江淮地区燕麦籽粒产量与农艺性状的相关性及通径分析

为了研究江淮地区燕麦籽粒生产的影响因素,选取了13个皮燕麦种质和7个裸燕麦种质,对其12个主要农艺性状和籽粒产量进行了相关性分析和通径分析。结果表明,12个农艺性状与皮燕麦籽粒产量的相关性大小依次为分蘖数>茎叶比>株高>茎粗>千粒重>穗长>旗叶宽>轮层数>小花数>穗鲜重>旗叶长>小穗数;对逐步回归分析筛选出的6个农艺性状和皮燕麦籽粒产量做通径分析,其直接效应依次为茎粗>分蘖数>茎叶比>穗长>株高>千粒重,株高和千粒重为负效应。农艺性状与裸燕麦籽粒产量相关性依次为小花数>旗叶长>小穗数>茎粗>穗长>分蘖数>穗鲜重>株高>轮层数>旗叶宽>茎叶比>千粒重;进行通径分析后,直接效应大小为穗鲜重>穗长>茎粗>小穗数>小花数>旗叶长>分蘖数,旗叶长和分蘖数为负效应。综合考虑,皮燕麦籽粒丰产的关键在于增加单株分蘖数;裸燕麦的生产过程中则要选择小穗性状优良、小花数适中的品种。     

豆科–燕麦间作对作物光合特性及籽粒产量的影响

为进一步揭示豆科燕麦间作体系中作物产量优势的光合机制,设置燕麦单作、大豆单作、花生单作、大豆燕麦间作和花生燕麦间作试验,在不施氮肥的条件下,调查大豆、花生同燕麦的产量、功能叶片相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)及光合特性。结果表明,与单作相比,大豆–燕麦和花生–燕麦间作优势明显,土地当量比(LER)分别为1.41~1.63和1.31~1.52。同大豆间作的燕麦除单株粒重及千粒重外,其他各产量构成因子均增加;同花生间作的燕麦各产量构成因子均高于单作燕麦,其中小穗数、穗粒数、单株粒重与单作相比差异显著;间作提高了大豆各产量构成因子,但降低了花生的结荚数及单株粒重。间作提高了燕麦的叶绿素含量和净光合速率,改变了叶绿素构成,使燕麦衰老延缓;间作对大豆的相对叶绿素含量及净光合速率均无显著影响;在燕麦孕穗后期至抽穗期,间作花生净光合速率显著高于单作。在不施氮肥的条件下,间作体系均明显优于单作,其中燕麦花生间作体系显著促进了燕麦的生长发育,大豆燕麦间作体系对燕麦、大豆均有一定促进作用。     

水分和腐植酸对燕麦籽粒产量和β-葡聚糖含量的协同提升效应

为明确水分和腐植酸协同作用对燕麦的增产提质效应,本试验以蒙农大燕1号和内燕5号燕麦品种为研究对象,分别设置旱作和有限灌溉2个水分处理,分析喷施腐植酸对燕麦叶片光合特性、籽粒产量和β-葡聚糖含量的影响。结果表明:孕穗和开花期喷施腐植酸后可以显著提高燕麦叶片的光合特性,与灌水条件下相比,蒙农大燕1号叶片的光合速率在旱作条件下的提高幅度更大,提高了31.78%～123.72%,而内燕5号在旱作和灌水条件下增幅基本一致;在旱作条件下喷施腐植酸后两品种籽粒产量和β-葡聚糖含量均显著提高,尤其以内燕5号的提高幅度更大,分别提高了5.60%～74.68%和11.24%～19.56%;与旱作处理相比,在灌水条件下喷施HA,两品种籽粒β-葡聚糖含量提高幅度更大,分别提高了11.30%～33.29%和7.76%～43.81%。通过各指标之间的相关性分析,蒙农大燕1号品种叶片的光合速率与籽粒β-葡聚糖含量、穗长、单穗小穗数、单穗粒重、千粒重及籽粒产量呈显著正相关关系,籽粒产量与穗长、单穗小穗数、单穗粒重、千粒重呈显著正相关关系,籽粒β-葡聚糖与单穗小穗数、千粒重和籽粒产量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05...     

