西葫芦种质资源主要农艺性状主成分及聚类分析

为阐明不同西葫芦种质资源间的亲缘关系和农艺性状间的关联性,在常规种植条件下,以20份西葫芦资源为试验材料进行了数量性状的相关性、主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明,20份西葫芦种质的15个农艺性状遗传变异系数为7.46%~53.20%,遗传材料具有多样性。通过讨论主要农艺性状之间的相关性,得到叶片长度的选择会极显著影响叶片宽度;主蔓、叶柄粗壮会使瓜纵径增加;子叶长度增加有利于瓜横径的增加,瓜横径与瓜纵径之间也是互相制约、互相影响的,瓜横径一旦增加,瓜纵经必然减小;嫩瓜重量直接影响到老瓜重量,且两者重量的增加会增加单瓜种子数。通过提取5个因子可涵盖挑选的13个农艺性状的76.49%的信息,进一步利用聚类分析将20份西葫芦种质资源分为3类。利用主成分与聚类分析对西葫芦种质资源农艺性状进行考察和评价,筛选出优异的亲本材料,为育种工作提供理论基础。     

独占春×美花兰杂交后代观赏性状综合评价

为了充分开发利用海南野生兰资源，有效保护海南野生兰种质资源，对海南原生种独占春和美花兰进行杂交育种。本研究以独占春×美花兰F₁代群体中筛选的7个株系为材料，采用主成分分析法，对植株整体形态、花部性状等20个性状指标进行观赏性综合评价。结果表明：7个株系除了花开展情况性状表现一致外，其他19个性状表现上差异显著，变异系数在7.56%～71.63%之间；20个性状指标可归纳为5个成分因子，即花数、花形、花香、花色和花枝5个成分因子，累积贡献率达95.62%；利用主成分法计算各株系主成分分值，筛选出2个观赏性状优良的杂交后代株系，此研究结果可以为兰花新品种选育提供重要依据。     

小麦品质性状的主成分分析

为了评价小麦品质指标对不同类型小麦品质的贡献大小,采用NCⅡ遗传交配设计对9个冬小麦品种产生的F1代的13个淀粉和蛋白质品质性状进行主成分分析,结果表明：对13个品质性状指标按主成分分析可简化为5个主成分因子,其累积贡献率达85.52%,其中第一主成分因子的贡献最大达到了39.29%,第二主成分因子对品质性状贡献次之。利用主成分分析法对13个小麦主要品质性状进行综合评价,认为在品质性状育种改良过程中,第一、二和四主成分适当增大有利于对强筋小麦品质的改良,第三主成分适当增大时有利于弱筋小麦性状选择和品质改良。     

粳稻恢复系的主成分及聚类分析

对宁夏在水稻杂种优势利用研究中鉴定应用的43个恢复系材料的8个数量性状进行了主成分及聚类分析。并依据各供试材料的主成分值，对所供试材料进行了评价，分析认为有6个材料综合性状较好；通过聚类分析将所供试材料分为4类，结果有助于育种者了解每个材料的遗传差异，便于今后进行杂交组合时的亲本选配。     

西南地区糯玉米种质资源的遗传多样性──Ⅰ.农艺性状

本文采用主成分分析法研究了29份西南糯玉米种质资源（其中15份来自云南，14份来自贵州）农艺性状的遗传多样性。结果表明，各性状的遗传差异都很大，其中穗粒重的变异系数达39．98％。其主要因子是形态及生育期、产量和子粒。用前两个主成分对29份种质资源进行聚类的结果与地理来源有一定的关系；在早熟矮秆高产类中，云南糯玉米种质资源较多；在中熟中秆高产类中，贵州材料较多。     

昆山地区樱桃番茄新品种筛选试验及综合评价

为探究不同樱桃番茄品种的综合特性，筛选出适合昆山地区栽培的高品质樱桃番茄品种，以 11 个不同的樱桃番茄品种为研究材料，测定了不同樱桃番茄品种的农艺性状、品质性状等 12 项指标，同时对各性状间的相关性进行 Pearson 分析，利用主成分分析和模糊隶属函数分析等方法对各樱桃番茄品种进行了综合评价。结果表明，不同樱桃番茄品种间各指标均存在显著差异，花穗数与单株结果数呈极显著正相关，与单株产量、可溶性固形物呈显著正相关；单株结果数与单株产量呈极显著正相关，与可溶性固形物呈显著正相关。利用主成分分析提取出 4 个主成分，其累积方差贡献率达 86.337%。主成分分析法筛选出综合排名前 3 的品种为釜山 88、浙樱粉、黄妃，与模糊隶属函数综合评价结果基本一致。因此，可考虑在昆山地区推广栽培釜山 88、浙樱粉、黄妃。     

