抗丝黑穗病、抗败育高粱A_2细胞质雄性不育系A_2Sx3197的选育

A1Tx3197曾经是我国广泛应用的高粱细胞质雄性不育系,20世纪70年代末,由于高粱丝黑穗病病菌生理小种分化,该不育系以及用其配制的杂交种逐渐失去了对高粱丝黑穗病菌的抗性。同时该不育系小花败育日渐严重,制种产量极低,甚至造成绝收。为了改良A1Tx3197的抗病性及抗败育性,本研究利用A2保持系在A1位点含有A1育性恢复基因MS1MS1和在A1细胞质背景下表现恢复的特点,以不育系A1Tx3197为轮回亲本,以含有抗丝黑穗病、抗败育基因的BV4为供体,通过杂交和多代回交,得到含有双抗基因的A2类型细胞质雄性不育的保持系BSx3197(MS1ms1ms2ms2),在该材料自交的同时,用其对A2细胞质雄性不育系进行细胞核代换,经过多代回交和自交,最终育成了抗丝黑穗病、抗败育的A2细胞质雄性不育系A2Sx3197和保持系BSx3197(MS1MS1ms2ms2)。结果表明,新选育的不育系A2Sx3197在A1和A5细胞质背景下表现恢复,在A2、A3、A4、A6和9E细胞质背景下表现不育,丝黑穗平均发病率为0～0.8%,败育率为0～8.4%,抗丝黑穗病性、抗败育性明显优于被改良不育系,接近或达到抗源供体BV4水平;而在抽穗期、株高、穗长、穗宽、千粒重、穗粒重、粒色、壳色、穗形、穗型等主要性状方面与A1Tx3197差异不显著。     

植物雄性不育的综合理论与不同类型的高粱雄性不育

一、高粱雄性不育的类型1948~1952年期间,美国的Stephens和Holland以双重矮生黄快熟买罗为母本,德克萨斯黑壳卡佛尔为父本,通过杂交、回交,育成了第一个买罗(Milo)细胞质雄性不育系——3197A,这种来源于买罗细胞质的质核互作雄性不育系,又称A₁型不育系。50年代末,3197A引入我国,并转育了一批高梁雄性不育系,但细胞质并没有更换均属A₁型雄性不育系。     

高粱A6型细胞质雄性不育系花粉母细胞减数分裂行为的观察和分析

高粱(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)细胞质雄性不育(CMS)有7种类型,即A₁~A₆和9E。本研究以A₆型细胞质雄性不育系A₆Tx398和相应保持系B₆Tx398为材料,对A₆型雄性不育发生的花粉母细胞减数分裂过程染色体行为进行了观察分析。与正常发育的保持系比较,A₆CMS花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体行为,在粗线期之前,光学生物显微镜下未观察到差别。从双线期开始,直到末期II观察到各种各样的异常现象。即A₆CMS花粉母细胞染色体数目比B₆ (2n=20)多一倍,前期I染色体数目为2n=40,在一个细胞中可看到20对同源染色体;后期I同源染色体在移向两极时出现染色体滞后和暂时不分离现象;花粉母细胞末期I未发生胞质分裂形成二分体,致使在前期II可看到有40条姊妹染色体,并以环形、分散形和X型分散于一个细胞中;末期II,在一个细胞内形成2个、3个或4个数目不等的染色体团,个别的可以形成染色体数目不等的三分体,而不形成四分体。A₆型CMS花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中染色体行为的异常,使其不能完成正常的减数分裂过程形成四分体,导致小孢子败育。     

水稻新质源(CMS-FA)雄性不育恢复基因的遗传研究

发掘水稻新型雄性不育细胞质源CMS-FA,育成系列优质米不育系和系列新质源恢复系,组配成强优势杂交稻组合的基础上研究新质源雄性不育恢复系的恢复基因遗传。采用新质源(CMS-FA)不育系金农1A与恢复系金恢3号杂交获得杂交F₁代种子,种植F₁代,收获自交F₂代种子。用F₁分别与不育系或保持系回交,获得(不育系//不育系/恢复系和不育系/恢复系//保持系)2个测交群体。同时种植P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂、B₁F₁和B₂F₁等群体,考察花粉染色率、套袋结实率和自然结实率,卡平方测验遗传分离适合度。结果表明,不育系与恢复系杂交F₁代正常可育,育性恢复(可育)基因为显性遗传。F₂代分离出可育︰不育适合3︰1,育性恢复(可育)基因为1对显性基因控制。B₁F₁和B₂F₁代2个测交群体的可育︰不育都适合1︰1分离规律,验证了F₂代育性恢复(可育)单基因的遗传模式。暂时确定新质源(CMS-FA)核质互作三系的基因型为不育系S(SS)、保持系F(SS)和恢复系S(FF)。     

