中国棉花种质资源的收集与保存

一百多年来,我国已从53个产棉国引入国外棉花种质资源100次以上,引入种质2222份,其中,陆地棉2013 份,海岛棉209 份,引种种质份数最多的5个国家是美国、前苏联、澳大利亚、巴基斯坦、埃及.迄今为止,中国农业科学院棉花研究所共收集到国内外陆地棉6822份、陆地棉野生种系350份、海岛棉585份、亚洲棉378份、草棉17份、多年生野生棉41份,合计8193份,我国棉花种质资源的保存数量稳居世界第4位.这些种质资源分别保存在北京国家长期库、青海省复库和安阳中期库,野生棉保存在海南岛棉花种植圃.同时,也建立了较为完善的棉花种质资源数据库系统.近20年来,向9个国家和我国23个省(市)发放棉花种质资源10855 份次.     

印度棉花种质资源研究概况

印度十分重视作物种质资源的搜集、研究,建立了一套研究机构,分工明确。已收集保存亚洲棉、非洲棉、陆地棉、海岛棉和陆地棉半野生种系等共6000个资源材料。研究鉴定工作是多学科结合进行的。重点开展抗病虫鉴定。印度是世界上兼种亚洲棉、非洲棉、陆地棉、海岛棉四大棉种的唯一国家。由于种质资源丰富,育种和杂种优势利用的成绩显著,棉花生产大发展,植棉业已成为该国的农业支柱之一。     

我国棉花品种资源的研究

本文主要介绍我国棉花品种资源的收集、保存、国外引种、研究利用等。一、收集、整理、保存1959年全国棉花会议上,决定按我国棉区的分布,设六个棉花资源协作点,负责本棉区的收集、保存、鉴定、研究、供种工作。1975年和1980年,中国农科院棉花研究所牵头,先后对云南西南部和海南岛八个县,进行棉属资源的考察。目前,我国各地收集保存棉花资源3,600份;其中陆地棉2,945份,     

新引进棉花种质资源的初步筛选

1991年,中国农业科学院棉花研究所棉花种质资源繁种鉴定(85-01-03-01)课题组,对收集的85份国外棉花种质资源进行了研究,也括陆地棉73份,海岛棉12份。对照品种为中棉12号。采用田间鉴定与室内鉴定相结合的方法。每个材料种植1行,行长10m,行距0.8m,株距0.3m。全生育期调查其主要农艺性状,吐絮盛期收中喷花进行室内考种,采用HVI900系列纤维测定仪测定纤维品质。经过分析、计价,从中筛选出了以下几类可供利用的棉花种质。1.早熟类陆地棉早熟种质有BLLCH-     

国家棉花种质圃工作进展

国家棉花种质圃是国家32个农作物种质资源种质圃之一,位于海南岛三亚市,依托于中国农科院棉花所。自1982年建立以来,在多年生资源的研究方面取得较好的成就,并形成一些工作特色。常年宿生保存棉花材料500份左右,涵盖棉属36个种(亚种)。在获得种间杂种、育种材料创新、工具材料与诱变材料的收集与保存等方面,表现了突出的工作优势。     

甜菜抗褐斑病种质资源的研究现状

甜菜抗褐斑病种质资源是甜菜种质资源中具有褐斑病抗性基因并且能稳定传递给子代的种质资源,是甜菜抗褐斑病育种工作的物质基础,也是农业可持续发展的战略资源。甜菜抗褐斑病种质资源研究的主要内容包括对甜菜品种的收集、鉴定与评价、保存、利用以及抗性遗传基因的克隆及利用。为了使人们更加清晰的了解甜菜抗褐斑病种质资源的研究状况。本文综述了甜菜抗褐斑病种质资源的收集、鉴定与评价、保存、利用及分子方面的研究,并对我国未来种质资源的研究作出展望。以期为以后甜菜抗褐斑病种质资源的研究提供方向。     

棉花抗虫性研究与利用

培育和种植抗虫棉是控制棉花害虫最为经济、有效益的途径。“六五”科技攻关以来，我国在棉花抗虫性研究与利用方面取得了重大进展。在已收集到的６１９１份棉花资源材料中，对１０４４份、１０２０份、１０１０份和４９０份分别进行了抗棉蚜、棉铃虫、棉红铃虫和棉叶螨性的多点鉴定，对９８９份进行了抗棉蚜、棉铃虫及棉红铃虫性的多点、同步鉴定，对４７５份进行了抗棉蚜、棉铃虫、棉红铃虫及棉叶螨的多点、同步鉴定；建立了抗棉蚜、棉铃虫、棉红铃虫和棉叶螨性的统一生物学鉴定方法及分级标准，探讨了抗这４种害虫的生理生化鉴定技术与方法。系统研究了棉花抗虫性的形态及生化机制，初步揭示了棉花抗虫性的遗传规律。培育了３０多个常规抗虫棉新品系和３个抗虫棉新品种及６个转Ｂｔ基因抗虫棉新品系；成功地将Ｂｔ基因和胰蛋白酶抑制剂基因同时导入棉株并得到了表达。累计推广常规抗虫棉新品种及试种转Ｂｔ基因棉新品系３５万ｈｍ２，直接经济效益１，１～１．６亿元人民币．社会及生态效正亦十分显著。     