除草剂对不同燕麦品种杂草防治效果及其产量的影响

为了筛选燕麦田高效安全的除草剂,在山西北部地区开展了田间试验,选取田普除草剂(主要成分为二甲戊灵)为试验药剂,8种不同生态型的燕麦品种为供试品种,检验该除草剂对不同品种产量和安全性的影响。研究结果表明:田普除草剂对藜科、蓼科、禾本科、苋科杂草效果较明显,尤其是对藜科杂草的防治效果最好,最高的达到了100%,而对马齿苋科、菊科、旋花科杂草效果不好;使用田普除草剂处理对燕麦品种的穗长、轮层数、小穗数等性状有一定的抑制作用,对籽实千粒重的有促进作用;本研究中喷施除草剂的处理的平均籽实产量比不喷施除草剂的处理和人工除草处理分别增产70.5%和4.3%。此外,该除草剂未对后茬作物(油菜)产生明显药害作用,可对燕麦-油菜倒茬安全使用。     

我国皮裸燕麦品种的产量性状分析

对《中国燕麦品种资源目录》中的1200多份品种的产量性状进行分析,皮燕麦品种的平均主穗小穗数、主穗粒重和千粒重比裸燕麦品种的高。山西、内蒙的裸燕麦品种具有大穗、大粒、多花多实特点。与国外引进的皮燕麦品种相比,中国皮燕麦品种主穗小穗数和粒数多,但千粒重低。选出20份综合产量性状或某一性状上表现突出的品种。     

水稻穗粒数相关基因研究进展

穗粒数作为影响水稻产量的主要因素之一,一直深受育种家的广泛关注。穗粒数形成受小穗分生组织分化率、小穗分化持续时间及穗型等多因素控制,是个十分复杂的生物学过程。随着植物功能基因组学研究技术的飞速发展,目前水稻穗粒数基因克隆及机理研究等方面已取得了一些进展。本研究从穗分生组织发育、穗型等方面阐述了调控水稻穗粒数发育基因的研究进展,探讨了当前水稻穗粒数研究所存在的问题和未来的研究方向,以期待为水稻高产育种提供理论依据。     

高羊茅种子产量因子与产量的通径分析

采用多因素正交试验设计,通过大样本相关、通径和逐步回归分析后表明,高羊茅5个种子产量因子对种子产量的直接贡献大小排序为:生植枝数/m2＞小花数/小穗＞种子粒数/小穗＞单粒种子重＞小穗数/生植枝;提高小花数/小穗和种子粒数/小穗可最有效提高高羊茅的种子产量,其次是提高生植枝数/m2.     

植物生长营养液对燕麦生长和产量的影响

为明确植物生长营养液对燕麦生长及产量的影响,研究了燕麦拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期喷施相同量不同稀释倍数的植物营养液后燕麦株高、干物质积累量、产量及产量构成因素的变化。结果表明:不同稀释倍数的营养液均可以缩短燕麦生育期,其中500倍稀释液与对照相比可提前7d成熟;各营养液处理的燕麦株高、干物质积累量和叶面积在抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期均高于对照,各指标均随着稀释倍数的增加先升高后降低;喷施植物营养液后燕麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量均增加,喷施500倍稀释液后,燕麦穗数、生物产量和子粒产量与其他处理间差异均达显著水平,子粒增产达15.9%。     

施氮量对两种类型燕麦物质积累和产量的影响

以皮燕麦白燕7号和裸燕麦白燕2号为材料,连续两年各四茬原位氮肥处理,研究了不同施氮量(0、30、60、90和120kg/hm2)对两种类型燕麦物质积累、产量和产量构成的影响.结果表明,第一年第一茬两类燕麦干物质积累、产量等性状在不同氮肥处理间没有显著差异或明显的规律性,即使不施氮处理,燕麦产量并没有降低.从第二茬开始的后三茬中,不施氮和低氮处理的草产量、子粒产量和产量构成因素等明显降低,在低氮肥处理有随施氮量增加而增加的趋势.子粒产量在施氮量90kg/hm2处理达到最高,但高施氮量处理间差异不显著.两种类型燕麦品种表现一致.     