西藏油菜地方种质资源主要农艺性状分析与评价

为充分利用西藏油菜地方种质资源，对收集到的52 份油菜种质资源的12 个主要农艺性状进行了遗传多样性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明，52 份油菜种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性，12 个农艺性状中单株产量的变异系数最高，为76% ；主成分分析将12 个农艺性状归为4 个主成分，累计贡献率为74.989% ；聚类分析将52 份供试材料划分为3 个类群，第Ⅰ类群包含31 份材料，第Ⅱ类群包含14 份材料，第Ⅲ类群包含7 份材料。     

主成分分析法在核桃选优中的应用

为进一步探讨核桃选优数量化方法,采用主成分分析法对复选的8株早实核桃优树树体性状（树龄、树高、胸径、分枝高、冠幅）和果实性状（产量、青果重、坚果重、坚果壳厚度、坚果三径平均值、缝合线高、脂肪酸含量、总糖含量、蛋白质含量）进行综合分析,确定用代表优树性状90.2%综合信息的4个重要主成分反映优树性状,列出了4个重要主成分的函数式,并计算出了4个重要主成分值。通过主成分值对供试优树进行综合评选得到的优良单株与实际表现型相近,证明了主成分分析法在核桃优树综合选择中的应用价值。     

用主成分和系统聚类法评价棉花品种资源

本文应用主成分分析法对１０９份引进棉花品种开源的１９个数量性状进行分析，结果前７个主成分对变异的贡献率达８６．７％；从中选择９个综合性状进行系统聚类，１０９份资源被分为二十类，其中Ｃ（尤其ＣⅠ①和ＣⅡ②亚亚类）、Ｅ、Ｌ、Ｐ四类的综合性能较好，且遗传距离较大，在这四类间选亲本杂交成功率较高，且工作量仅为盲目配制组合的８．１７％。本文还就杂交亲本选配的有关问题进行了初步探讨。     

云南红花地方种质资源品质特性与农艺性状的聚类分析及评价

为促进红花品种改良及种质资源的高效利用,揭示红花优异资源的特征特性,为红花种质资源创新利用和品种改良提供理论依据。以筛选出的40份云南省地方红花种质资源为材料,采用SPSS 18. 0软件对18个性状进行聚类分析和主成分分析,分析了红花数量性状对单株生产力的影响,同时对其品质性状进行了相关分析。40份资源材料通过聚类分析划分为5大类群,表明不同类群间各农艺性状及品质特征存在较明显的特异性,18个性状指标之间存在相对独立和密切相关性。其中,类群Ⅳ为矮秆、分枝多、单株有效果球多,千粒质量和单株生产力高;类群Ⅴ为分枝多,单株有效果球多,千粒质量和单株生产力高。主成分分析将12个数量性状指标转化为5个主成分,累计贡献率达86. 7468%;其中,第一主成分反映植株高度,第二主成分反映产量构成因子,第三主成分反映果球大小,第四、第五主成分分别反映籽粒大小和第一分枝高度。品质性状4个主成分累计贡献率达89. 4747%,品质性状中不同主成分间在油酸、含油率、蛋白质和硬脂酸含量上存在较大差异,其中,第一、二主成分分别反映油酸含量和含油率;第三、四主成分分别反映蛋白质和硬脂酸含量。分析结果表明:在影响红花单株生产力的性状中,首先应考虑植株高度,其次是有效分枝数、单株有效果球数、果球着粒数和千粒质量的选择。云南地方红花资源类型丰富、性状差异各具特点;第Ⅳ、Ⅴ类群为有增产潜力、丰产性好,综合农艺性状优良,可作为高产育种的目标亲本材料利用。品质特性:第Ⅰ、Ⅱ类群为含油率高、亚油酸高、蛋白质高,是综合品质优良的材料,可作为红花品质选育的优质亲本材料。     

Analysis of apricot germplasm from the European ecogeographical group

Morphological, phenological and fruit quality traits of 55 apricot cultivars, including the most important clones grown in Spain, France and Italy, were evaluated using principal component analysis. Given that the studied material was made up of commercial cultivars, the range of variation observed was narrower than expected. Variation was observed for traits related to phenology and fruit quality. The only correlation observed between morphology and phenology was that of blossom and budbreak season being correlated with internode length. Harvest season was negatively correlated with acidity and not correlated with total soluble solids (TSS). Native cultivars from Spain and Tunisia are a good source of early ripening but they lack fruit size and postharvest handling qualities, respectively. The most appreciated fruit quality characteristics were present in several cultivars. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

