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1.
This paper describes the relative efficiency of three marker systems, RAPD, ISSR, and AFLP, in terms of fingerprinting 14
rice genotypes consisting of seven temperatejaponica rice cultivars, three indica near-isogenic lines, three indica introgression lines, and one breeding line of japonica type adapted to high-altitude areas of the tropics with cold tolerance genes. Fourteen RAPD, 21 ISSR, and 8 AFLP primers
could produce 970 loci, with the highest average number of loci (92.5) generated by AFLP. Although polymorphic bands in the
genotypes were detected by all marker assays, the AFLP assay discriminated the genotypes effectively with a robust discriminating
power (0.99), followed by ISSR (0.76) and RAPD (0.61). While significant polymorphism was detected among the genotypes of
japonica and indica through analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), relatively low polymorphism was detected within the genotypes of japonica rice cultivars. The correlation coefficients of similarity were significant for the three marker systems used, but only the
AFLP assay effectively differentiated all tested rice lines. Fingerprinting of backcross-derived resistant progenies using
ISSR and AFLP markers easily detected progenies having a maximum rate of recovery for the recurrent parent genome and suggested
that our fingerprinting approach adopting the ‘undefined-element-amplifying’ DNA marker system is suitable for incorporating
useful alleles from the indica donor genome into the genome of temperate japonica rice cultivars with the least impact of deleterious linkage drag. 相似文献
2.
Pedigree, RAPD and simplified AFLP-based assessment of genetic relationships among Avena sativa L. cultivars 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Edyta Paczos-Grzeda 《Euphytica》2004,138(1):13-22
Two molecular marker techniques: RAPD and simplified PstIAFLP have been compared in order to decide on, which technique is better suited to genetic characterization of oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars. It was investigated, if the same pattern of variability is revealed by two approaches and whether the observed
molecular variability reflects pedigree-based relationships. Polymorphic RAPD and PstIAFLP markers were sufficient to distinguish all analysed cultivars, demonstrating the usefulness of both methods for cultivar
identification. Genetic similarity estimates derived from RAPD, simplified PstIAFLP and combined RAPD and PstIAFLP data were compared with coefficients of parentage (COP). Molecular markers-based mean genetic similarities were considerably
greater than mean COP value. Correlation coefficients between COP and genetic similarities calculated from RAPD, PstIAFLP and combined molecular data were very low and not significant. A better correlation (0.50) was found between similarity
estimates derived from RAPD and PstIAFLP markers. Four separate dendrograms were constructed based on pedigree and molecular analyses using a neighbor-joining
algorithm (NJ). The dendrograms were compared and found to be topologically different. The results of this study showed, that
both molecular techniques can be conveniently used for genetic characterization of oat cultivars, however PstIAFLP would be the method of choice due to the higher efficiency and reproducibility.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
The objectives of this study were to optimize RAPD and AFLP techniques in B. catharticus, and to determine the genetic variability of populations and commercial prairie grass cultivars with the aforementioned molecular
markers. Two populations with contrasting morphological characteristics were evaluated from individual and bulked DNA samples
using RAPD markers. Both analyses showed a similar information about inter population variability. Each accession was sampled
by a single leaf bulk of 10 plants. Accession similarities were established with 276 RAPD and 714 AFLP bands using Jaccard
similarity coefficient. The dendrogram of the accessions using RAPD markers showed that they shared high similarity values
(>94%). A similar result was obtained with AFLP markers (similarity values >98%), revealing a narrow genetic basis in the
analyzed accessions. Consequently, molecular characterization of germplasm should be considered in addition to morphological
criteria, to choose the parental genotypes for breeding programs of this forage crop. The AFLP technique was more efficient
to detect DNA polymorphism in our experiments and unique fingerprints were detected for all the accessions. RAPD is a simple
and non expensive technique, suitable to estimate genetic similarity.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
Mehmet Ali Sudupak 《Euphytica》2004,135(2):229-238
Intra and inter-species ISSR variation and use of ISSR markers in determination of genetic relationship were investigated