春小麦不同品种农艺性状与收获指数的灰色关联分析

采用灰色关联分析,探讨了春小麦品种主要农艺性状与收获指数的相互关系及其对产量的影响。结果表明,春小麦品种主要农艺性状变异系数从大到小依次为穗颈长〉主茎生物产量〉穗长〉千粒重〉株高〉产量〉穗粒数〉单穗重〉收获指数〉小穗数〉总生物产量;春小麦品种主要农艺性状对收获指数关联度顺序为单穗重〉产量〉穗粒数〉千粒重〉总生物产量〉株高〉穗颈长〉主茎生物产量〉穗长〉小穗数。     

High Phytomass Producing Oats for Cultivation in Northern Growing Conditions

It has been argued that the breeding of cultivars with higher weight per panicle but constant phytomass (i.e., improved harvest index) is unlikely to improve grain yield of cereals in the future. To examine this question in oats, this study observed relationships between above-ground phytomass production and grain yield as well as 18 morphological and physiological traits representing maturity class and architecture of oat stand. The study was conducted in two dissimilar growing seasons. Material consisted of 29 Finnish and Scandinavian oat cultivars and breeding lines. Correlations between phytomass and other traits were evaluated by linear regression analysis. The study revealed that there has already been a trend toward improving the above-ground phytomass production in cereal breeding in Finland. The phytomass elevation can be attributed to both higher panicle weight as well as increased above-ground vegetative phytomass. Thus, improved grain yield of oats is not merely a consequence of increased harvest index, as is often mentioned, but is also a result of higher phytomass as such. The weight of the above-ground phytomass did not correlate with undesirable traits such as plant height or susceptibility to lodging, but it did have a positive relationship with days to yellow ripening. The applicability of phytomass weight in indirect yield breeding of oats in the northern growing conditions is discussed.     

Associations between nitrogen harvest index and yield characteristics of oats

Summary Fifty lines of oats (Avena Sativa L.) with a broad range of nitrogen harvest indexes (NHI) and nine check lines were evaluated in 15 environments to study the association between NHI and adaptability of oat lines to soils with different productivity levels due primarily to different amounts of N. Three yield characteristics (i.e., mean across environments, regression response to improving environments, and stability of response) were used to measure adaptability. The lines were significantly variable for means of grain and straw yield, for responsiveness to improving environments, and for stability of yield. Among the yield characteristics, only the mean of grain yield was significantly correlated with NHI.Journal Paper No. J-13336 of the Iowa Agric. and Home Econ. Exp. Stn., Ames, Iowa, 50011. Project 2447.     

Changes in Several Traits of Oats Caused by Selection for Vegetative Growth Rate*

Growth rate and harvest index are the primary components that cause variation in gram yield or oats it growth duration of the crop is fixed as it is in mid western USA. Because harvest index for oats in that region has been optimized 45 %, growth rate is the only remaining trait for improving grain yield. F₂ derived oat lines from inter- (Avena sativa L. ×A. Sterilis L.) and intraspecific mating (among A. sativa cultivars) in F₃ were selected for vegetative growth rate at maturity (GRM) with an intensity of 8.3%. Predicted genetic gain was 21.5% for GRM, and actual gain was 7%. Changes in grain, biological, and straw yields were higher than gains in GRM when expressed as percentages of the oat population means. Predicted genetic gains were very low for traits unrelated or negatively associated with GRM such as heading data and harvest index. This study suggests that indirect improvement can be made for gain, biological, and straw yields by selecting for GRM.     

燕麦籽粒营养与农艺性状相关性分析

为了进一步发掘利用高营养物质含量的燕麦籽粒基因和种质资源,以西北农林科技大学引进的60份栽培型燕麦为研究材料,种植于四川成都金堂县和四川甘孜州康定县两个地点,对收获籽粒的6个营养指标、4个产量指标和7个农艺性状进行测定。通过对不同环境中燕麦各营养成分与农艺性状性状进行显著性差异分析、网络相关性分析及主成分分析,筛选出高品质基因型XO-1-6、XO-1-12和XO-1-16,高产基因型XO-1-16、XO-1-17和XO-1-19,而且金堂县的籽粒营养高于康定县,籽粒产量及农艺性状总体低于康定县,营养品质与产量呈负相关,与株高呈正相关,与分蘖数呈负相关,说明燕麦的营养成分和产量除了受遗传性质影响外还受环境的制约;可将17个性状综合为5个主成分。本研究为在该地区选育高品质及高产燕麦资源提供研究材料,为燕麦生产研究奠定理论基础,对燕麦品质的遗传改良具有重要的参考意义。     

Konkurrenz und Ertragsvorteile in Gemengen aus Erbsen (Pisum sativum L.) und Hafer (Avena sativa L.)

