紫云英翻压对稻田土壤镉有效性及水稻镉积累的影响

为了研究翻压紫云英对重金属污染土壤中Cd的有效性及水稻Cd吸收积累的影响,以当地传统施肥为对照,在大田条件下研究了添加紫云英对水稻生物产量、Cd含量和土壤p H值、有效Cd含量的影响。结果表明:翻压紫云英对水稻生长起到了促进作用,与单施化肥相比,所有紫云英处理的水稻地上部生物产量均有提高,平均增产率为11%。同时,水稻的Cd含量均有下降,稻谷Cd含量平均降低23.8%,稻草Cd含量平均降低50.2%,水稻Cd积累量平均降低了40.8%。翻压紫云英提高了土壤的p H值,降低了土壤Cd的生物有效性,相关分析表明,土壤有效Cd含量与p H值呈极显著负相关,而水稻Cd积累与土壤有效Cd含量呈显著正相关。本研究表明,在Cd污染稻田土壤上,应避免单施化肥,选用紫云英为代表的绿肥作物配合化肥施用,既能提高水稻产量,还能一定程度上降低土壤Cd活性和水稻Cd积累。     

农业废弃物与化肥减量配施对连作晚稻产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响

为探究农业废弃物的氮肥替代能力及后效肥力,于早稻季进行4种等氮处理,即单施化肥（CK）、稻草+化肥（SF）、水葫芦+化肥（HF）和西兰花茎叶+化肥（BF）,以不施氮肥作对照（CK0）;晚稻季仅在SF、HF和BF处理小区内进行稻草还田。早稻以台早733、晚稻以中浙优8号和甬优1540为材料,考察不同处理对水稻产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,农业废弃物与化肥减量配施可提高氮肥利用率和水稻产量,SF、HF和BF处理的晚稻产量分别较CK处理提高5.3%、7.2%和7.6%,其周年产量分别提高-1.7%、3.5%和8.1%;并可改善晚稻的稻米加工品质、外观品质和食味品质,主要提高其糙米率、精米率和整精米率,降低垩白粒率、垩白度（中浙优8号）和蛋白质含量;提高土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,降低土壤容重,并缓解土壤酸化。综上,农业废弃物与化肥减量配施利于水稻高产稳产、改善稻米品质和提升土壤肥力,其中以BF处理效果最佳。     

不同施氮水平对双季稻产量、氮素利用率及稻田氮素平衡的影响

以“中早39”和“天优华占”为供试材料,通过大田试验研究不同施氮水平对早、晚稻产量形成、氮素利用率和水稻―土壤氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,施氮显著增加了双季稻在0～40 cm土层土壤残留无机氮,且氮形态以NH₄⁺-N为主;当施氮量分别超过180 kg/hm²(早稻)、200 kg/hm²(晚稻)时,土壤残留无机氮含量不再显著增加;水稻―土壤氮素平衡表明,除氮肥外,其他氮输入占氮素总输入的48.7%～78.4%,氮的输出主要受水稻吸氮量、土壤氮残留量和氮损失量影响,在一定施氮范围内,随着施氮量的增加均显著增加。随着施氮水平的提高,早、晚稻产量呈先增加后降低的趋势,其主要通过增加有效穗数和穗粒数增加水稻产量;氮偏生产力、氮农学利用率与氮素依存率随施氮量增加显著降低,但氮吸收利用率、氮表观残留率和氮肥贡献率呈相反变化趋势。水稻产量和施氮量二次回归模型表明,早稻、晚稻最佳施氮量分别为163.4和209.2 kg/hm²。因此,浙江杭州区域双季稻推荐施氮量分别为早稻163.4 kg/hm<...     