in an accession collection representing twoperennial and six annual Cicerspecies. Screening of Ciceraccessions with SSR primers revealed highly reproducible amplicon profiles with relatively high multiplex ratios. Many of
the primers generated amplicon profiles with which not only the differences among species can readily be identified, but also
polymorphisms within species could be detected more efficiently. PCR products at 150 gel positions detected using six SSR
primers in Cicer accessions were treated as dominant DNA markers and utilized to compute the distances among accessions and species. Cluster
analysis of accessions and species revealed groupings that corroborate our previous studies of relationships based on allozyme
and AFLP analysis. Consistent with the AFLP analysis carried out in the same accession collection, ISSR-based groupings indicated
that perennial C. incisumis genetically close to the annuals of the second crossability group (C. pinnatifidum,C. bijugum, C. judaicum) while C. reticulatum is the closest wild species to the cultivated chickpea. ISSR-based variation estimates were relatively higher when compared
to previous estimates computed from RAPD and AFLP data. Technically, ISSR analysis combines the PCR-based targeting of microsatellite-associated
polymorphisms with no prior sequence requirement and stringent PCR conditions. Similarly, when compared to AFLP analysis,
it is less technically demanding allowing to survey polymorphic loci in the genome. Thus, ISSR-PCR technology is a reliable,
fast, and cost-effective marker system that can be used to study genetic variation and genetic relationships in the genusCicer.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
Chemda Degani Lisa J. Rowland James A. Saunders Stan C. Hokanson Elizabeth L. Ogden Avi Golan-Goldhirsh Gene J. Galletta 《Euphytica》2001,117(1):1-12
Nineteen of the major strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars grown in the UnitedStates and Canada were examined for AFLP markerpolymorphisms. For the AFLP reactions, the EcoRI-ACC primer was used in combination with fourMseI primers (MseI-CAC, MseI-CAG,MseI-CAT, or MseI-CTT). Each set ofprimers produced 46–66 scorable fragments ranging insize between 50 and 500 bp. The polymorphic fragmentsproduced from each set of primers were more thansufficient to distinguish among all the cultivars,demonstrating the usefulness of AFLP markers forcultivar identification. Similarity coefficients werecalculated based on data from 228 AFLP markers anddata from 15 previously characterized RAPD markers. The RAPD markers had been specifically selected forfingerprinting purposes because they succesfullydistinguish 41 strawberry cultivars, including the 19cultivars analyzed in this study. Separatedendrograms were constructed based on analysis of theAFLP and RAPD marker data using a neighbor-joiningalgorithm. The dendrograms were compared and found tobe very different. Correlations between similaritycoefficients calculated from AFLP marker data,similarity coefficients calculated from RAPD markerdata, and coefficients of coancestry calculated frompedigree information were evaluated. Interestingly,a better correlation with the coefficients ofcoancestry was observed with the RAPD marker data thanwith the AFLP marker data. 相似文献
6.
Summary Carthamus tinctorius (2n = 2x = 24) (family Asteraceae), commonly known as safflower, is widely cultivated in agricultural production systems of Asia,
Europe, Australia and the Americas as a source of high-quality vegetable and industrial oil. India ranks first in the production
of safflower oil. Fourteen cultivars, widely cultivated in various agro-climatic regions of India, have been fingerprinted
by RAPD, ISSR, and AFLP markers utilizing 36, 21 primers, and 4 primer combinations, respectively. On an individual assay
basis, AFLP has proven to be the best marker system as compared with the other two markers applied as assessed by high discriminating
power (0.98), assay efficiency index (33.2), marker index (18.2), resolving power (40.62), and genotype index (0.856). Thirty-six
RAPD and 21 SSR primers could differentiate a maximum of eight and four cultivars, respectively, whereas, two AFLP primer
combinations could fingerprint all the 14 cultivars. To understand genetic relationships among these cultivars, Jaccard's
similarity coefficient and UPGMA clustering algorithm were applied to the three marker data sets. Mean genetic similarities
ranged from 0.689 (AFLP) to 0.952 (ISSR). Correlation coefficient comparisons between similarity matrices and co-phenetic
matrices obtained with the three markers revealed that AFLP displayed no congruence vis-a-vis RAPD and ISSR data. However,
strong correlation was observed between RAPD and ISSR marker systems. This paper reports the start of molecular biology programme
targeting nuclear genome of safflower, a major world oilseed crop about whose genetics very little is known. 相似文献
7.