In field trials on a fertile fluvisol in 1995 and 1996 near Göttingen, Germany, pea (Pisum sativum; cv. Messire/conventional leafed, cv. Profi/semileafless) and oats (Avena sativa; cv. Alf) were grown as sole crops and in substitutive mixtures. The sole crops were established at 80 pea seeds m^?2 and 300 oat seeds m^?2. The mixtures consisted of 67 % (pea) and 33 % (oats) of the monoculture densities, respectively. Interactions of cv. Messire or cv. Profi and oats were similar in 1995 and 1996. The mixtures outyielded the monocultures with respect to total above ground dry matter (RYT = 1.15) and grain yield (RYT = 1.09). Grain yield of pea and oats averaged 4.9 t ha^?1 in monocultures and 5.5 t ha^?1 in mixtures. Oats was relatively the stronger of the two competitors. Decreasing number of pods per plant could be highlighted as the factor for a lower pea seed frequency in the yield of the mixtures. For oats the number of panicles per plant and kernels per panicle were higher in the mixtures compared with the oat monocultures. The average amount of the harvest index (HI) was 0.52 for pea and 0.46 for oats. Favourable growth conditions increased HI values however, prolific vegetative growth in the mixtures resulted in lower HI values. The predicted RYT‐values estimate the maximum combined grain yield of 6.3 t ha^?1 in the mixture of 87 % pea (70 seeds m^?2) and 13 % oats (39 kernels m^?2).     

播期对白燕7号在黑龙江省中西部地区产量的影响

为探究播期对皮燕麦生长特性和产量的影响,设置6个播种时期,研究了不同播期对皮燕麦品种白燕7号生育进程、形态指标、光合特性等指标的影响,分析了不同播期处理气候因子和皮燕麦生长的相关性。结果表明：随着播期的推迟,皮燕麦的生育期缩短,分蘖数先减少后增加,株高逐渐升高;光合性能降低、叶面积指数在营养生长期逐渐升高,在生殖生长期则相对降低;各阶段光合势总体呈降低趋势;收获穗数、千粒重、穗粒数显著减少,子粒产量呈下降趋势。气候因素中日照时数对子粒产量影响最大。在其他因子不变的情况下,积温每增加1℃,子粒产量减少1.158kg/hm ²;降雨量每增加1mm,子粒产量减少0.738kg/hm ²;日照时数每增加1h,子粒产量增加24.101kg/hm ²。为获得子粒高产,黑龙江省大庆地区皮燕麦播种日期选择在4月13日前后为宜。     

国内主要饲草燕麦品种干物质积累及生产潜力评价

为明确冀北坝上适宜种植的饲草燕麦品种及刈割时间,于2017-2019年以20个不同类型的皮、裸燕麦品种为研究对象,分析气候对燕麦发育进程的影响,比较不同年份和不同刈割期下产草量和籽粒产量。结果表明,气温对燕麦生育期影响较为明显,气温升高燕麦生育期缩短,尤其对晚熟品种的影响较大;降雨对燕麦生物产量影响较为明显,降雨量增加生物产量提高,苗期干旱对饲草生产相当不利。刈割试验明确了冀北坝上饲草生产中最适宜种植的品种是GL381、坝莜18号、远杂1号、定燕2号、坝莜3号和草莜1号,开花期前刈割仅是定燕2号最好的选择;开花期后刈割首选远杂1号、GL381和坝莜18号,其次,选择坝莜3号和定燕2号;早熟和中早熟品种青引2号和白燕2号等8个品种可在二季作区和有生长期时间限制时选用。产量试验表明,成熟后生物产量高的品种首选远杂1号和GL381,生物产量达到10 819.5~10 920.0kg/hm²。籽粒产量由高到低的前9位品种籽粒产量水平为4269.0~5185.5kg/hm²,其中裸燕麦GL381和远杂1号籽粒产量分别为4765.5kg/hm²和4269.0kg/hm²,表现较好。兼顾生物产量和籽粒产量表现均较好的品种是GL381、蒙燕1号、远杂1号和Haywire。     