浙江省苍南县农作物种质资源调查与分析

为更好地挖掘、保护和开发利用苍南县重要农作物种质资源,2017年8月—2018年12月对浙江省苍南县7个镇17个行政村的农作物种质资源现状及利用情况进行系统调查,对种质资源进行收集,并对收集到的资源的种类、分布情况、植物学分类和部分特色资源进行整理和分析。结果表明,苍南县共收集到85份农作物种质资源,包括粮食作物41份、蔬菜26份、经济作物7份、果树11份,隶属于21科36属39种;按种质类型包括地方品种资源76份、野生资源9份。根据苍南县农作物种质资源现状,对苍南县地方品种和野生资源保护和开发利用进行讨论,建议通过建立资源圃和本地商业化开发利用等方式对地方品种进行原地保存,对部分地方品种或野生资源在资源采集地或原生境进行原位保护鉴定,确保本地优良种质资源的安全保存,实现种质资源可持续利用。研究结果可为苍南县农作物种质资源多样性研究、种质创新和开发利用提供参考。     

206份棉花资源的优选鉴定及聚类利用研究

为了合理利用棉花资源,培育适合当前生产需要的新型棉花品种,对收集的206份棉花资源进行田间筛选鉴定。结果表明:依据生育期、株高、产量等农艺性状筛选出75份优异种质资源,其中综合农艺性状优良、丰产性好的资源43份,抗黄萎病资源8份,纤维品质优良资源22份。采用离差平方和法进行系统聚类分析,当欧式距离在9.8时将75个棉花资源划分为6大类,为该批资源的高效利用创造条件。     

盐分胁迫下棉花种质资源的收集与利用

通过对24份棉花种质资源进行室内鉴定和田间种植鉴定。结果表明,中33、中52两份棉花种质资源适宜于盐碱地种植。     

不同来源棉花种质资源材料主要农艺经济性状鉴定与分析

对来自中国、美国、法国等国家的 1 1 4份棉花种质资源进行了生育性状、产量性状、纤维品质及抗黄萎病、棉铃虫性鉴定。结果表明 ,该批资源具有较强的生育性状选择潜力 ;单株结铃数较多 ,铃重较高 ,衣分偏低 ;纤维较整齐 ,伸长率较小 ,比强度较低。国内品种与国外品种相比 ,具有成熟早、产量、衣分高 ,结铃数多、铃重小的特点。在纤维品质上 ,国内品种的麦克隆值、伸长率、整齐度均超过国外品种 ,但纤维长度、比强度不及国外品种 ,国内品种的抗性优于国外品种。筛选出了一批具有不同优异性状的种质材料 ,为在棉花育种中有目的利用这些材料提供了参考     

Genetic Diversity and Association Analysis of Fiber Quality Traits with SSR Markers in Germplasm Resources of Early Maturity Upland Cotton in Xinjiang

[Objective] We explored the genetic diversity of early maturity upland cotton germplasm resources in Xinjiang, China. We discovered specific germplasm resources and elite allelic variation related to fiber quality. [Method] We used 219 early maturity upland cotton accessions in our experiments and investigated 15 agronomic traits in three environments. We used a total of 128 pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers to scan for polymorphism. We then used NTsys-pc2.1 software to analyze genetic diversity, and Structure2.3.1 and Tassle5.0 software to perform association analysis of fiber quality traits based on phenotypic effect values to identify elite allele variation and conventional materials. [Result] A total of 244 loci were amplified by 128 marker pairs in 219 samples with an average of 1.91 loci per marker. The polymorphic information content ranged from 0.13 to 0.86 with an average of 0.63. The distribution range of the genetic similarity coefficient between materials in this population was 0.42-0.99 with an average of 0.61. The genetic similarity coefficient was between 0.5 and 0.7 and accounted for 90.19%. Through association analysis, we detected 11 markers that were significantly (P<0.01) associated with fiber quality traits, and discovered seven typical materials with specific allele. [Conclusion] In total, 219 Xinjiang early-maturing upland cotton germplasm resources have low genetic diversity. Based on SSR association analysis, we discovered some specific allele variations and conventional materials related to fiber quality traits.     

