Rehabilitation project of the Dabanshan highland road tunnel

The rehabilitation project of road tunnel in highland area and cold region is an important and worthy exploring research field. The development of the defects of crack in the liner, water leakage, structural deterioration and frost defects for Dabanshan road tunnel are studied. After an insight into the cause and development of tunnel defects, the water leakage and frost damage are considered as the root of defect, so restoration of drainage system and the reinstallation of cold prevention system are the focuses of the rehabilitation project. For consideration of safety, cover arch is installed for the tunnel structure enforcement as well. Results indicate measures in Dabanshan road tunnel rehabilitation project are effective for road tunnel of high altitude and tunnel in cold region.     

Pattern Change of Urban Green Space in Beijing from 2000 to 2010

With the rapid urbanization in Beijing, the vegetated surfaces have been increasingly replaced by impervious built surfaces. A clear recognition on the changes in green spaces pattern is vital for urban administrators and planners to optimize the urban development areas and define the ecological protection red lines. Based on the SPOT images and field investigation data of urban green spaces within the sixth ring road of Beijing in 2000, 2005 and 2010, the study investigated the dynamic changes of urban green spaces in this area, by means of GIS techniques and landscape ecology methods. The results indicated that green spaces in Beijing have decreased by 207 km2 from 2000 to 2010 at the expense of agricultural lands and waters. Although there has been some increases in urban forests and grasslands, it cannot compensate the rapid decrease of urban green spaces. The land cover types conversion occurred mainly in the areas between the fifth and sixth ring roads while the zones encircled by the fourth ring road had a little change. In addition, landscape metrics such as number of patches(NP) and shape index(SHAPE) increased, but the mean nearest-neighbor distance(MNN), aggregation index(AI) and patch cohesion index(COHESION) decreased during the period of 2000-2010. Also green landscapes became considerably isolated and fragmented. The study disclosed the obvious changes of green space size, composition and layout in urban districts of Beijing City from 2000 to 2010, and highlighted that construction of urban green space should consider not only the geometric or aesthetic effect, but also the increase of vertical green volume and optimization of spatial layout to fully develop the ecological service functions of green spaces.     

Opening up Gated Communities to Public Road System and Urban Traffic Microcirculation: A Case Study of Donghu District in Nanchang

In recent years, driven by the booming housing market with high supply and demand, China has witnessed an unprecedented increase in residential areas in fast speed. However, most of the newly established communities have not yet get rid of the self-supporting and self-sufficient mode of the farming culture. Currently, gated communities are characterized by closure, large population, large area, single function, little contact, etc., decreasing the urban road network density and reachability. And the internal travel is mainly dependent on the main roads through a city, which interferes with urban roads and increases the traffic pressure on the surrounding road network. Therefore, this paper took the Donghu District in Nanchang as an example to study opening gated communities to public, so as to promote the urban traffic microcirculation and increase the density and reachability of the regional road network, thereby sharing the traffic pressure for the main roads and strengthening the neighborhood contact.     

旱地农业覆盖栽培技术研究进展

重点对国内外砂石、土层、秸秆、塑料薄膜、化学覆盖物等5种覆盖物的覆盖方式、覆盖技术及覆盖后对土壤环境、对作物生长发育及增产效果的研究和应用情况进行了介绍和讨论。同时提出今后旱地覆盖栽培技术研究的方向和重点是:新型降解地膜的研制和应用;秸秆地膜组合覆盖方式与技术研究与推广;新型化学覆盖材料的研制与应用。     

Critical Transport Infrastructure in Urban Areas: Impacts of Traffic Incidents Assessed Using Accessibility‐Based Network Vulnerability Analysis

Incidents (vehicle breakdowns, crashes, roadworks, lane blockages, severe weather, etc.) are believed responsible for about 50 percent of traffic congestion in Australia's major cities, which is a similar situation to that found in cities in many other parts of the developed world. Incident‐based congestion is particularly disruptive because of its random occurrence in space and time, which maximises the operational impacts of the congestion on social and economic activities. This paper discusses a method for assessing critical locations—congestion “hot spots”—in urban road networks, and the development and application of diagnostic tools that will allow urban road system managers to anticipate potential vulnerabilities to incident‐related congestion and take proactive action to avoid congestion rather than react to it. The expected outcomes are then reduced congestion, delays, and pollution; significantly improved performance from the existing urban road system; and reduced pressure to build more roads. The method involves modelling of travel demand, network topology, capacity and road geometry, the identification and assessment of impacts of traffic incidents at specific locations in a road network, and the use of accessibility impact analysis to assess system‐wide effects. Accessibility impact analysis is undertaken using an accessibility framework, which can account for time of day, transport mode and destination choices by individuals, and level of traffic congestion among other factors. A case‐study application to a specific (potential) incident in a real‐world network indicates that the proposed method is feasible and demonstrates its power in identifying not just total impacts but the distribution of those impacts across a region or community. While current approaches to urban road network planning and management tend to be reactive—finding cures for problems as they arise or addressing locations of recurrent congestion or bad incident record—the vulnerability analysis method described in the paper should lend itself to a proactive approach that can anticipate structural weaknesses and vulnerabilities and help to avoid or at least temper potential adverse effects, rather than to react to them afterwards.     

