棉花不同品种钾吸收效率差异的根系形态学和生理学机理

用6个棉花品种作为试验材料,通过水培试验比较其对钾的吸收能力,研究其根系形态学、生理学特征和K+吸收动力学参数。结果表明,低钾胁迫下,钾高效品种中棉所64的根干物质质量、根体积、根活跃吸收面积、根活跃比表面积最大,根系活力最强;钾高效品种中棉所35的根干物质质量较大、根长而细,根总吸收面积最大,根总比表面积都最大,根系活力也较强,且K+最大吸收速率Imax最大,最小临界浓度Cmin较小,耐低钾能力强。而钾低效品种中棉所50和中植棉2号的根系形态学等指标都较差,根系活力较弱,且Imax也较小。该研究不仅有助于阐明棉花耐低钾胁迫的机理,而且能评价不同品种对低钾的适应能力。     

棉花钾吸收动力学的初步研究和应用

研究了影响棉花钾吸收动力学参数的因素,初步确定了钾吸收动力学方法在棉花上应用的条件,比较了转基因抗虫棉新棉99B和常规棉中棉所35苗期的钾吸收特性。结果表明,棉花钾吸收动力学参数受到苗龄、耗竭液中起始钾浓度及培养液中钾浓度的显著影响,在苗龄较小(3～4叶苗与4～5叶苗相比)、耗竭液中起始钾浓度较高(0.35与0.2mmol·L1相比)、培养液中钾浓度较高(2.0与0.5mmol·L1相比)的情况下,Km、Cmin均比较高,而Imax在前两种条件下较高、在后一种条件下较低。在5～6叶期,新棉99B的Imax显著降低于中棉所35,而Km、Cmin显著高于后者(培养液中K 为0.5mmol·L1),耗竭液中起始K 为0.2mmol·L1),说明新棉99B吸收有限钾的能力低于中棉所35。     

辽棉18与新棉99B苗期耐低钾能力的差异及其机制

在室内液培(1/4改良Hoagland营养液)条件下比较了非抗虫棉辽棉18和转Bt基因抗虫棉新棉99B苗期耐低钾能力的差异,并研究了钾的吸收、运转、利用及其机制。两品种在充足供钾(2.5 mmol L^-1)处理下的幼苗干物重相当,但在低钾胁迫下(0.03 mmol L^-1)辽棉18的干物重为新棉99B的2.7倍,表现出较强的耐低钾能力。辽棉18单位根重(或单位根长、单位根表面积)的吸钾量相当或低于新棉99B,叶片钾积累量占整株的比例也显著低于后者,然而其根系发达(根长、根表面积和根体积分别为新棉99B的3.4、3.8和4.2倍),钾利用指数也较新棉99B高1倍以上。表明辽棉18较强的耐低钾能力与根系生理吸钾能力和钾在植株体内的运转无关,而主要由发达的根系和较高的体内钾利用能力决定。由于低钾条件下辽棉18和新棉99B叶片的渗透势及相对含水量均无显著差异,证明二者体内钾利用能力的不同不在于钾的生物物理功能(调节膨压和渗透势)的高低,而可能主要与钾的生物化学功能(促进光合作用、韧皮部的装载和蛋白质的合成等)有关。     

棉花不同类型品种耐低钾能力的差异

以2004年我国棉区主栽的转基因抗虫棉与非抗虫棉、常规棉与杂交棉以及不同熟性的48个品种/杂交种/品系为材料, 对室内液体培养条件(钾胁迫浓度为0.02 mmol L^-1)下幼苗和田间缺钾土壤(速效钾含量为59.88 mg kg^-1)上成株的耐低钾能力进行了比较。结果表明, 抗虫棉组在苗期低钾条件下的生物量、吸钾量和钾利用指数以及田间缺钾土壤上的产量器官干重分别显著或极显著低于非抗虫棉组20.1%、15.0%、23.7%和20.9%, 而且苗期生物量最低的5个品种均为抗虫棉, 田间产量器官干重最低的5个品种中4个为抗虫棉; 杂交棉组的上述各指标分别显著或极显著高于常规棉组28.0%、19.9%、26.4%和43.2%, 而且苗期生物量和田间产量器官干重最高的5个品种中各有4个为杂交棉; 此外, 抗虫棉耐低钾的杂种优势强于非抗虫棉, 如杂交抗虫棉的上述各指标分别较常规抗虫棉显著或极显著提高37.0%、24.6%、44.3%和59.4%, 而非抗虫棉组的杂交棉只有钾胁迫下的苗期生物量和田间产量器官干重显著高于常规棉27.7%和29.9%; 品种熟性不影响棉花的耐低钾能力; 各类型品种内部的耐低钾能力也存在显著的品种差异, 常规抗虫棉耐低钾能力强的品种(系), 其苗期生物量和田间产量器官干重与常规非抗虫棉和杂交抗虫棉耐低钾能力中等的杂交种相当。     

