性土壤上作物生产的主要限制因子,目前有关作物铝毒害及耐铝的机理尚不十分清楚,限制了相关育种和栽培工作的开展。近几年来,世界各国针对作物的铝毒害及其耐铝机制进行了大量的研究,并取得了较大进展。本文综述了目前有关铝对植物的毒害及其耐铝机理的研究成果,并简要讨论了今后的研究方向。     

长株潭城市群土壤pH值与重金属污染的研究

为了研究土壤样品pH值和土壤中重金属含量的相关关系,对长株潭城市群60个土壤样品中pH值、有机质含量和重金属含量进行分析。结果表明：长株潭城市群的60个采样点中,13.3%的土壤样品pH值<5.0,35%的土壤样品的pH在5.0~6.5之间,41.7%的土壤样品pH值在6.5~7.5之间,10%的土壤样品pH在7.5~8.5之间,无强碱性样品。长株潭地区不同土壤pH范围的重金属平均含量不同,随着土壤pH由强酸性、酸性到中性的升高,重金属含量显著提高,但当pH超过7.5,碱性土壤中的重金属含量呈下降趋势。     

Rapid Screening for Aluminum Tolerance in Cereals by Use of the Chlorophyll Fluorescence Test

The effects of aluminum on the photosynthetic apparatus were examined in cereals grown in nutrient solutions (pH 4.5) at two Al levels (0 and 148 μM). The chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics results confirmed that the soft wheat ‘BHG’ cultivar has the potential for growth on acid soils while triticale cultivars ‘Niovi’ and ‘Dada’ appeared to be relatively tolerant. The percentage decrease in F_v/F_m of the less tolerant cultivars after Al-treatment indicated a decrease in the efficiency of the primary photochemistry of PS II, while the decrease in the ratio F_V/F_osuggested that exposure of the cultivars ‘Dio’ and ‘Appulo E’ to aluminum caused injury to the thylakoid structure. The percentage fluctuations of the ratio F_v/F_mwere shown to correlate very closely with the assessment of injury as evaluated by the relative top fresh weight. Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence in vivo could be used to monitor injury caused by “Al-stress”, and thus they may serve as a rapid screening test for Al tolerance.     

Inheritance of Aluminum Tolerance and its Effects on Grain Yield and Grain Quality in Oats (Avena Sativa L.)

Summary Aluminum toxicity due to the cation Al⁺³ is a major factor limiting yields in acid soils. Wide genetic variability to aluminum tolerance is found in oat genotypes. The objectives of this study were to determine the number of genes controlling aluminum tolerance in oats and to verify if any detrimental effects were present of the aluminum tolerance genes on grain yield and grain quality in Al⁺³free soils. Aluminum tolerance was estimated as the average regrowth of the main root after exposure to toxic levels of Al⁺³ in a hydroponic solution under controlled conditions. The number of genes controlling that trait was estimated from the distribution of the average root regrowth frequencies in a population of 333 recombinant inbred lines (RIL's) in generations F_5:6 and F_5:7. The effects on grain yield and grain quality were assessed in a subpopulation of 162 RIL's chosen based on their aluminum tolerance response. Aluminum tolerance in the evaluated population was controlled by one dominant major gene with the tolerant genotypes carying Al _a Al _a and the sensitive ones al _a al _a alleles. No detrimental effects of the Al _a allele on grain yield or grain quality were detected.Part of the Master of Science dissertation of the first author     

Loading behavior analysis of an aluminum alloy roof structure system under wind loads

The numerical analysis of a conventional aluminum alloy roof system taken from an actual international airport under wind uplift is conducted. A two-step simulation analysis approach is proposed, which effectively overcomes the computational difficulties brought by the contact between panels and supports. Through numerical analysis of roof components, the failure mode of the roof connection and the load bearing capacity of the roof are obtained. And the efficiency of material strength in each component is evaluated as well. It can provide reference for the design and application of aluminum alloy roof structure.     

Different efficiencies in organic P exploitation of two Italian alfalfa (Medicago sativa) landraces involving a possible adaptation pattern of the phytase encoding MsPHY1 gene

The agricultural practice of manure cropping can result in the accumulation of surplus phosphorus (P) in soils with consequent losses by leaching. Two Italian alfalfa landraces originating from intensive (“Cremonese”) versus extensive (“Senese”) cattle farming regions were studied in order to investigate their variation for (a) efficiency in exploiting different P sources–farm dairy effluents (FDE), phytic acid (Phy), and inorganic P (IP)–in a lysimeter trial, and (b) the sequence of the MsPHY1 gene, which encodes a root extracellular phytase, releasing inorganic P for plant growth. The Cremonese landrace showed higher P uptake efficiency than Senese in the FDE and Phy treatments and lower inorganic P losses in leachates, particularly in the FDE treatment. The MsPHY1 gene was highly variable and the variation was not neutral but maintained by selection. Two non-synonymous SNPs, in particular SNP970, located in a motif containing conserved metal-ligating residues, produced alternative alleles with frequency differences between landraces. A pattern of adaptive response for the ability to use organic P forms is discussed at both the physiological and genetic levels.     

硫酸铝对富营养化水体中磷的去除效应及影响因素

为了解决中国水体富营养化问题,本研究将硫酸铝作为一种有效吸附水体中总磷的吸附剂,通过试验室模拟试验,采用平衡吸附法,考察了硫酸铝投加量、pH值、震荡时间、温度、扰动等不同环境因素条件下对吸附效果的影响。结果表明：在硫酸铝投加量为0.2 mg/L、pH值为7、震荡时间为120 min的条件下,吸附效果最好,去除率可达80%以上。通过对各因素与硫酸铝对磷的吸附效果分析得知,加入适量的硫酸铝,可以降低水体中总磷的含量,吸附效果对温度、震荡时间、pH值变化敏感,这也为中国解决水体富营养化问题提供了基础依据。     

菌肥微生物在不同pH茶园土壤中存活模式的研究

为了明确微生物肥料施入不同pH土壤对土壤肥力的贡献,以灭菌土接种菌肥微生物,经培养采用平板菌落计数法,探究菌肥移居微生物在土壤中存活性、变化规律及对土壤养分的贡献。结果表明：菌肥微生物在接入灭菌土壤前2周呈快速上升趋势,随后进入一个较长的稳定期;中性土壤各类菌肥微生物丰度为：氨化细菌为最多,达108 cfu/g干土;固N微生物、芽孢细菌、放线菌数量均达到107 cfu/g干土以上,而霉菌最多只达到105 cfu/g干土左右;在pH≈4.5酸性土壤,各类细菌、放线菌数量比中性土壤少2个数量级,但霉菌最大丰度可达107 cfu/g干土;酵母菌数量只有霉菌的1/10左右。菌肥各类微生物的迅速生长和繁殖,通过其分解作用、固氮作用、解P、解K作用等对土壤主要营养元素及活性增加有一定的贡献。     

Viscoelastic Model Analysis of In-situ Pressuremter Creep Test in Permafrost

In order to investigate the creep behavior of warm and ice-rich frozen soils, a number of pressuremeter tests were carried out in permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau with Menard pressuremeter. Then, the regression analysis results of the creep curves generated by Merchant model and relevant parameters were obtained. The test results indicate that the temperature plays a more important role than the water content in affecting the mechanical behavior of warm frozen soils. As pressure increases, the proportion of instantaneous strain in the total strain under each pressure decreases gradually. The regression results show that the instantaneous shear modulus increases linearly with decreasing temperature, but the delayed shear modulus as well as the viscous coefficient present a power function trend. Their peak values appear at the water content of 46%, which is rather different from the test result on lower temperature frozen soils.