玉米成熟胚胚性愈伤组织的诱导、高频再生及转化的研究

以玉米自交系CML295、CML304和18-599R的成熟胚为外植体, 结合幼胚离体培养方法, 探讨并优化了成熟胚来源的胚性愈伤组织诱导及继代培养方法。对其愈伤组织的形态和组织切片的研究结果显示, 继代过程可产生良好的Ⅱ型胚性愈伤组织。在分化培养中分别获得68.6%、75.4%和84.8%的高频再生率, 每愈伤组织块成苗数分别为2.45、2.43和2.75。利用基因枪法转化pCAMBIA1301质粒后的GUS瞬时表达效率分别为57.9%、62.5%和73.1%, 转化pCAMBIA1303质粒后检测GFP的瞬时表达效率分别为23.3%、40%和45.5%。以上3种基因型成熟胚来源的愈伤组织转化率与其对应的幼胚来源的胚性愈伤组织转化率相似。这一技术体系为玉米的遗传改良和功能基因组研究提供了重要的技术平台。     

Callus induction and plant regeneration from immature and mature embryos of winter durum wheat genotypes

Seven genotypes of winter durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) were cultured to establish an efficient method of callus formation and plant regeneration from mature embryo culture, and to compare the responses of immature and mature embryo cultures. Immature embryos were aseptically dissected from seeds and placed, with the scutellum upwards, in dishes containing Murashige and Skoog's (MS) mineral salts and 2mg 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) per litre. Calli and regenerated plants were maintained on 2,4-D-free medium. Mature embryos were moved slightly on the imbibed seeds. For callus formation, the seeds with moved embryos were placed, furrow downwards, in dishes containing 8 mg 2,4-D per litre. The developed calli and regenerated plants were maintained on the MS medium. Plants regenerated from both embryo cultures were vernalized and grown to maturity in soil. Variability was observed among the wheat genotypes tested for various culture responses in both explant cultures. Callus induction rate and regeneration capacity of callus were independent of each other. Mature embryos have a low frequency of callus induction but a high regeneration capacity. Considering availability, rapidity and reliability, this form of mature embryo culture can be used as an alternative method for immature embryo culture.     

Influence of genotype and culture medium on callus formation and plant regeneration from immature embryos of Triticum turgidum Desf. cultivars

Twelve durum wheat cultivars were evaluated for their response to in vitro tissue culture. Zygotic immature embryos were used to induce callus formation using four different Murashige and Skoog‐based media. Each contained 9.05 μM 2,4‐dichlorophenoxy acetic acid but differed in their carbon source (sucrose or maltose) and the presence of NaCl (0 mM or 40 mM). The influence of both genotype and medium on the type and percentage of callus produced was observed. Calli were either compact and frequently embryogenic, or soft and watery. Percentages ranged from 54 to 100%, depending upon genotype and induction medium. All calli were then plated on a regeneration medium containing 20 g/l sucrose, 2.68 μM 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid and 2.22 μ 6‐benzylaminopurine. The regeneration of plantlets was higher from compact than from soft calli, with a strong dependence on genotype and type of induction medium used. MSm induction medium (30 g/l maltose) and MS40s (30 g/l sucrose plus 40 mM NaCl) were best for inducing compact calli, and gave the highest proportion of regenerated plants. The in vitro response (number of total shoots from a compact callus/number of embryos plated) was higher for immature embryos of ‘Baztan’, ‘Bradano’ and ‘Don Pedro’. These cultivars are a good starting material for experiments involving transformation of calli from zygotic immature embryos.     