模拟酸雨及其酸化土壤对小麦幼苗生物量和某些生理活动的影响

以小麦为试材,采用盆栽的方法研究了模拟酸雨及其酸化土壤对小麦幼苗生物量和某些生理活动的影响。结果表明,pH值为5.6、4.5、3.5、3.0和2.5的系列模拟酸雨对黄棕壤的淋溶,引起了土壤酸化和盐基流失。当模拟酸雨的pH值由5.6下降到2.5时,被淋溶土壤的pH值也由6.06下降到3.41,且交换性盐基总量从56.5 mmol·kg-1下降到41.1     

不同免耕栽培方式对水稻产量及土壤肥力的影响研究

为了探讨不同免耕栽培方式对水稻产量及土壤肥力的影响,龙岩市农技站在双季稻区进行了连续3年的不同免耕栽培方式试验。结果表明：半年免耕早、晚稻产量与习惯有耕相比无显著差异,且对土壤的物理性状及养分状况影响不明显,节本增收效果好,可作为水稻免耕的主要方式推广;全年免耕晚稻产量与习惯有耕相比产量减少,土壤容重增加;全年免耕、半年免耕与习惯有耕的土壤pH、有机质及主要养分含量无差异。     

长期有机无机肥配施对土壤肥力及水稻产量的影响

以长期定位试验为基本材料,研究了20年的连续施用有机肥、有机肥无机肥长期配施对土壤肥力及水稻产量的影响。结果表明：（1）施用有机肥料,土壤全氮含量比化学肥料要高,有效氮平均高出15.9mg/kg;（2）施用磷肥和钾肥是提高土壤磷钾养分的基础。施肥使土壤有效磷平均高出18.8mg/kg,有效钾平均高出27mg/kg;（3）施用有机肥料改善土壤物理性质,配施不明显改变pH。有机肥料使土壤容重下降12.6%,田间持水量平均上升19.7%。（4）有机无机肥连续配施,能持续高产稳产。稻谷总产（19年早、晚稻平均）,以NPKM为最高（5556.8kg/hm2）,比单施化肥NPK）增产704.3kg/hm2,增产14.5%。     

紫云英协同秸秆还田下氮钾减施对双季稻产量及光合特性的影响

为探究化肥氮钾减施配合紫云英秸秆还田对双季稻产量与光合特性的影响。通过田间小区试验,以常规化肥处理(100%化肥)为对照,研究紫云英协同晚稻秸秆还田下早稻减施20%,30%,40%化肥氮和同时减施40%化肥钾对双季稻产量、幼穗分化期倒三叶叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、叶绿素含量(SPAD)及早晚稻收获期土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:不同氮肥减施比例下紫云英协同晚稻秸秆还田均能增强水稻光合作用,提高土壤肥力,增加水稻年产量,且以减施30%化肥氮、40%化肥钾处理(T4)效果较好。与常规施肥处理相比,T4的水稻年产量增加4.5%,早稻稻谷增产6.8%,倒三叶叶片Pn、Gs、Tr和SPAD值分别降低7.8%,23.9%,21.0%,9.5%,Ci提高19.5%;其晚稻稻谷增产2.0%,倒三叶叶片Pn、Gs、Tr和SPAD值分别提高27.0%,55.3%,14.8%,13.4%,Ci降低1.6%;早晚稻收获期土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量均有提高。研究结果,对指导双季稻田紫云英协同晚稻秸秆还田下化肥氮钾减施、水稻增产和地力提升有重要意义。     

缺磷型稻田土壤施磷增产效应及土壤磷素肥力状况的研究

在不同缺磷土壤上进行定位试验,研究磷肥效应和土壤磷素的供应状况。试验在红黄泥和河沙泥两种土壤上进行,包括不施肥(CK)、氮钾肥(NK)、氮磷钾肥(NPK)、氮磷钾肥加稻草还田(NPK+RS)4个处理。结果表明,施磷能够提高水稻的产量,平均增产率表现为严重缺磷土壤高于中度缺磷土壤、早稻高于晚稻、磷肥与稻草配合施用高于单施磷肥处理;中度缺磷和严重缺磷土壤上施用磷肥能够显著的提高作物产量,尤其在早稻上效果更明显;中度缺磷土壤上施用磷肥早稻平均增产6.3 %,晚稻平均增产6.１%;在严重缺磷土壤上施用磷肥,早稻平均增产达到17.9 %,晚稻平均增产达到10.5 %;磷肥与稻草配合施用的水稻产量提高幅度略高于施用磷肥处理;土壤连续施用磷肥和磷肥与稻草配合施用能够提高土壤有效磷含量,且磷肥与稻草配合施用效果最佳。中度缺磷土壤磷肥与稻草配合施用处理连续两年试验后,土壤有效磷平均上升50.4%,严重缺磷土壤连续两年磷肥与稻草配合施用处理连续两年试验后,土壤有效磷平均上升91.4%。在中度和严重缺磷土壤上施用磷肥或磷肥与稻草配合施用有利于提高水稻产量、磷素吸收量和土壤的供磷能力。     