Mining Elite Sea-Island Cotton Germplasm Based on Phenotyping and SSR Markers

[Objective] An elite germplasm resource of sea-island cotton with outstanding traits was mined in order to accelerate the breeding process of new varieties. [Method] The core collections of sea-island cotton germplasm consisted of 178 accessions were used as experimental materials in this study. Analyses of variability and diversity were performed through detecting phenotypic data of six main breeding-targeted traits, including boll weight, boll number per plant, lint percentage, fiber length, fiber strength, and micronaire. The elite germplasm of sea-island cotton was selected according to 10% optimal sampling strategy based on the phenotypic value of each trait. The 120 pairs of polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers were used to analyze the polymorphism of 178 accessions of the core collections. Then, we conducted the population structure and clustering analysis based on the genotyping results. According to the results of cluster analysis, the primary elite germplasm was further selected, and the final elite germplasm of sea-island cotton was identified. [Result] The results showed that there was a high variability and abundant genetic diversity in the 6 studied traits. In 178 accessions of sea-island cotton, 262 alleles were detected by 120 pairs of SSR primers, with an average of 2.18 loci. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.067 8-0.630 0, with an average of 0.296 0, showing moderate polymorphism. The cluster analysis showed that the core collection of sea-island cotton was divided into six groups. twenty-three elite germplasm resources of sea-island cotton were identified based on phenotypic value and cluster analysis of SSR markers. [Conclusion] The germplasm of sea-island cotton can be analyzed and evaluated based on the phenotyping and SSR markers, and then the elite germplasm of sea-island cotton can be identified. These results provided the material basis for the genetic breeding of sea-island cotton, as well as the important reference and basis for the mining and identification of crop elite germplasm.     

棉花优异品质及抗性基因挖掘与分子育种

棉花品质、产量、抗性等均是多基因控制的数量性状,其表现型受基因型和环境的共同影响,且纤维品质和产量性状之间存在较大的负相关,采用常规育种手段实现棉花纤维品质与产量的同步改良具难度很大,针对棉花品质、产量、抗性等性状形成的遗传基础这一关键科学问题,棉花品种分子设计研究团队以陆陆种内分离群体、陆海种间分离群体等材料,交叉利用分子数量遗传学、功能基因组学和分子育种学等研究手段,在陆地棉优质品质及抗性基因挖掘、海岛棉优质品质及抗性基因挖掘以及分子标记辅助方法开发及棉花新品种培育等方面取得了一系列研究成果。为棉花品质、产量、抗性性状形成的同步改良奠定了重要基础。     

AFLP marker associations with agronomic and fiber traits in cotton

DNA markers linked with major QTL contributing to traits of importance will be a useful tool for cotton (Gossypium spp.) genetics and breeding. We crossed four photoperiod-sensitive accessions of cotton, G. hirsutum L., with a cultivar, selected day-neutral plants and backcrossed four times to each of the four photoperiod-sensitive accessions, selecting day-neutral plants at each generation. The day-neutral plants from the first cross and the four backcross generations were advanced to the F₆. These 20 day-neutral lines and four cultivars were grown in two environments at Mississippi State, MS and scored for seven agronomic and fiber quality traits. They were also scored for AFLP markers using a bulk sample of leaves from each of 24 lines. More than 50 AFLP markers were associated with the seven traits with fewer markers associated with fiber than agronomic traits. However, one to four markers were associated with 22–93% of the phenotypic variability of each of the seven traits. The results suggest that selected markers could be used in marker assisted selection (MAS) in crosses designed to use alleles from exotic accessions or cultivars to develop elite breeding lines for cotton improvement.     

Genetic diversity for agronomic and fiber traits in day-neutral accessions derived from primitive cotton germplasm

Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL) is an important crop that is cultivated in warm climates through-out the world. Agronomic performance and fiber quality must continually be improved if cotton is to maintain economic viability. Primitive ancestors of cotton contain diversity for trait improvement; however, many of these accessions have a short-day flowering response (photoperiodic) and are not readily useable in breeding programs. In this study, 114 day-neutral derived primitive germplasm lines were evaluated in field trials for two years. Agronomic and fiber trait data were collected and analyzed. Variance components, genotypic values, and genotypic correlations were calculated. Genotypic effects for all traits studied made significant contributions to the phenotypic variation indicating genetic diversity among these lines. The predicted genotypic values showed a wide range of variation for agronomic and fiber traits. Weak genotypic correlations were found between yield and 2.5% span length and fiber strength, two important fiber traits. Although these day-neutral derived accessions had lower lint percentage, they had improved fiber length, strength, micronaire, and comparable yields with two commercial cultivars. Thus, these day-neutral derived accessions are sources of genetic variation that when used in breeding programs offer the potential to improve important traits and expand genetic diversity.Contribution of the USDA-ARS in cooperation with the Mississippi Agric. and Forestry Exp. Stn. Mention of trademark, proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by USDA, ARS and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that may also be suitable.     