Intergeneric hybridization between Brassica species and Crambe abyssinica

A protocol for high frequency callus induction and plant regeneration from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) anthers is described. Different variables using Murashige & Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1.0 mg/l N₆-benzyladenine (BA) were tested for their ability to enhance the frequency of anther callusing and subsequent embryogenesis. Of these, agar concentration, sucrose concentration, carbohydrate source had significant effect on callusing, while differences due to incubation under dark vs light conditions, cold pretreatment of capitula for 1 to 6 days prior to anther inoculation and genotype on callusing were non-significant. However, all these factors exerted highly significant influence on embryogenesis when calli from the various media were transferred to medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l BA. With the procedure developed, callusing as high as 100% and embryo formation at a frequency of 44% was achieved. Although complete embryos were formed the frequency of their conversion to whole plantlets was low (14.3%). Hence, the embryogenic pathway was bypassed to obtain multiple shoots by transferring embryogenic calli with developing embryos to MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BA. Elongated shoots rooted on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l NAA. Cytological analysis of embryogenic callus and somatic embryos revealed haploids at a frequency of 30% while that of rooted plants showed haploid regenerants at a frequency of 8.3%. Nevertheless, the frequency of putative haploid plants could be enhanced through mass multiplication using nodal explants of the regenerants. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Regeneration potential of CIMMYT durum wheat and triticale varieties from immature embryos

Twenty‐five durum wheat elite advanced lines and released varieties, and five triticale varieties were evaluated for their ability to produce embryogenic callus using three different media. For callus initiation and maintenance there were basal Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing double strains of macroelements and 2.5 mg/l 2,4D (DW1), basal MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l 2,4D (DW2), or basal MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l 2,4 D and coconut milk (DW3). Plant regeneration was achieved on basal MS medium with indoleacetic acid and 6‐benzylaminopurine, and plants rooted on MS with 1‐naphthale‐neacetic acid. DW3 medium proved better than the other media tested for embryogenic callus initiation and maintenance. Regeneration rates varied widely with both genotype and initiation medium, with values ranging from no regeneration to 100% regeneration; the plantlets produced per embryo ranged from five to 20. Fourteen of the durum wheat genotypes showed 63–100% regeneration from DW3 callus formation medium, four lines from DW1 medium, and two lines from DW2. Four of the triticale varieties had regeneration of 48–100% from DW3 medium. After six subcultures, over a 6‐month period, genotypes lost their ability to regenerate plants. Only 10 lines retained some plant regeneration potential but regeneration was at reduced levels. Successful regeneration of durum wheat and triticale varieties will be used as an integral part of the transformation process.     

Evaluation of carbon sources,gelling agents,growth hormones and additives for efficient callus induction and plant regeneration in Indian wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) genotypes using mature embryos

Various factors affecting in vitro regeneration like different carbon sources, different gelling agents, and growth additives were assessed comprehensively for callus induction and plant regeneration for five Indian wheat cultivars using mature embryos as the explants for the first time. The tissue culture responses of cultivars WH-1105, HD-2967, and PBW-343 have not been reported earlier. Besides, the effect of different concentrations of the cytokinin, zeatin has also been optimized. Using the optimized factors, the efficiency of five different varieties, i.e., HD 2967, C 306, RAJ 3765, WH 1105, and PBW 343 was evaluated for regeneration. Modified MS basal medium containing dicamba reduced precocious germination of the embryo and induced embryogenic callus more efficiently. Removal of embryogenic calli from non-regenerable structures during early callus phase improved plant regeneration. These calli on zeatin (1.0 mgl^-1) and dicamba (0.1 mgl^-1) containing medium showed the highest regeneration frequency (98%) with a maximum of 8-9 shoots per calli. Maltose had the maximum callusing and regeneration percentage than other carbon sources. Various gelling agents did not have any significant difference on the regeneration. Of all the varieties, C-306 and HD-2967 were found to be more regenerative and can be used in transformation experiments.     

Indirect Organogenesis through Seedling-Derived Leaf Segments of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ficus Religiosa</Emphasis> - a Multipurpose Woody Medicinal Plant

The aim of this study is to introduce the suitable protocol for indirect regeneration from seedling-derived leaf segment of Ficus religiosa. The leaf explant successfully produced callus on MS medium containing various concentrations of auxin in combination with BAP. The maximum callus induction (100%) was achieved in MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D plus 0.05 mg/l BAP and MS medium containing 1.5 mg/l NAA plus 0.15 mg/l BAP as well. MS medium consisting of 2,4-D produced yellow-brownish and friable callus (type I) while the yellowish and compact calli (type II) were obtained in MS medium consisting of NAA. On the other hand, MS medium supplemented with IBA formed greenish and compact calli (type Ш). The regeneration rate in type II callus was less than the type I, and there was no shoot induction observed on type Ш calli. MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l BAP in combination with 0.15 mg/l IBA had the highest regeneration frequency (100%) and maximum shoot numbers (5.16) as well as shoot length (2.56 cm) in type I callus. A maximum of 93.33% root induction was observed in MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l IBA plus 0.1mg/l NAA. The plantlets were successfully transferred to the greenhouse. This system could be utilized for large-scale multiplication of Ficus religiosa.     