高粱新型细胞质雄性不育系A3SX-1A选育及其应用

【目的】研究A3细胞质在饲草高粱育种上的利用。【方法】① A3细胞质雄性不育系选育利用;② A3细胞质雄性不育系的育性反应;③ 杂交种选育。【结果】以A3398为不育源,SX-1为基础材料,经连续八代回交转育,于1996年育成新型细胞质不育系A3SX-1A,该系具有抗败育、长根茎、抗旱耐深播,综合农艺性状优良等特点。目前应用该系已育成3个杂交种,其中晋草1号已通过审定,在全国20余个省区大面积推广。【结论】A3细胞质在饲草高粱育种和生产中的成功利用,丰富了高粱杂交种的遗传基础,增加了高粱杂交种类型和饲草新类型     

高粱新型细胞质雄性不育系A2V4A

山西省农业科学院高粱研究所 ,用非迈罗细胞质 A2 TM42 8为不育源 ,以印度高粱V4( PICKL ET)为基础材料 ,连续 8代回交转育 ,于 1987年育成 A2 V4A,被确认为 A2 型高粱不育系。 1996年获山西省科技进步二等奖。1998年获国家科学技术发明三等奖。已被全国主要育种单位引用并育成 5个杂交种。特征特性　株高 130 cm。穗粒重 6 1g。生育期 12 1天。白粒 ,角质率高 ,品质好。后期灌浆速度快 ,不早衰。对高粱丝黑穗病免疫 ,耐蚜虫。抗旱力强。产量表现　它育性稳定 ,不败育。制种产量高 ,一般 45 0 0 kg/hm2 ,高产田可达 6 0 0 0kg/hm2 。…     

玉米细胞质雄性不育系胞质类型鉴定及花粉败育研究

为分析化学诱变产生的玉米细胞质雄性不育材料的不育类型,采用田间育性调查、花粉粒活力检测、结果表明,不育系85218A田间败育彻底,I₂-KI染色后花粉粒呈淡黄色,属于典型的圆败,PCR扩增为C型不育系,对C型小斑病菌表现中抗,花粉粒败育关键时期为单核后期。该研究拓宽了我国玉米雄性不育种质资源。     

高粱A3细胞质雄性不育的研究与利用

高粱A3细胞质雄性不育系花药肥大,黄色,可散落出部分花粉,但散落出来的花粉无效,自交套袋不结实,雄性不育性稳定。大多数高粱品系对A3细胞质雄性不育表现保持,具有优良性状的多数品系可转育为A3细胞质雄性不育系,这些不育系具有丰产性好、育性稳定、抗败育等特点。A3细胞质雄性不育恢复源很少,只有极少数高粱品系能恢复其育性,恢复度在40%~95%之间。A3细胞质雄性不育恢复源少且恢复系难以选育,是A3细胞质雄性不育研究的主要障碍,解决高粱A3细胞质雄性不育恢复系的选育问题,是实现A3细胞质雄性不育利用的关键。此文主要对高粱A3细胞质雄性不育恢复系和A3细胞质雄性不育系选育及杂交种选育和应用、高粱A3细胞质雄性不育育性遗传表达等方面进行了阐述,以期育种者重视A3细胞质雄性不育的研究。     

高粱不育系与保持系授粉过程中外源恢复基因的引入及其后代表现

高粱细胞质雄性不育系3197A(以下简称3A)柱头用恢复系5号(以下简称恢5)外源 DNA 处理后,授以保持系3197B(以下简称3B)花粉。F_1代部分植株可部分结实。F_2代分离到完全可育并对3A 雄性不育类型表现恢复的3197A(以下简称 F_3A),现已稳定遗传到 F_6代。除育性的改变外。F_(3A)保持了不育系3A的基本特征特性。以上试验结果初步表     