旱地农业覆盖栽培技术研究应用进展与展望

重点对国内外砂石、土层、秸秆、塑料薄膜、化学覆盖物等5种覆盖物的覆盖方式、覆盖技术及覆盖后对土壤环境、对作物生长发育及增产效果的研究和应用情况进行了介绍和讨论。同时提出今后旱地覆盖栽培技术研究的方向和重点是：新型降解地膜的研制和应用；秸秆地膜组合覆盖方式与技术研究与推广；新型化学覆盖材料的研制与应用。     

Post_evaluation of Urban Road ConstructionProject Financed by the World Bank

With reference to the characteristics of urban road under the World Bank's loan construction project,this paper proposes the contents of post_evaluation of urban road project and gives its process evaluation,national economy evaluation,influence evaluation and sustainability evaluation.Based on the theoretical principles,a project post_evaluation of inner_ring road in T city was conducted.     

Study on Road Greening in the Main Urban Area of Chongqing City Based on Plant Diversity

The greening situation of 242 road greenbelts in 7 administrative regions in the main urban city of Chongqing City was investigated by field survey, and the plant composition, application frequency, species richness and diversity of plants used for road greening in the main urban area were analyzed. The results show that there were 105 species of plants used for road greening(not including seasonal flowers displayed temporarily) in the main urban area of Chongqing City, belonging to 80 genera, 47 families. Among them, there were 95 species of woody plants and 10 species of perennial herbs, accounting for 90.47% and 9.53% of the total number respectively. Some suggestions were put forward according to the current situation and problems of road greening in the main urban area of Chongqing City.     

Landscape Application of Ground Covers in Beijing Highway

Ground cover is a necessary component of highway green space, and as a background color of landscape, it enriches landscape hierarchy, reflects regional characteristics, and reduces maintenance cost. By analyzing application of ground covers in some sections of 6 highways in Beijing, China, selection standards, application species, and planting designs of ground covers in highway green spaces of Beijing were explored, so as to enrich the application species, optimize landscape designs, and enhance the application of under-bridge ground covers.     

烤烟地膜覆盖研究进展

综述了当前烤烟生产上的各种覆盖方式,主要从覆盖对烤烟根系发育、产量和品质的影响,地膜覆盖对土壤理化性状的影响,地膜覆盖存在的问题以及新型地膜的应用5个方面阐述了覆盖栽培的发展状况,并讨论了覆盖栽培的发展方向。     

Investigation and Evaluation of Ground Covers in Botanical Garden of Chengdu

After investigating species and application forms of ground covers in Botanical Garden of Chengdu, the application quality evaluation system was established from the perspective of ornamental, adaptive and applicable characteristics of ground covers, AHP and K-Means adopted to evaluate and grade major ground covers. The results showed that there are 93 ground cover species in Botanic Garden of Chengdu, belonging to 82 genera of 47 families. Major application means of the ground covers in the garden were introduced, covering fl ower bed, roadside, waterfront, under woods, lawn, rockery decoration. Application quality of the 38 major ground covers was evaluated comprehensively, and the qualifi cation rate achieved 97.39%, i.e. these plants are able to meet ecological, beautifying and social functions in the garden.     

Ecological Construction of Urban Green Landscape in Chongqing City

The urban green landscape in Chongqing was analyzed from the view of landscape ecology. It was believed that the urban green landscape was developed rapidly in recent years, but there are still some problems existed, including mainly: (1) the structure of green landscape was unreasonable, (2) the quality of green patches was low, and (3) the function of green corridors was incomplete. It is pointed out that in some urban regions there were lack of green patches, furthermore, some patches were isolated from each other due to lack of green corridors. In the last, taking account of the foundational theory about patch and corridor, some aspects for the design of urban green landscape in Chongqing were proposed: connecting the river and road green corridors and increasing the green patches at the ecological strategic points.     

Application of an Improved Frame-difference Method Based on Video in Traffic Flow Measurement

How to remove the background , to eliminate the misdetection caused by vehicle changes road or it covers the detection window of the road detected partly, is a big problem to be handled in vehicle detection system.This paper presents an improved frame-difference method based on Video,and describes how to detect and count vehicles in detecting zone dynamically.With this method, we can count the vehicles passing by accurately, collect the traffic flow of each roadway reliably.We provide real-time traffic parameters for the ITS.     