甘蓝型油菜主要农艺性状的主成分分析

为了研究甘蓝型油菜各农艺性状之间的相互关系,提高油菜新品种的选育效率,对229份DH纯系材料进行农艺性状（包括株高、分枝高度、一次分枝数、主花序长度、主花序角果数、单株经济学产量和单株生物学产量等）的相关性和主成分分析。结果表明,株高、分枝高度、主花序长度、单株生物学产量和单株经济学产量等5个性状偏向于父本,而一次分枝数和主花序角果数偏向于母本。相关性分析显示,株高、分枝高度、主花序角果数、单株经济学产量和单株生物学产量之间均呈现极显著正相关,一次分枝数与株高和分枝高度之间呈负相关。主成分分析可将农艺性状综合为株高因子、一次分枝数因子、主花序角果数因子和分枝高度因子,累计贡献率达90.0%,基本涵盖了农艺性状的全部信息。     

Phenotypic variation and the relationships among mustard (Brassica juncea L.) germplasm from Pakistan

An investigation was conducted to determine the extent of diversity and relationships among the Brassica juncea germplasm from Pakistan using morphological characters. A total of 52 accessions, including the collected germplasm as well as commercial cultivars/improved lines, were studied under field conditions at Tsukuba, Japan during 1995 and 1996. All the accessions were characterized for 35 agro-morphological characters from seedling emergence to crop maturity. Morphological data were analyzed by numerical taxonomic techniques using two complementary procedures: cluster and principal component analyses. Phenograms based on Euclidean distance placed the accessions into six groups during both years. Landrace groups were primarily associated with morphological differences among the accessions and secondarily with the breeding objectives and horticultural uses. The mustard germplasm collected from Pakistan showed a comparatively low level of phenotypic variation amongst themselves and were genetically similar to the oilseed cultivars. However, the oilseed forms and vegetable cultivars were genetically distinct. This study revealed that the evaluated germplasm appears to have a narrow genetic base which undergoes a high level of genetic erosion. This is perhaps due to the use of the same ancestors in the selection of new lines for similar horticultural traits, replacement by major crops and changes in agricultural land uses. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Location and transmission of QTL for multiple traits in the pedigree of soybean cultivars

In silico mapping for single trait was extended to analyze many agronomic traits in the pedigree of soybean. 26 agronomic traits were measured and 477 polymorphic markers chosen on public genetic map were genotyped on 14 inbreeding lines in the pedigree of Suinong14. We firstly determined 6 principal components from 26 agronomic traits using the principal component analysis and then constructed 6 “super traits” by the multiplication of the vector of the standardized original traits by the eigenvectors corresponding to the principle components. With in silico mapping, a total of 24 markers distributing on 13 linkage groups were detected separately as QTL responsible for 6 “super traits” and of which 14 QTL performed pleiotrpy. Tracing the transmission of functional genes in the pedigree, it was found that some genes were capable to explain the genetic mechanism for the contribution of exotic germplasms and domestic founders to soybean cultivars in the improvement of the performance and quality.     

岱字棉来源的陆地棉种质资源的遗传多样性分析

岱字棉曾经作为中国陆地棉种质资源的重要亲本来源之一,促进了中国陆地棉种质资源的创新与发展,为了进一步挖掘具有优良性状的棉花种质资源及为高效利用优异种质提供一定的科学依据。本研究围绕岱字棉来源的147份陆地棉种质资源的纤维品质性状和主要农艺进行各类分析,包括相关性分析、变异分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明岱字棉来源的147份陆地棉种质资源具有较丰富的遗传多样性,变异分析表明主要农艺性状中变异系数最大的为单株铃数(25.099%)、最小的为株高(5.495%),主要纤维品质性状中变异系数最大的为伸长率(7.904%),最小的为整齐度指数(1.047%),遗传多样性指数以果枝数最高(2.345),第一果枝节位最低(1.940);相关性分析表明在果枝数、单株铃数、株高、第一果枝高度之间,衣分,伸长率,马克隆值之间和断裂比强度、上半部平均长度、整齐度指数之间存在极显著正相关,株高与上半部平均长度呈极显著正相关;伸长率与断裂比强度、上半部平均长度,马克隆值与上半部平均长度均呈极显著负相关;主成分分析表明前5个主成分的累计贡献率达到67.931%,第1主成分主要和棉花纤维品质相关,第2主成分主要与单株铃数、株高、果枝数等农艺性状相关,第3主成分表现出棉花农艺性状与纤维品质性状的相互影响,第4主成分与第5主成分均和棉花产量构成因素相关;聚类分析将147份来源岱字棉的陆地棉种质资源划分为5类,筛选出‘洞庭3号’(岱56-37)、‘安棉3号’、‘中7259’、‘沙帽长桃’(纱帽长桃)、‘赣棉11号’可以作为改良棉花产量构成的材料加以利用,没有马克隆值A级材料。     