Improved plant regeneration and in vitro somatic embryogenesis of St Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze]

St Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] is an important warm season turf and pasture grass. In vitro tissue culture of St Augustinegrass could serve as an important mean for its improvement through genetic transformation as well as induced somaclonal variation. To optimize tissue culture conditions for plant regeneration of St Augustinegrass, tissue culture responses of 11 explant tissues and four callus induction/subculture media have been examined. Embryogenic calli with regeneration potential were observed on cultures of early immature embryo [3 days after pollination (DAP)], immature embryo (7–14 DAP), and shoot base of young seedlings. The addition of benzyladenine (BA) in the callus induction/subculture medium enhances callus regeneration ability and does not harm callus induction for immature embryos. The best response came from 7 to 14 DAP immature embryo on MS medium containing 1 mg/l 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.5 mg/l BA. The callus induction and regeneration rates were 97.7% and 47.6% respectively. However, BA supplement reduced callus formation and failed to enhance regeneration for young leaf bases. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that plant regeneration of St Augustinegrass is via somatic embryogenesis.     

影响籼稻成熟胚愈伤组织植株再生频率的几个因素

以优良籼稻品种的成熟胚为材料,探讨不同浓度ABA、愈伤组织继代次数、培养时间以及干燥处理等因素对籼稻成熟胚愈伤组织再生能力的影响。结果表明：（1）在分化培养基上添加3.0～5.0 mg/L ABA对促进胚性愈伤组织的形成及胚状体发生,提高植株再生能力有显著作用。（2）继代3次、培养20～30 d的成熟胚愈伤组织,质量较好,分     

Long-term callus cultures of diploid Barley (Hordeum vulgare). I. Auxin effects on culture initiation and maintenance

Summary Use of 2,4-D was superior to NAA or IAA for embryogenic callus initiation or maintenance in barley cultivar Bruce. A concentration of at least 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D was desirable for culture initiation. The developmental size of the embryo was more important than embryo age for obtaining embryogenic calli. Even brief exposures (20–40 days) of calli to concentrations of higher than 5.0 mg/l 2,4-D or 10.0 mg/l NAA resulted in inhibition of subsequent plant regeneration and therefore, concentrations above these could not be used for maintenance cultures. In the long-term maintenance cultures, the best production of embryogenic calli was with 0.1 mg/l and 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D.     

Plant regeneration via organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in callus cultures derived from mature zygotic embryos of leek (Allium ampeloprasum L.)

Summary A high frequency plant regeneration system via organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis was established with callus cultures derived from mature zygotic embryos of different leek genotypes (Allium ampeloprasum L.). Four different callus types with varying morphogenetic potential were obtained. Relatively high concentrations of the auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid reduced callus weight and subsequent shoot regeneration and primordia formation of the callus. Shoot regeneration and primordia formation of the callus decreased after prolonged subculture on media containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid. A callus growth period of six weeks on Murashige and Skoog medium with 0.25–0.5 mg l^-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid showed the highest rate of shoot regeneration after transfer of callus to regeneration medium with 1 mg l^-1 kinetin.Differences between leek genotypes in callus type, callus weight, shoot regeneration and primordia formation were observed. Histological observations showed that plant regeneration took place, both via the pathway of somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis.Abbreviation 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid - MS Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium     

几个温敏不育水稻品种组织培养特性的研究

以我国特有的温敏不育系籼稻品种安农S-1,及其转育的不育系安湘S和香125S为实验材料,对愈伤组织的诱导、继代和再生体系的建立进行了研究.结果表明:不同水稻品种和不同的外植体种类愈伤组织的诱导存在比较明显的差别:对成熟种子来说,安农S-1的愈伤组织诱导率最高;而对幼胚而言,香125S的诱导率最高.不同的水稻品种所适用的培养基不同,形成的愈伤组织的状态也存在差别,香125S所适用的培养基种类比较广泛,形成的胚性愈伤组织状态最好,也最容易形成.在愈伤组织的分化阶段,添加3 mg/L 6-BA 1 mg/L NAA分化成苗率最高;随继代时间的延长,愈伤组织的再生率下降,形成的幼苗的状态也存在明显的差别.     