水稻细胞质雄性不育花药和叶片中的活性氧代谢研究

为探究水稻雄性不育与活性氧代谢的内在关系,以水稻细胞质雄性不育系天丰A及保持系天丰B生殖生长期的花药和叶片为材料,对其O₂^-产生速率、H₂O₂和MDA含量以及抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性的变化进行测定。结果显示：生殖生长期间,不育系花药中O₂^-产生速率、H₂O₂和MDA含量总体高于保持系,抗氧化酶SOD、CAT活性总体低于保持系,而POD活性始终比保持系花药高;不育系与保持系叶片中仅表现出H₂O₂、MDA含量和CAT活性的差异。以上结果综合表明,不育系与可育系活性氧代谢的差异主要存在于花药中,花药发育过程中O₂^-、H₂O₂代谢失调和MDA过量积累以及保护酶活性下降或功能转变可能是导致雄性不育的重要因素。     

Influence of cytoplasmic-nuclear male sterility systems on microsporogenesis in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.)

Influence of a range of cytoplasms on microsporogenesis and anther development in pearl millet was studied using six isonuclear A-lines having five cytoplasms (A₁, A₂, A₃, A₄ and A_v) and the nuclear genome of 81B. 81B was used as a male-fertile control. Microsporogenesis and anther development were normal in 81B. However, pollen mother cell (PMC)/microspore/pollen degeneration in the six A-lines occurred at different stages of anther development. Each cytoplasm had its unique influence on microsporogenesis and anther development as evidenced by different developmental paths followed by them leading to pollen abortion. The cause of pollen abortion differed from line to line, from floret to floret within a spikelet, from anther to anther within a floret, and in some cases even from locule to locule within an anther. Events that led to male sterility included anomalies in tapetum and callose behaviour, persistence of tapetum, endothecium thickness, and other unknown causes. The present study also indicated that anther/pollen development was more irregular in Pb 406A₃. In 81A₄ and 81A₁ > 95% of anther locules followed a definite developmental path to pollen abortion. In the other A-lines many developmental paths were observed within the line and pollen degeneration occurred at various stages. This could be one of the reasons for greater instability of male sterility in the A₂ and A₃ systems and greater stability of male sterility in the A₁ and A₄ systems. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

高粱不育系3197A抗丝黑穗病性丧失原因

利用从美国引进的高粱3197A原原种组配了晋杂一号(原)、晋杂四号(原)和晋杂五号(原)3个杂交种.并用这些原种与我国目前生产上使用的3197A、晋杂一号、晋杂四号、晋杂五号在人工接种条件下做了对丝黑穗病敏感性的比较试验.结果表明,3197A自身对丝黑穗病的敏感性和这一特性的遗传能力没有发生显著变化,其抗病性丧失是由于我国丝黑穗病菌生理小种变化所致.     

Smut reaction of pearl millet hybrids affected by fertility restoration and genetic resistance of parental lines

Summary Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) hybrids based on the A₁ cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterile (CMS) lines are more susceptible to smut (Tolyposporium penicillariae Bref.) than open-pollinated varieties. Seventy eight pairs of hybrids, made onto male-sterile (A) lines and their counterpart maintainer (B) lines, were evaluated to examine the effects of male sterility and genetic resistance of parental lines on the smut severity of hybrids. The A-line hybrids had higher smut severity and lower selfed seedset than the counterpart B-line hybrids, indicating that it is the CMS-mediated male sterility rather than the A₁ cytoplasm per se that caused greater smut severity of A-line hybrids. However, with the use of resistant parental lines even male-sterile hybrids of A-lines, in several cases, were as resistant as some of the highly resistant male-fertile hybrids of B-lines. It would be possible to produce smut resistant hybrids (< 10% severity) on A-lines, albeit in low frequency, even if only one parent of a hybrid were resistant. However, the probability of producing such hybrids would be higher when both parents were resistant to smut. Thus, improvement in smut resistance of parental lines and fertility restoration ability of pollinators would provide the most effective genetic approach to smut disease management in hybrids.Submitted as JA No 1737 by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT).     