The origins and authenticity of many grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera) used for wine production around the world is unclear and the subject of some controversy. In this study, DNA fingerprints
generated by Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter Simple Sequence Repeat Polymerase Chain Reaction (ISSR-PCR)
analyses were used to compare the four most widely planted V. vinifera cultivars in Chile (viz. Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot and Carmenere). Material obtained from France was used
as an external reference. Both techniques were able to distinguish between the cultivars studied although the resolving power
of ISSR profiles was higher than that of RAPDs, suggesting that the latter would be more suited for use on a wider range of
cultivars. Surprisingly, however, variability was observed between clones of Merlot, the original Chilean clone and the representative
clone from France. Furthermore, the high degree of divergence between the two sources (64% similarity) suggests that the French
Merlot is not even a close relative of the stock in Chile. Interestingly, the latter was derived directly from the original
French founder clones of the Merlot cultivar. No variation was found within the Chilean Merlot clone using either ISSR or
RAPD analyses. These results indicate that French and Chilean vines grown for Merlot production represent different genotypes.
The history of Merlot cultivation and the implications of these findings are explored.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
Agnieszka Grądzielewska 《Euphytica》2006,152(3):441-454
Dasypyrum villosum (L.) P. Candargy is discussed as a species commonly used in wheat improvement. Chromosomal localization of the potentially useful traits and chromosomal position of some morphological and isozyme markes are shown. The investigations using molecular RAPD, AFLP, SSR, RFLP markers and in situ (GISH, FISH) hybridization experiments on D. villosum itself and in wide hybrids with Triticum are summarized. The article also presents the information about designation of D. villosum chromosomes and the current knowledge on the phenomenon of two-coloured D. villosum caryopses. 相似文献
9.
Assessment of genetic diversity within and among Basmati and non-Basmati rice varieties using AFLP,ISSR and SSR markers 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Molecular markers provide novel tools to differentiate between the various grades of Basmati rice, maintain fair-trade practices and to determine its relationship with other rice groups in Oryza sativa. We have evaluated the genetic diversity and patterns of relationships among the 18 rice genotypes representative of the traditional Basmati, cross-bred Basmati and non-Basmati (indica and japonica) rice varieties using AFLP, ISSR and SSR markers. All the three marker systems generated higher levels of polymorphism and could distinguish between all the 18 rice cultivars. The minimum number of assay-units per system needed to distinguish between all the cultivars was one for AFLP, two for ISSR and five for SSR. A total of 171 (110 polymorphic), 240 (188 polymorphic) and 160 (159 polymorphic) bands were detected using five primer combinations of AFLP, 25 UBC ISSR primers and 30 well distributed, mapped SSR markers, respectively. The salient features of AFLP, ISSR and SSR marker data analyzed using clustering algorithms, principal component analysis, Mantel test and AMOVA analysis are as given below: (i) the two traditional Basmati rice varieties were genetically distinct from indica and japonica rice varieties and invariably formed a separate cluster, (ii) the six Basmati varieties developed from various indica × Basmati rice crosses and backcrosses were grouped variably depending upon the marker system employed; CSR30 and Super being more closer to traditional Basmati followed by HKR228, Kasturi, Pusa Basmati 1 and Sabarmati, (iii) AFLP, ISSR and SSR marker data-sets showed moderate levels of positive correlation (Mantel test, r = 0.42–0.50), and (iv) the partitioning of the variance among and within rice groups (traditional Basmati, cross-bred Basmati, indica and japonica) using AMOVA showed greater variation among than within groups using SSR data-set, while reverse was true for both ISSR and AFLP data-sets. The study emphasizes the need for using a combination of different marker systems for a comprehensive genetic analysis of Basmati rice germplasm. The high-level polymorphism generated by SSR, ISSR and AFLP assays described in this study shall provide novel markers to differentiate between traditional Basmati rice supplies from cheaper cross-bred Basmati and long-grain non-Basmati varieties at commercial level.The first two authors have equal contribution 相似文献
10.