Transport

Transport in the 1990s has continued the pattern of significant change begun in the 1980s. Rail, sea and air have essentially completed the process towards privatisation, with minimal government involvement in monitoring standards and safety. Roading, however, is still financially confused in its funding and management. A sharp increase in cheap vehicle imports has brought the vehicle per capita ratio to be amongst the leaders in the first world, while the highway network remains at a lesser standard. Rational road pricing, especially in its impact on major urban areas, remains the critical issue for the next decade.     

地域性植物景观在城市道路中的设计与探索——以云南元谋县城特色规划研究为例

随着经济的发展、科技的飞跃,道路交通压力的增大,人们对道路植物景观的要求也日益重视。但是由于多种原因。在道路景观建设中,植物景观设计普遍缺少特色,更缺少地域性文化氛围。本文通过对云南元谋几条道路的现状调查分析,然后改进后的设计,从而探索地域性植物景观在实际规划中的应用及其思路、设计方法等,为今后在城市景观规划设计中提供一定的参考依据。     

Investigation of Present Situation of Urban Road Traffic in Nanchang City and Countermeasures

The present situation of urban road traffic in Nanchang City was surveyed systematically from the present situation of the road structure,characteristics of trafficvolume,residents' trips,etc.,then the existing problems were analyzed,and some countermeasures were put forward finally.     

道路可达性对浙江千岛湖常绿阔叶林群落结构的影响

为研究人为干扰对亚热带常绿阔叶林群落的影响,笔者以道路可达性作为干扰的度量指标,对浙江杭州千岛湖景区森林氧吧公园中的甜槠（Castanopsis eyrei）林的群落结构与道路可达性的关系进行了定量分析。结果发现,群落平均盖度与道路距离呈显著正指数相关关系,表明研究地内人为干扰的增加导致群落生物量和生长状况的下降;但发现不同层次对干扰的响应具有不同的敏感性：乔木层<草本层<灌木层。与盖度不同,乔木层树高、胸径与道路距离之间未发现显著指数相关,表明不同植物特性对人为干扰的响应方式具有一定差异性。     

太原市城区不同类型绿化园林植物结构及相似性分析

研究旨在探讨不同类型绿化园林植物的差异与关系,为太原市绿化园林植物的优化配置和城市园林植物群落指标评价体系的建立提供一定的科学依据。采用抽样地调查的方法,以太原市居住区绿地、公园绿地、道路绿地3种类型园林植物为对象,对三者物种的组成、多样性以及相似性进行对比分析。研究表明:居住区绿地的多样性系数整体要高于公园绿地与道路绿地,而道路绿地的各项指标都位于较低水平。说明由于不同类型绿地的功能和需求不同,太原市城区的不同类型的绿化园林植物还是存在着较大差异。     

Urbanization Effect of Highways in the Pearl River Delta

Based on TM images,ArcGIS and landscape ecology,4 typical roads in the Pearl River Delta are taken for example to analyze infl uence range of highway,and study the laws of highway construction infl uencing landscape patterns by reviewing landscape pattern changes in areas along the highways. According to the research,for Yuebei Section(north Guangdong) of Beijing–Zhuhai Highway,road construction has signifi cant infl uence on landscape patterns of the 300-m wide buffer zone(especially woodland and urban land); for Foshan–Kaiping Highway,road construction has significant influence on landscape patterns of the 1,000-m wide buffer zone(especially woodland and agricultural land); for Dongguan–Shenzhen Highway,road construction has signifi cant infl uence on landscape patterns of the 8,000-m wide buffer zone(especially woodland and urban land).     

Hydraulic Balance and Design of Covering System in Landfills

In order to solve desiccation cracks of conventional compacted clay cover system in arid and semi arid areas, three alternative evapotranspiration (ET) covers were proposed.One alternative option configuration consisted of 1m vegetation soil layer and 1m barrier soil layer, while two additional alternatives contained biointrusion barriers layer placed at different depths within the structural profile.Considering precipitation and evapotranspiration, a one dimensional moisture transport model through multilayer unsaturated soil was developed.By the case study of four covering systems under precipitation and evapotranspiration intensity of Dalian city at 1976, it was shown that the compacted clay layer of the traditional landfill cover could not get effective moisture charge.ET cover act as a reservoir during precipitation events and subsequently returned it to atmosphere as evapotranspiration.The biointrusion barriers layer located in the second ET cover design would restrict animal movement and play a key role in drainage.Consequently, these results would be used to assist in decisions making of the landfill cover system in semi arid areas.