Relative susceptibility of different male-sterile cytoplasms in sorghum to shoot fly, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Atherigona soccata</Emphasis>

Summary The shoot fly, Atherigona soccata is an important pest of sorghum, and host plant resistance is one of the most effective components for managing this pest. Most of the hybrids grown in India based on milo cytoplasm (A₁ cytoplasm) are highly susceptible to shoot fly. Therefore, the present studies were undertaken to evaluate different male-sterile cytoplasms (CMS) for their relative susceptibility to sorghum shoot fly. Oviposition and deadheart formation were significantly lower on the maintainer lines as compared to the corresponding male-sterile lines. Among the cytoplasms tested, A₄M cytoplasm showed antixenosis for oviposition and suffered lower deadheart formation than the other cytoplasms tested. The A₄G₁ and A₄M cytoplasms suffered lower deadhearts in tillers than the other cytoplasms. Recovery following shoot fly damage in A₄M, A₃, and A₂ cytoplasms was better than in the other cytoplasms tested. The larval and pupal periods were longer and male and female pupal weights lower in A₄M and A₄VzM CMS backgrounds compared to the other CMS systems. Fecundity and antibiosis indices on CMS lines were lower than on the B-lines. The A₄M cytoplasm was found to be relatively resistant to sorghum shoot fly, and can be exploited for developing shoot fly-resistant hybrids for sustainable crop production in future.     

腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性对小麦K、V、T型不育系育性及籽粒形成的影响

为进一步探寻小麦不育系的不育机制和籽粒不饱满的生理机制,以冀5418核基因为遗传背景,对同核异质K、V、T型不育系叶片、幼穗和籽粒中的腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, AGPase)活性和淀粉积累量进行了动态观测,并与各自的保持系进行了比较。在雌雄蕊原基分化期, 不育系幼穗中AGPase活性较保持系高9.33~27.94 μmol g^-1 FW h⁻¹, 差异达极显著水平(F=133.81, P<0.0001); 而在四分体期, 不育系幼穗中该酶活性极显著低于保持系(F=13.97~75.20, P<0.0001),差异为4.27~7.44 μmol g^-1 FW h⁻¹。雌雄蕊原基分化期至四分体时期,不育系叶片中AGPase活性较保持系高7.39~80.77 μmol g^-1 FW h⁻¹,差异极显著(F=135.76~5454.28,P<0.0001)。不育系强、弱势粒中总淀粉、直链淀粉和支链淀粉积累量、AGPase平均活性、淀粉含量及直/支比均极显著低于保持系,且这些指标均表现为强势粒显著高于弱势粒。Logistic方程显示,不育系籽粒淀粉积累量的减少主要由淀粉积累速率降低引起;籽粒AGPase活性与淀粉积累速率显著或极显著正相关(r=0.4460~0.7150, P=0.0004~0.0487);灌浆期, 叶片中AGPase活性与光合速率呈负相关(r=−0.28634, P=0.2823)。因此,雄性不育的可能原因是雌雄蕊原基分化期幼穗和叶片中AGPase活性高,幼穗发育所需能量供应不足;而四分体期幼穗AGPase活性低,影响花粉中淀粉积累。不育系对籽粒AGPase活性具有明显的不良胞质效应,降低ADPG供应水平,影响淀粉的积累,以及旗叶AGPase活性对净光合速率的不良影响,是籽粒不饱满的重要原因之一。     

高粱A3细胞质雄性不育发生的细胞学观察及分析

以不育系A₃晋粱5号和相应保持系B₃晋粱5号为材料，对A₃不育系花药发育及雄配子形成过程进行了细胞学观察和分析。结果表明，与A₁、A₂型CMS不同，A₃ CMS孢母细胞减数分裂正常，从四分体形成到幼龄花粉粒发育阶段都未观察到不同于B₃晋粱5号的异常现象。A₃晋粱5号花药经石蜡包埋切片观察，在造孢细胞期、减数分裂前间期及减数分裂期，均未观察到异常现象，不育系花粉母细胞能完成正常的减数分裂过程，四分体正常游离，绒毡层发育正常。但在成熟的花药中，观察到所有的花粉粒皱缩、凹陷、变形。在开花前约1周内的花粉粒成熟期，不育系花粉粒蔗糖—淀粉代谢途径受阻，花粉粒壁上无淀粉粒沉积。A₃ CMS小孢子败育发生在小孢子形成晚期的花粉粒成熟期。