施石灰和秸秆还田对双季稻产量和氮素吸收的互作效应

红壤稻田面临土壤酸化和肥力偏低的双重挑战。施石灰和秸秆还田分别是稻田土壤酸化改良和培肥的有效措施,但二者的互作效应尚不清楚。本研究连续4年(2015—2018年)在江西省开展施石灰和秸秆还田双因素田间定位试验,旨在探明施石灰和秸秆还田对红壤双季稻田水稻产量和氮素吸收的互作效应。结果表明,施石灰和秸秆还田均显著提高了早、晚稻的产量和氮素吸收,且二者具显著的协同促进效应。秸秆还田下,施石灰使早稻产量和氮素吸收分别增加10.7%和15.5%;而在秸秆不还田下,增幅仅分别为4.4%和9.7%。秸秆还田下,石灰使晚稻产量和氮素吸收分别提高18.7%和24.6%;但在秸秆不还田下,增幅则分别为10.5%和5.7%。施石灰对早、晚稻产量和氮素吸收的促进效应随试验年限的增加而减弱。石灰对土壤pH值的提升效应随试验年限的延长显著降低。试验4年后,石灰对土壤有机质和全氮含量均无显著影响;秸秆还田显著提高了土壤有机质含量,而对全氮含量无显著影响。因此,秸秆还田配施石灰能够协同实现双季稻增产、土壤酸化改良与培肥。本研究表明在此酸性的红壤双季稻田上每4年左右施用一次石灰为宜。     

长期不同施肥对茶园土壤pH、茶叶产量可持续性和品质的影响

探索长期不同施肥模式下茶园土壤pH、茶叶产量和品质的变化及其影响因素,为茶叶的生产发展提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）长期不施肥,土壤pH稳定;产量前5年稳定,之后逐年下降,14后年产量仅为99.6 kg/hm²。（2）长期单施化肥,A层土壤pH降为pH 4.30,降低了0.30个单位,超出了茶树生长的最适范围pH 4.5~5.5;平均产量高于其他处理;咖啡碱含量显著高于其他处理。（3）长期单施有机肥,A、B层土壤分别为pH 6.14和pH 5.52,升高了1.54、0.83个单位,超出了最适范围;产量低于NPKM和NPK处理。（4）长期化肥配施有机肥,土壤pH基本稳定,在最适范围内;产量可持续性指数最高,较NPK、M、CK分别高出15.3%、48.8%、280.8%;春茶和秋茶总氨基酸含量均为最高,且显著高于M和CK,春茶的儿茶素较NPK、M和CK分别高2.2%、1.8%、32.%。上述结果表明,化肥配施有机肥,稳定了茶园土壤pH,保证了产量的可持续性,提高了茶叶的儿茶素、咖啡碱和总氨基酸含量,是普洱地区茶叶绿色发展值得推荐的施肥方式。     