Genotypic differences in organogenesis from callus of ten triticale lines

Summary Callus was obtained from immature excised embryos of triticale using MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/l 2,4-D and 1 mg/l kinetin. The presence of 2,4-D was essential for continued callus proliferation. Plantlets were induced from the calli by sub-culturing on medium either devoid of auxin or containing 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D. The capacity to produce callus and to form organs and plantlets differed markedly among the genotypes used. Lines also had distinct response to presence and absence of 2,4-D in the regeneration media. The callus of most triticale lines used differentiated into organs more readily on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D than on medium without growth regulators. Very high frequencies (up to 75%) of plantlet regeneration were observed in several of the triticale lines studied.     

NAA或潮霉素对小麦成熟胚愈伤组织分化的影响

以5个栽培小麦品种诱导而来的成熟胚愈伤组织为外植体,研究了在分化培养基中加入NAA对小麦成熟胚愈伤组织分化的效果以及潮霉素浓度对不同阶段成熟胚愈伤组织分化的影响。研究结果表明,在对照的分化培养基中(含5mg/L激动素)加入0.1mg/L萘乙酸(NAA,1-naphthlcetic acid)形成的分化培养基,可显著提高4个供试小麦基因型的成熟胚愈伤组织的分化率,提高幅度达到12%～32%。不同的潮霉素浓度在"花培1号"愈伤组织的诱导阶段进行抗性筛选的结果表明,即使是在潮霉素浓度达到250mg/L时,仍有24%左右的愈伤组织存活率,这些存活的愈伤组织仍可能分化形成绿点甚至分化成苗,说明在"花培1号"愈伤组织的诱导阶段进行潮霉素抗性筛选是不适合的。5个不同小麦品种分化阶段进行潮霉素筛选具有明显的效果,但不同品种之间存在一定差异,其中:宁麦13的适宜潮霉素浓度为20mg/L,花培1号和扬麦158的适宜潮霉素浓度约为30mg/L,宁麦9和宁麦16的适宜潮霉素浓度在30～40mg/L左右。因此,我们认为,在分化阶段进行潮霉素抗性筛选是理想的筛选时期,在分化培养基中添加20～40mg/L浓度的潮霉素即可完全抑制小麦成熟胚愈伤组织的分化。本研究结果将有助于改进和完善普通小麦成熟胚遗传转化体系。     

刺五加体细胞胚再生体系的研究

以刺五加种子为外植体,采用固体培养筛选出最优培养基,并成功地诱导出体细胞胚获得再生植株,以此来建立一套成熟稳定的刺五加体细胞胚再生体系。试验结果表明, 最适宜的胚性愈伤组织诱导培养基为1/3MS+1.0 mg?L-12,4-D,其诱导率可达50%;胚性愈伤组织增殖的最适培养基为1/3MS+1.0 mg?L-12,4-D,其增殖倍数可达4.24倍;胚性愈伤组织在不添加任何植物生长调节物质的1/3MS培养基上培养,可促进体细胞胚的形成、萌发及植株转化率。添加10 g?L-1蔗糖时,体细胞胚的发芽率达到90%,植株转化率达到97.8%。     

Plant regeneration from embryo-callus culture in barley

Summary Plants were regenerated from callus cultures initiated from immature embryos of barley, Hordeum vulgare L. Immature embryos from seven diverse genotypes were cultured on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.5 mg 2,4-D and 6.5 mg IAA/l. Of the 249 embryos cultured, 30% initiated callus within 8 days. Subculture of callus for 80 to 100 days on half-MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D and 1.0 mg/l zeatin resulted in organogenesis. Culture of organogenic calli for 30 days on half-MS medium without growth regulators produced plants which originated mostly via multiple shoot formation. Callusing response of the tested genotypes ranged from zero to 44%; however, only 23% of the calli were regenerative. Regenerated plants included variants for chlorophyll deficiency, plant height, stem thickness, spike shape, pollen fertility, seed set and ploidy.     