Summary Thirty-five rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties, including 18 japonica, 5 javanica and 12 indica subspecies and 12 lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) varieties were identified taxonomically, using PCR with originally designed 21 RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primers and 8 sequence-specific primers, used for amplifying four specific DNA fragments. Use of these primers revealed polymorphisms among varieties in rice and lettuce and facilitates DNA fingerprinting. Dendrograms of both species based on polymorphisms were constructed and genetical relationships were established. In rice, half the number of amplified bands were polymorphic and almost all varieties differentiated. However, differentiation of minor genetic alterations among somaclonal variants or mutants and their mother varieties was not feasible. In L. sativa, 47% of the amplified fragments were polymorphic and all 12 varieties were differentiated. Some of the PCR fragments were variety or type specific, which could be used for indicators for type-selection. The dendrogram obtained showed differentiated clusters of crisphead, leaf and butterhead type, findings in good accord with the classification based on the genetic background. 相似文献
11.
Niraj Tripathi Navinder Saini Sharad Tiwari 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2013,16(4):253-261
In recent years, Coleus forskohlii has been considered plant as an important medicinal. Because of the continuous collection of roots from the wild sources, this plant has been included in the list of endangered species. This has necessitated the use of biotechnology in conservation and sustainable management of this endangered plant species. Morphological and molecular characterization of this herb will enhance our understanding in improving the optimal yields of Forskolin through breeding. To assess the morphological and molecular genetic diversity in 18 C. forskohlii genotypes collected from different places of central India, RAPD, ISSR, and AFLP marker systems were employed. Eleven RAPD, ten ISSRs and eight AFLP primers produced 101, 80, and 483 fragments, respectively. Among the three marker system used in this study, RAPD and ISSR showed 61.39 and 68.75% polymorphism, respectively, while eight AFLP primer combinations produced 70.81% polymorphism. UPGMA cluster analysis method group genotypes in two clusters with all marker systems separately and after combined analysis. Results show that both morphological and molecular factors are effective in observing variations. Our results also indicate that the RAPD, ISSR, and AFLP approaches, along with pharmaceutically important morphological trait analysis, seemed to be best-suited for assessing the genetic relationships among distinct C. Forskohlii genotypes with high accuracy. 相似文献
12.
Twenty two RAPD and 22 ISSR markers were evaluated for their potential use in determination of genetic relationships in chickpea
(Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars and breeding lines. We were able to identify six chickpea cultivars/breeding lines by cultivar-specific markers.
All of the cultivars tested displayed a different phenotype generated either by the RAPD or ISSR primers. Though ISSR primers
generated less markers than RAPD primers, the ISSR primers produced higher levels of polymorphism (% of polymorphic markers
per primer) than RAPD primers. A high level of within cultivar homogeneity was observed in chickpea. Cultivars/breeding lines
originating from a common genetic background showed closer genetic relationship. Chickpea lines with similar seed type(kabuli
or desi) had a tendency to cluster together.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
Mapping Co, a gene controlling the columnar phenotype of apple, with molecular markers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The columnar phenotype is a very valuable genetic resource for apple breeding because of its compact growth form determined
by the dominant gene Co. Using bulked segregant analysis combined with several DNA molecular marker techniques to screen the F1 progeny of Spur Fuji × Telamon (heterozygous for Co), 9 new DNA markers (6 RAPD, 1 AFLP and 2 SSRs) linked to the Co gene were identified. A total of 500 10-mer random primers, 56 pairs of selective AFLP primers and 8 SSR primer pairs were
screened. One RAPD marker S1142682, and the AFLP marker, E-ACT/M-CTA346, were converted into SCAR markers designated SCAR682 and SCAR216, respectively. These markers will enable early selection in progenies where Co is difficult to identify. The Co gene was located between the SSR markers CH03d11 and COL on linkage group 10 of the apple genetic linkage map. Finally, a
local genetic map of the region around the Co gene was constructed by linkage analysis of the nine new markers and three markers developed earlier. 相似文献
14.