不同来源棉花种质资源遗传多样性的ISSR分析

 采取ISSR分子标记对48份棉花种质资源的遗传多样性进行分析,从60条ISSR引物中筛选出11条引物,这11条引物共扩增出92个条带,平均每条引物扩增出8.36个条带;其中多态性带77个条带,多态率达83.70％。UPGMA聚类分析显示,48份材料的相似性系数（GS）变化范围在0.27～0.93之间。聚类将48个种质资源划分为 4个大类(GS=0.55),湛江野生棉、廉江野生棉与其它品种在遗传上有很大差别,属于较原始类型,归为一类;长绒棉与陆地棉品种存在明显的遗传差异也单独归为一类;其它不同省份的陆地棉品种在遗传上有较高的相似性,归为其它类型。分析结果表明,ISSR具有丰富遗传多样性和稳定性, 是一种较好的遗传分子标记,适宜于棉花品种遗传多样性分析     

转基因抗虫陆地棉与优质品系杂交铃重、衣分的遗传及其F_1杂种优势分析

利用7个陆地棉抗虫常规品种(品系)为母本,5个优质不抗虫品系为父本,按NCII设计配制了35个组合,采用"加性-显性遗传模型"("A-D模型")对亲本及F1两年的铃重、衣分数据进行了分析。结果表明,铃重的遗传主要受到显性效应的控制,衣分主要受到加性效应的控制,显性效应对衣分也有重要影响。F1的铃重具有极显著的正向群体平均优势和正向超亲优势,而衣分则具有极显著的正向群体平均优势和负向群体超亲优势。铃重狭义遗传率为0,进行杂交育种时不宜在早代进行选择,但因其具有较高的杂种优势,可通过杂种优势利用途径提高棉花的铃重;衣分具有较高的狭义遗传率,适宜在早中世代选择。     

陆地棉种质资源抗旱性状的关联分析

干旱是导致全世界棉花严重减产、纤维品质下降的重要因素,因此获得高产、优质、耐旱的棉花新品种一直是棉花的育种目标。本研究选取217份陆地棉栽培种组成的自然群体为研究对象,采用全生育期处理组灌水量为对照组50%的干旱胁迫处理,并在处理后期对217份材料的株高、衣分、单铃重等18个性状进行2年2点的表型鉴定,干旱胁迫后,群体间响应差异明显,多个表型性状在对照和处理间表现显著差异。通过BLUP分析表型数据并计算各性状的抗旱系数;全基因组范围选取的214对多态性SSR分子标记扫描群体,共检测到393个多态性位点,基因多样性系数平均值为0.402,范围为0.072~0.631,PIC值平均为0.329,范围为0.070~0.560;群体结构分析表明,该群体可分为2个亚群。用上述SSR标记分别对18个性状的抗旱系数进行关联分析,共关联到76个极显著位点(P<0.01),表型变异解释率为2.930%~7.218%,其中共有14个标记位点能同时被2种或以上性状检测到。研究结果可为后期棉花杂交育种亲本选择及抗旱分子标记辅助育种提供理论基础及参考依据。     

Creation of a New Resistant Germplasm to Verticillium Wilt by Distant Hybridization in Upland Cotton

To create new germplasm lines resistant to Verticillium wilt in upland cotton, 65 distant hybridization germplasm lines (DHGLs) in upland cotton genetic background were cultivated by interspecific hybridization between Gossypium hirsutum and wild species including G. anomalum, G. armourianum, G. aridum, G. raimondii, G. mustelinum, interspecific F₁ backcrossing with G. hirsutum for four generations, and selfing for four generations, followed by a conventional breeding program. The results of agronomic trait identification during 2011-2012 indicated that average plant heights of DHGLs were closely similar to commercial cultivars of upland cotton, while average fruit branches, fruit nodes, bolls of DHGLs individual plant were lower than those in commercial cultivars of upland cotton. Average single boll weight and lint percentage of DHGLs were lower than commercial cultivars of upland cotton. Fiber length, strength, fineness and maturity of DHGLs were reasonably collocated. Fiber of most lines was suitable for spinning extra high count yarn, but the main fiber quality indices of commercial cultivars of upland cotton were not well coordinated. Identification of resistance to Verticillium wilt in defoliation disease nursery during 2012-2013 indicated that five DHGLs resistant to Verticillium wilt . Suyuan 040, Suyuan 045 and Suyuan 061 were highly resistant to Verticillium wilt with a disease index of 8.33, 4.35 and 7.79, respectively. Suyuan 030 and Suyuan 034 were resistant to Verticillium wilt with a disease index of 12.35 and 13.70, respectively. The genetic relationship of new germplasm lines resistant to Verticillium wilt were traced and showed that Suyuan 040 and Suyuan 045 were DHGLs of G. raimondii, Suyuan 061 was DHGL of G.mustelinum, Suyuan 030 and Suyuan 034 were DHGLs of G. aridum.