长江中游不同玉稻种植模式产量及资源利用效率的比较研究

发展长江中游玉米生产是解决本区域玉米产需矛盾的根本途径。近年来随着长江中游玉米的快速发展,该地区出现了春玉米–晚稻、双季玉米和早稻–秋玉米等新型的一年两熟制种植模式,为探明其适应性和实用性,2013—2014年在湖北省武穴市设置了传统种植的双季稻(对照)、春玉米–晚稻、双季玉米和早稻–秋玉米共4种两熟制种植模式,分析比较其周年产量及光、温、水资源利用效率和经济效益。结果表明,春玉米–晚稻和双季玉米周年产量显著高于早稻–秋玉米和双季稻。与双季稻相比,春玉米–晚稻周年产量、光能生产效率、光能利用率、积温生产效率、水分利用率及经济效益分别提高18.3%、14.1%、23.4%、16.4%、37.2%和44.3%,双季玉米分别提高了13.5%、8.1%、26.1%、11.4%、88.8%和37.8%。春玉米其产量、积温生产效率、水分利用率及经济效益两年平均比早稻分别高出30.6%、29.5%、57.2%和96.1%,而秋玉米和晚稻之间产量无显著差异。不同玉稻模式周年产量差异主要源于第一季春玉米和早稻产量的差异。可见,春玉米–晚稻和双季玉米是适宜在长江中游推广的两熟制种植模式。     

Short-term water management at early filling stage improves early-season rice performance under high temperature stress in South China

Asymmetric warming and frequent temperature extremes are the consequences of climate change that are affecting crop growth and productivity over the globe while heat stress at early filling stage is of serious concern for the early-season rice in double cropping rice system of South China. In present study we assessed different short-term water management strategies to cope with the high temperature at early filling stage in rice. Water was applied as flood irrigation at two various depths i.e., 4–5 cm (I1) and 5–10 cm (I2) during 9:00–18:00 and then drained off at 18:00 as well as applied over-head during different time spans i.e., over-head sprinkle irrigation during 11:00–12:00, 13:00–14:00 and 14:00–15:00 at 60–80% relative humidity (RH) at early filling stage and regarded as S1, S2 and S3, respectively. A control was maintained with the maintenance of 1 cm water layer as normal farmer practice of this region. A fragrant rice cultivar, ‘Yuxiangyouzhan’ in early March (regarded as early season rice) in both 2014–15 and the effectiveness of different water management strategies were measured by estimating physio-biochemical responses, photosynthesis, yield and quality of rice exposed to high temperature stress at early filling stage. Our results showed that water treatments lowered lipid peroxidation (in terms of reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) contents) whilst proline and protein contents were affected differently. The water treatments also regulated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), nevertheless, improved plant photosynthesis and gas exchange, rice yield and quality attributes considerably by lowering severity of canopy temperatures than control (CK). On average, both flood and sprinkler water application were proved effective against high temperature stress, nonetheless, flood irrigated treatments were remained more effective than sprinkler which provided 26.58 and 43.63% higher grain yields in 2014–15, respectively than CK. On average, 5.58 and 11.92% higher grain yields were recorded in flood irrigation than sprinkler irrigation whereas among individual water application treatments, I1 was noted as the most effective regarding grain yield of rice (26.76 and 49.35% higher yield than CK) in both years which suggests that maintenance of 4–5 cm water layer might be helpful for the rice to withstand against high temperature stress at post heading and/or early filling stage in early-season rice production in South China.     

谷林套播下不同共生期对稻田三熟制油菜生长规律和产量的影响

为了确保江西三熟制稻田的三熟高产和克服季节矛盾,在江西双季稻区进行套播油菜共生期试验,设置与水稻共生期分别为10天(D10)、5天(D5)、0天(D0,CK),调查油菜生长及产量形成,为研究稻田三熟制谷林套播油菜简化栽培技术提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）处理D5、D10与CK油菜成熟期基本一致,但油菜营养生长期分别延长5天和7天,有利于前期营养物质的累积,为最终取得高产奠定基础。（2）共生期延长有利于提高油菜出苗期密度,但其他生育期密度降幅随着共生期延长而增加,导致成苗率和成株率随着共生期延长而下降,成熟期处理D5密度最大、CK次之、D10最小,分别为42.35万株/hm²、40.02万株/hm²、36.68万株/hm²。（3）共生期影响着油菜各期生长状况和产量结构,延长共生期有利于油菜个体生长发育及单株产量形成,但群体产量以处理D5最大、D10次之、CK最小,分别为1564.12 kg/hm²、1430.72 kg/hm²、1402.37 kg/hm²,在单株产量不足的情况下,可以通过适当增加密度来弥补,从而提高群体产量。根据以上结果,建议本区域内稻田三熟制套播油菜共生期以5~10天为宜,5天为佳,在适宜范围内尽可能早播。     