Summary Somaclonal variation, which is a welcome source of genetic variation for crop breeding, is unwanted when direct regenerants have to be used in tissue culture mass propagation (eg. in many forest trees), or in the regeneration of genetically transformed plants. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to analyse somatic embryos and plants regenerated from embryogenic cell lines in Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst. RAPD facilitated the identification of clones, as material from the same cell lines shared identical patterns of amplified fragments, whereas regenerants from different cell lines were easily distinguishable by their respective patterns. For comparisons with explant donor genotypes, cell lines were initiated from cotyledons. Some of the seedlings that had parts of their cotyledons removed were grown on as control plants. Somatic embryos regenerated from cotyledon cell lines showed no aberrations in RAPD banding patterns with respect to donor plants. We conclude that gross somaclonal variation is absent in our plant regeneration system.Abbreviations ESM
embryogenic suspensor mass
- RAPD
random amplified polymorphic DNA
- RFLP
restriction fragment length polymorphism
- (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid
2,4-D
- 1-naphthaleneacetic acid
NAA 相似文献
15.
Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) is an oil-bearing species with multiple uses and considerable potential as a bioenergy crop. The present
investigation has been undertaken to assess the extent of genetic diversity in a representative set of 42 accessions of J. curcas encompassing different crop growing regions in India along with a non-toxic genotype from Mexico as a prelude for utilization
of promising and genetically divergent materials in the breeding programmes. Molecular polymorphism was 42.0% with 400 RAPD
primers and 33.5% with 100 ISSR primers between accessions indicating modest levels of genetic variation in the Indian germplasm.
The within-population variation based on RAPD polymorphism was 64.0% and was on par with the inter-population variation. Polymorphic
ISSR markers have been identified that could differentiate the Indian accessions from the Mexican genotype and two of them
were converted to SCAR markers. The SCAR primer pair ISPJ1 amplified a 543 bp fragment in all the Indian populations, while
ISPJ2 with a specific amplicon of 1,096 bp was specific to the Mexican genotype. Population-specific bands have been identified
for the accession from Kerala (2 RAPD markers), Neemuch-1 from Rajasthan (1 each of RAPD and ISSR markers) and the non-toxic
genotype from Mexico (17 RAPD and 4 ISSR markers), which serve as diagnostic markers in genotyping. The study indicates an
immediate need for widening the genetic base of J. curcas germplasm through introduction of accessions with broader geographical background. 相似文献
16.
Tissue culture-derived variation in crop improvement 总被引:30,自引:3,他引:30
S. Mohan Jain 《Euphytica》2001,118(2):153-166
Tissue culture generates a wide range of genetic variation in plant species which can be incorporated in plant breeding programmes.
By in vitro selection, mutants with useful agronomic traits, e.g. salt or drought tolerance or disease resistance, can be isolated in
a short duration. The successful use of somaclonal variation is very much dependent on its genetic stability in the subsequent
generations for which molecular markers such as RAPDs, AFLPs, SSRs and others can be helpful. The potential of somaclonal
variation has yet to be fully exploited by breeders, even though a few cultivars have been developed in crops such as Brassica juncea, rice and others.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
Summary Tuber characteristics of potato clones (Solanum tuberosum L.) regenerated from cultured leaf, rachis or stem pieces of cv. Desiree were assessed in field trails over three years. In the first two seasons, when the crop was grown for seed potato production, tuber numbers and the tuber yields were normally distributed and the population means of the clones were about the same as those of the controls. When 78 of the clones were grown as a ware crop in a replicated field trial there were statistically significant differences between most clones and the controls in total yield (generally lower) and ware yield (generally higher), brought about by alterations of the size distributions of tubers. In all years the population of clones had fewer scab (Streptomyces scabies) lesions than the controls. Clones with consistent differences in flesh colour and eye depth were also observed. Two out of 78 clones, in 1984, had significantly higher dry matter content. No stable decrease in susceptibility to the cyst nematode Globodera pallida was observed amongst 167 clones tested. These potato plants regenerated from explants clearly show that somaclonal variation can include agronomically relevant changes. 相似文献
18.