Growth rate inheritance and associations with other traits in backcross populations of Avena sativa x A. sterilis

Summary Improved grain yields in lines of oats from matings of Avena sativa x A. sterilis were found to be due to increased plant growth rate. Growth rates of oats were quantitatively inherited, with the minimum number of effective factor pairs segregating in the interspecific matings ranging from 3 to 9. Heritability values for this trait averaged 0.4. Growth rate was highly and positively correlated with bundle weight, straw yield, grain yield, and unit straw weight, but it was uncorrelated with heading date and harvest index. Correlations with plant height were low. Thus, it should be possible for oat breeders to combine the high growth rates from A. sterilis with any combination of agronomic traits.Journal Paper No. J-8608 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa 50011. Project 1752. Supported in part by a grant from the Graduate College.Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan (formerly Visiting Scientist at Iowa State University).     

氮素对燕麦的生理生化指标和品质的影响

为了研究不同氮素水平对燕麦生长发育和产量的影响,找出适合燕麦生长发育和产量提高的氮素水平,以2005年引种的燕麦品种‘坝莜1号’为试验材料,采用裂区试验设计方法,随机区组排列,对燕麦各个生育时期形态及生理指标进行了定期观测和对比分析。结果表明：不同氮素水平下,燕麦的生长发育动态指标差异显著,随着施肥量的增加,株高增加,叶面积和分蘖数也会增加,但是施氮量过多则会增加无效分蘖数,生育后期植株贪青影响产量。适量的氮素水平使燕麦的生理生化指标达正常标准,利于提高燕麦的产量,在施氮量为144 kg/hm2时,‘坝莜1号’的产量较高。     

The effect of lupins as compared with peas and oats on the yield of the subsequent winter barley crop

New high yielding early maturing cultivars of lupins have been introduced in north-west Europe as grain protein crops in crop rotations. This paper reports on a comparative study of lupins with peas and oats, and of their effect on yield of subsequent winter barley crops. These crops were given five levels of N under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions on sand and loam. Under rain fed conditions the grain yield of pea, oat and lupin varied between 24–36, 34–53 and 18–37 hkg DM ha⁻¹, respectively. Supplemental irrigation raised grain yield of oat to 50–60 hkg DM ha⁻¹, while grain yield in pea was not affected and grain yield in lupin in most cases decreased due to gray mould attack and excessive vegetative growth in the indeterminate lupin variety. Under rain fed conditions, the grain nitrogen content of pea, oat and lupin varied between 137–172, 61–80 and 189–226 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively, and was significantly higher in lupin as compared with pea. On sandy soil, similar low-root densities were found for pea, oat and lupin below 30 cm depth. On sand, at final harvest the residual soil-N of lupin and pea, as measured in a subsequent winter barley crop not supplied with N fertilizer, was 15 and 8–10 kg N ha⁻¹ higher than in winter barley following oat, respectively. The nature of the probably more N-root residues of lupin is discussed. On loam, the residual N of lupin and pea was similar, 18–27 kg N ha⁻¹. On sand, under rain fed conditions preceding lupin and pea as compared with oat, increased the barley grain yield at zero N-application 77 and 49%, respectively; the effect of lupin was significantly higher than that of pea until the highest N-level 120 kg N-application ha⁻¹. On loam under rain fed conditions preceding lupin and pea increased the barley grain yield at zero N-application by 36 and 62%, respectively, as compared with oat; at N-application>60 kg N ha⁻¹ the grain yield was similar after all three crops. For both soil types the same level of effect was found under irrigated conditions. Conclusions: Supplemental irrigation might result in lower grain yield in lupin due to gray mould attack and excessive growth if indeterminate lupin varieties are used. Grain nitrogen yield of lupin is significantly higher than that of pea. On sand, the effect of lupin on the subsequent winter barley grain yield is significantly higher than that of pea, probably due to greater N-root nitrogen residues. On loam, lupin and pea have similar effects on the subsequent winter barley crop.