不同水分条件下水稻根系生长与产量变化关系研究

大田试验条件下设置常规水稻和覆草旱作水稻两个处理,研究不同水分条件下水稻根系生长对水稻产量的影响。结果表明：旱作水稻根冠比较常规水稻高23.2%。常规水稻最大根深为28cm,旱作水稻为35cm。水稻旱作后根系呼吸强度有明显增加。早造常规水稻断根后产量下降15%~23%,而旱作水稻断1/4根产量增加约20%。晚造常规水稻断根处理之间产量没有显著性差异,而旱作水稻断3/4根处理产量较不断根处理下降20.4%。早造水稻断根不利于水稻贮存物质输出而有利用于净光合产物积累。断根后旱作水稻穗增重增加,而常规水稻断根后穗增重下降。晚造旱作水稻断根后贮存物质输出减少,断1/4根处理水稻净光合生产量有升高趋势,但断根过多则引起净光合生产量下降,最终导致穗增重下降。常规水稻断根后对贮存物质的输出影响不大,断1/4根水稻净光合生产量有升高趋势,但断根过多则导致净光合生产量的下降。     

Impact of Water Stress on Maize Grown Off-Season in a Subtropical Environment

During the last decade, the production of off‐season maize has increased in several regions of Brazil. Growing maize during this season, with sowing from January through April, imposes several climatic risks that can impact crop yield. This is mainly caused by the high variability of precipitation and the probability of frost during the reproduction phases. High production risks are also partially due to the use of cultivars that are not adapted to the local environmental conditions. The goal of this study was to evaluate crop growth and development and associated yield, yield components and water use efficiency (WUE) for maize hybrids with different maturity ratings grown off‐season in a subtropical environment under both rainfed and irrigated conditions. Three experiments were conducted in 2001 and 2002 in Piracicaba, state of São Paulo, Brazil with four hybrids of different maturity duration, AG9010 (very short season), DAS CO32 and Exceler (short season) and DKB 333B (normal season). Leaf area index (LAI), plant height and dry matter were measured approximately every 18 days. Under rainfed conditions, the soil water content in the deeper layers was reduced, suggesting that the extension of the roots into these layers was a response to soil water limitations. On average, WUE varied from 1.45 kg m⁻³ under rainfed conditions to 1.69 kg m⁻³ under irrigated conditions during 2001. The average yield varied from 4209 kg ha⁻¹ for the hybrids grown under rainfed conditions to 5594 kg ha⁻¹ under irrigated conditions during 2001. Yield reductions under rainfed conditions were affected by the genotype. For the hybrid DKB 333B with a normal maturity, yield was reduced by 25.6 % while the short maturity hybrid Exceler was the least impacted by soil water limitations with a yield reduction of only 8.4 %. To decrease the risk of yield loss, the application of supplemental irrigation should be considered by local farmers, provided that this practice is not restricted by either economic considerations or the availability of sufficient water resources.     

拔节孕穗期水分控制对不同旱稻品种生长发育及产量的影响

为了探讨不同旱稻品种在拔节孕穗期水分胁迫条件下的反应,以旱稻74和旱稻80为试验材料,通过盆栽方式,研究了拔节孕穗期不同土壤水分处理对旱稻生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明：在土壤相对含水量低于95%时,随着水分的减少,2个旱稻品种生育期延后,株高、茎蘖数和单株干重降低,有效穗数变化较小,穗粒数、结实率和千粒重降低,尤其是穗粒数降低幅度最大,进而导致产量显著降低,且旱稻74的减产幅度高于旱稻80。旱稻拔节孕穗期的土壤相对含水量应保持在95%以上,否则将会影响旱稻最终产量。因此,在水分胁迫条件下,旱稻80的稳产性相对较好。     