M. I. Siri G. A. Galván L. Quirici E. Silvera P. Villanueva F. Ferreira L. Franco Fraguas M. J. Pianzzola 《Euphytica》2009,165(2):371-382
Solanum commersonii is a wild tuber-bearing species native to Uruguay with high potential for use in potato breeding programs. Little is known
about the genetic diversity within this wild species and the relationship with the resistance to the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. We studied 30 S. commersonii clonal accessions, 20 of which were collected from geographically different areas across the country, while the other ten
were grown from seeds from a single plant. Resistance against R. solanacearum was tested and different levels of resistance were found, ranging from delayed wilting to asymptomatic reactions. The genetic
variation and the relationships among individuals in this germplasm collection were studied by different molecular markers:
Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) and Microsatellites or Simple Sequence
Repeats (SSR). AFLP markers generated the largest number of total and polymorphic fragments per assay unit while SSR revealed
the highest frequency of polymorphic bands (100%), followed by AFLP (96.2%) and RAPD (89.4%). In contrast, when comparing
the number of different genetic profiles generated, the SSR markers exhibited the lowest discriminatory power. The clustering
pattern obtained with the three marker systems showed a similar distribution of the S. commersonii germplasm revealing a high correlation between the three methods employed. All three dendrograms grouped most of the accessions
into two main clusters, containing the same accessions regardless of the marker type. Bacterial wilt resistant accessions
were present in both clusters. Accessions originated from different seeds of the same plant were grouped within one of the
major clusters, and differed in the response to R. solanacearum revealing segregation of resistance. Furthermore, the distribution in two main clusters showed high correspondence with the
geographical origin of the accessions, from the north and south of the country, and with the subspecies malmeanum and commersonii morphologically identified. 相似文献
19.
J. Encheva H. Köhler W. Friedt F. Tsvetkova P. Ivanov V. Encheva P. Shindrova 《Euphytica》2003,130(2):167-175
Immature zygotic embryos from the American fertility restorer line RHA-857 were used as donor material for induction of direct
organogenesis in sunflower (Helianthusannuus L.). The range of spontaneous somaclonal variation among the progenies of regenerants was studied. The genetic modifications
observed in regenerants included agronomic traits such as oil content in seed, 1000 seed weight, plant height, leaf width,
leaf length, petiole length, internode length, head diameter, number of branches, length of branches, number of ray florets,
seed width, seed length, and seed thickness. RAPD molecular analysis carried out on sunflower materials in the R-11 generation
showed the absence of a specific 358 bp band in somaclonal line 11/2/51 R. This line showed a modified architecture, full
resistance to Phomopsis helianthiand higher oil content in seed in comparison to the standard RHA-857. Line31/3/53 R was with modified architecture and higher
1000 seed weight. Hybrid No. 144 produced with the participation of somaclonal line 20/5/52 R demonstrated high production
capacity, shorter vegetation period and reduced height. The combination of these favourable changes is desirable in breeding
work on sunflower. Somaclonal variation through director ganogenesis has facilitated the creation of genetically heritable
variation in sunflower, which can be used with great success for hybrid seed production of highly productive hybrids.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
P.S. Virk J. Zhu H.J. Newbury G.J. Bryan M.T. Jackson B.V. Ford-Lloyd 《Euphytica》2000,112(3):275-284
We have examined the effectiveness of similar numbers of markers from four molecular marker systems (AFLP, isozymes, ISSR
and RAPD) for revealing genetic diversity and discriminating between infraspecific groups of Oryza sativa germplasm. Each marker system classifies the germplasm into three major groups (most effectively with isozymes and AFLPs),
but with differences (primarily with ISSR) between the precise classifications generated. However, at the highest levels of
genetic similarity there was only partial agreement as to relationships between individual accessions when different markers
were used. When variance was partitioned among and within the three subspecific groups, although the differences were not
significant, greater variation was found among than within groups using AFLP and isozymes, with the reverse for RAPD and ISSR.
Measurement of polymorphism using average heterozygosity and effective number of alleles gave similar results for each marker
system. These results are discussed in relation to various genetic resources conservation activities, and the advisability
of extrapolating to other sets of germplasm particularly of other crop species.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献