南疆陆地棉种质资源表型性状遗传多样性分析

通过田间调查、室内考种及纤维品质检测,对南疆90份陆地棉种质资源16个表型性状进行鉴定及评价分析,为南疆陆地棉亲本选配和新品种选育提供参考。结果表明:16个表型性状中叶枝数(36.24%)、中部果枝长度(22.63%)、单株铃数(17.64%)变异系数较大,节位数(6.07%)、上半部均长(4.63%)、伸长率(2.59%)变异系数较小;各性状的遗传多样性指数平均值为2.01;相关分析结果表明,陆地棉品质性状与产量性状表现为负相关;主成分分析结果表明,前5个主成分累计贡献率达到71.69%,培育陆地棉优良品种应选择纤维品质优良、结铃数多、株型紧凑、单铃重适中、衣分较高的品种;聚类分析将90份种质分为4个类群,各类群性状差异较大,可为棉花新品种培育提供不同特性的种质材料。     

Comparative study on growth and development of some accessions of local Germplasm of Bambara groundnut (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna subterrenea</Emphasis> L. Verdc.) of Nigeria in two cropping seasons

Two field experiments were conducted in April (early cropping) and August, (late cropping) 2007 at the Department of Crop Science Research Farm, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, to evaluate the agronomic and yield attributes of 13 cultivars of bambara groundnut. The results obtained showed that planting dates had significant effects (P < 0.05) on all traits measured. Significant cultivar and cultivar x planting date interaction effects were observed for days to 50% flowering. The principal component analysis showed that the first three components accounted for 85.18 and 86.81% of the total variation in the early and late planting, respectively. The traits representing the cultivars along the first principal axis were number of pods per plant and seed weight per plant for the early planting and number of leaves per plant and seed weight per plant in the late planting. Cultivars were differentiated on the basis of number of flowers per plant and plant height for the early planting and days to emergence for the late planting along the second principal axis. The cluster plot revealed that the 13 bambara groundnut cultivars were grouped into three clusters at both the early and late planting dates. In the early planting, the cultivars in cluster I are associated with high number of flowers, number of pods, and plant height, while cluster II cultivars flowered earlier and had good pod and seed yield. However, cluster III cultivars performed poorly in all the traits evaluated. During the late planting, the cluster I comprised early flowering cultivars while cluster II comprised cultivars with good vegetative growth, high number of pods per plant and seed weight per plant. Cluster III cultivars are early emerging and early flowering but have poor seed yield. The correlation coefficient for seed weight per plant was highly significant and positive with number of leaves per plant, plant height, number of flowers per plant and number of pods per plant indicating that increase in these traits will ultimately increase seed weight per plant. Thus, these traits could be considered as major seed yield contributing traits that could be given significant recognition during selection.     

The phylogenetic relationship between different Cichorium intybus cultivars and cultivar groups, as revealed by RAPDs

The phylogenetic relationship between different Cichorium intybus cultivars and cultivar groups was studied. A total of 127 random amplified polymorphic DNA markers have been used to distinguish between 51 Cichorium intybus cultivars belonging to three different cultivar groups. A principal component analysis was performed on the complete data set and a clear grouping of chicory cultivar groups was observed. The three chicory groups tested (root chicory, witloof and pain de sucre) were separated from one another in the principal component plots. The first two axes accounted for 43.9% of the total variation. Although the chicory used in traditional forcing in soil and the red chicory cultivars were related more to each other and to the chicory cultivars from the witloof group, they still formed separate groups in the principal component plot.     

黑龙江省大豆遗传结构及遗传多样性分析

利用22个表型性状和60个微卫星(simple sequence repeat, SSR)位点对黑龙江省140份代表性种质(78份地方品种和62份育成品种)进行分析, 根据UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean)和Model-base对SSR数据进行遗传结构划分。结果表明, 参试品种可分为2大类群, 第II类群的各项多样性指标均高于第I类群, 2个类群遗传距离为0.2427;PCO结果显示这2个类群分布在不同区域, 这与地理来源和育成年代密切有关。依据品种类型分为育成品种和地方品种两组, 后者的各项多样性指标均高于前者, 两组间的遗传距离为0.1131。依据表型数据的PCO分析表明, 分布区域与品种类型有关, 与SSR结构分类的结果吻合度低, 两组品种主要在3个主成分的6个表型性状上有所不同。它们不是2个相对独立的遗传群体, 根据分子标记和表型分类各有特点;建议在种质遗传多样性研究中将分子数据和表型数据结合起来。