Toward yield improvement of early-season rice: Other options under double rice-cropping system in central China

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain yields vary considerably between seasons under subtropical irrigated conditions. Reports on comparisons of grain yield between early- and late-season rice in subtropical environments are lacking. In order to evaluate the role of climatic and physiological factors under double rice-cropping system in determining rice grain yield in farmers’ fields, six field experiments were conducted in both early and late seasons from 2008 to 2010 in Wuxue County, Hubei province, China. For early season crop, the attainable yield was highest under dense planting (38.5 hills m⁻²) when N was applied at a rate of 120–180 kg ha⁻¹. However, the effect of hill density on grain yield was relatively smaller for late season crop, while moderate hill density (28.1 hills m⁻²) and nitrogen rate (120 kg ha⁻¹) were advantageous in terms of grain yield and lodging resistance. Remarkably higher grain yields were achieved in late season crops compared with early season crops, as the former had superiority over the latter in sink size (sink capacity, such as spikelets per m²) and biomass production. The comparatively lower yield under early season mainly resulted from slower growth during the vegetative phase, which can be attributed to the lower temperature rather than reduced mean daily radiation. Summary statistics suggested that there was ample opportunity to improve rice yield in early season crops, compared with late season crops. Correlation analysis further showed that spikelets per m², panicles per m², leaf area index at panicle initiation and flowering, biomass at physiological maturity and biomass accumulation after flowering should be emphasized for increasing grain yield, especially in early season crops under the double rice-cropping system in central China. Current breeding programs need to target strong tillering ability, large panicle size and greater grain filling (%) for early season crops, and high yield potential and lodging-resistance for late season crops as primary objectives.     

头季留茬高度对水稻再生季产量和稻米品质的影响

研究头季留茬高度对水稻再生季产量形成和稻米品质的影响,为实现再生季高产优质提供理论依据。以杂交稻新两优223和常规稻黄华占为试验材料。头季收割时设置40（高留茬,HS）、20（中留茬,MS）和5cm（低留茬,LS）3种留茬高度处理,考察不同节位再生穗产量构成因子、稻米品质、叶面积指数、氮素含量及净光合速率（P_n）等指标。结果表明,随留茬高度降低,2个品种产量均呈下降趋势,再生季HS处理产量（4.13t/hm²）比MS和LS处理分别高9.9%和16.3%。随留茬高度降低,再生季稻米碾磨品质显著下降,新两优223整精米率下降幅度显著大于黄华占,前者HS处理分别比MS和LS处理高26.8%和59.7%;随留茬高度降低,稻米外观品质显著提升,蛋白质含量下降,直链淀粉含量无显著变化。再生季水稻主茎、叶片和新芽的氮素含量与产量呈显著正相关,HS和MS处理的P_n显著高于LS处理。综上所述,根据品种特性,调节头季收割留茬高度,可促进水稻再生季产量和品质协同提高。     

气象条件对水稻生产影响研究

为了研究气象条件对水稻生产的影响,为当地水稻的种植生产提供依据,对安徽南陵2005—2014年早稻、中稻和一季晚稻、双季晚稻全生育期的主要气象因子进行分析评价,研究其对各类水稻气象产量的影响,并定量计算出各气象因子与该三类水稻气象产量的相关系数。结果发现：水稻气象产量具有明显的年际变化,早稻和双季晚稻整体呈上升趋势,中稻和一季晚稻基本持平,略有下降。对比分析和相关性显示,早稻气象产量与降水量和蒸发量相关性较大,且与降水量和蒸发量分别呈负相关和正相关;中稻和一季晚稻受温度、蒸发量和降水量影响显著,与蒸发量相关性最大,并且与降水量成正比,与温度、蒸发和日照时数成反比;双季晚稻与各气象因子的相关性较前两种水稻偏小。该研究获得了南陵不同气象因子对水稻生长的影响程度,为今后水稻种植合理避开气象灾害打下基础。