影响小麦成熟胚培养因素的研究

利用110多个小麦品种的种子为材料,研究了影响成熟胚培养效果的几个因素.实验结果表明,基因型是重要的影响因子,引起愈伤组织的生长速度和一次成苗率等性状的明显差异.培养基的成份也起着重要作用,2,4-D是必需的生长素,使用浓度的范围较大,但浓度太高会降低愈伤组织的生长速度,并明显抑制器官分化;0.5～1毫克/升的NAA和GA_3与0.5～1毫克/升2,4-D配合作用对培养有益,一次成苗率较高,同样浓度的ABA仅对根分化有促进作用;培养基中蔗糖浓度在3～7%有助于愈伤组织生长.另一个影响因子是愈伤组织的继代时间长度,短时间继代培养(不超过一年)能改善愈伤组织的质量并加快其增殖,超过一年的长时间继代培养虽不影响愈伤组织的增长速率,但使绿苗分化率剧烈下降,白苗分化率上升.通过筛选适宜的基因型和调节培养基中的激素,亦获得了较高的绿苗分化频率.     

大麦原生质体培养再生胚性愈伤组织和白化苗

从来自春大麦品种“如车”成熟胚的愈伤组织中,挑选出适于悬浮培养的松脆型胚性愈伤组织,在短期内建立胚性细胞悬浮系。此系酶解后分离出的原生质体在修改的MS培养基上能够持续分裂形成愈伤组织。将其直接转至分化培养基上获得结构紧密的胚性愈伤组织并再生白化苗.     

Genetic factors influencing the regeneration ability of rye (Secale cereale L.). II. Immature embryos

Summary Immature embryos of seven rye inbred lines were cultured on modified MS medium containing 3 mg/dm^–3 2,4-D. According to thein vitro response lines were divided into four groups: (1) those producing non-embryogenic callus (NEC) from above 30% of the embryos and having a high rate of non-responding (NR) embryos, (2) those producing non-embryogenic callus (NEC) from the majority of embryos, (3) those producing NEC by the majority of embryos with a high percentage of calli regenerating roots, (4) those producing embryogenic callus (EC) and regenerating plants by above 50% of the embryos. The inheritance of these response types was analysed in F₁, F₂, and F₃ generations of crosses of some lines. The results obtained indicate that EC production and both plant and root regeneration are determined by recessive genes whereas the reduced ability for NEC production most probably by dominant genes. The lack of response is controlled by at least two interacting genes.     

Continuous Plant Regeneration from Established Embryogenic Cell Suspension Cultures of Italian Ryegrass and Tall Fescue

The suitability of different protocols was compared for entire plant regeneration by somatic embryogenesis, of the forage plants Lolium multiflorum Lam. (Italian ryegrass) and Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (tall fescue). In the first protocol, miniature embryos were used as starting material, while mature seeds were retained in the other two. Whichever the considered protocol, undifferentiated calli were produced on Murashige and Skoog MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D. The calli were subcultured in the dark on solid MS agar medium, containing 5 mg/1 2,4-D (protocol 2) or on solid MS medium followed by transfer to a rotated liquid MS medium with 2 mg/1 2,4-D (protocol 1). In these conditions, induction of somatic embryogenesis occurred, and whole plants were regenerated during a limited lapse of time, upon transfer in the light, to MS medium supplemented with BAP but devoid of 2,4-D. The simultaneous elimination of 2,4-D and transfer to light appeared essential for full regeneration of the plants. Using this characteristic, an additional step was added to a new protocol (protocol 3) in which microcalli, cultured on liquid MS medium containing 5 mg/1 2,4-D, were transferred to the same medium with 2 mg/1 2,4-D, in the dark. In these conditions, the suspensions kept their embryogenic potential for months. In all cases, plantlets were successfully transferred into the soil. An evaluation of the somaclonal variation potential of the plants issued from each protocol is now underway.