土壤缺钾对棉花钾运转和分配的影响

在盆栽条件下应用86Rb 标记和原子吸收分光光度法,研究了常规棉中棉所12、中棉所35和转基因抗虫棉新棉99B、中棉所41四个品种的钾运转和分配情况.盛花期中棉所35上部叶的86Rb 主要运转到主茎,中部叶的86Rb 主要运转到产量器官.缺钾促进了棉花下部主茎叶和果枝叶中的钾向上部和中部转移,有利于提高钾在植株体内的再利用;而抗虫棉新棉99B和中棉所41下部主茎叶和果枝叶中钾的转运能力较差,可能是它们在生产上后期易早衰的原因之一.产量器官是棉花钾营养的第一大和最终库器官,而主茎则担负着储存和中转的功能.土壤缺钾时,棉花主茎叶和产量器官的钾运转和分配比例提高;另外,种子和纤维的钾浓度随供钾水平的变化在棉株各器官中最小.这些结果说明,钾缺乏时棉株一方面会尽可能维持叶片的功能,从而满足棉株对同化产物的需求;另一方面会利用有限的钾资源优先保证后代的繁衍.     

棉花幼苗钾吸收的系统反馈调节初步研究

以中棉所41和辽棉17为材料，采用单接穗双砧木嫁接的方法构建分根体系，在营养液培养条件下研究棉花幼苗钾吸收的系统反馈调节。分根处理6 d后，高钾侧(2.50 mmol L^–1)根系(Sp.+K)的吸收能力受到低钾侧(0.01 mmol L^–1)K⁺需求信号的诱导，吸收动力学参数I_max (最大吸收速率)与整根高钾对照(C.+K)相比增加了79%~92%；低钾侧根系(Sp.-K)的I_max则受到高钾侧K⁺供应信号的抑制，与整根低钾对照(C.-K)相比下降了27%~40%。中棉所41分根处理3 d后去除低钾侧根系，保留的高钾侧根系失去K⁺需求信号的诱导，其I_max下降。棉花幼苗K⁺吸收的这种反馈调节与地上部和根系的K⁺含量关系不大。     

芮玉奎-双价抗虫棉(Bt+CpTI)苗期稀土元素吸收分配特性

了解转基因抗虫棉的稀土元素吸收分配特性对于稀土肥料的高效利用意义重大。应用ICP-MS测定了转基因棉花及其亲本苗期各个器官中稀土元素La、Ce和Pr的含量。结果显示稀土元素在转基因双价抗虫棉和常规棉对照中的分配规律一致:根系>叶片>茎部;每个器官中都是Ce>La>Pr。但是转基因抗虫棉与常规棉相比,在稀土元素的吸收分配比例上却表现出较大差别:转基因抗虫棉根系中稀土元素含量明显高于常规棉亲本;地上部(叶片和茎部)表现相反,常规棉含量大于转基因抗虫棉。转基因抗虫棉稀土元素吸收分配特性发生了明显变化,应当根据其特点制定稀土肥料使用办法。但是发生上述变化的机理需要进一步深入研究。     

钾营养对水培棉花生长发育的影响

通过营养液培养研究钾营养对棉花生长发育的影响,试验结果表明：与对照相比,适当提高营养液中K的浓度,能明显促进棉花生长,其株高、叶面积均增高、增大;棉花株高的生长呈“S”形曲线生长即初期慢,中期快,后期又慢,直至稳定生长,棉花主茎平均日增长量呈单峰曲线动态变化。充足的K营养也促进了棉花根系的发育,提高了根系活力、根系总吸收面积及活跃吸收面积,但品种的不同,其表现也不同,新陆早13的低钾处理优于高钾和对照处理,中棉36随K浓度增加表现更优。与此同时提高营养液中K的水平,也能明显提高叶片中chla、chlb和叶绿素含量,但K过高不利于叶绿素的合成,本试验的两个品种在此范围内表现一致,低钾处理>高钾处理>对照处理。     

转EdHP1(氢离子焦磷酸化酶)基因烟草促进钾离子吸收的生理机制

钾是植物生长必须的重要矿质元素,提高作物对钾的吸收是提高作物产量的重要途径。本研究以前期遗传转化披碱草EdHP1(H+-pyrophosphatase)基因的烟草为材料,在低钾处理条件下比较了转基因烟草和野生型烟草的生理特性。结果显示,在低钾条件下,野生型烟草体内K+积累量只相当于转基因烟草的62.9%。野生型烟草的总根长、总根表面积、总根体积明显低于转基因烟草(P0.05),分别为转基因烟草的72.9%、68.1%和60.6%。在不同直径根系(0.5～2.0、2.5～4.5、4.5mm分别为细根、中等根和粗根)中,细根发育差异最大,野生型烟草为转基因烟草的72.9%。低钾条件下,转基因烟草根系活力是野生型烟草的1.2倍,野生型烟草根系焦磷酸化酶活力相当于转基因烟草的46.4%,根部游离IAA含量相当于转基因烟草的66.2%。通过非损伤方法测定根部K+和H+流速结果显示,在根系表面积相似情况下,低钾条件下野生型烟草外排钾速率显著高于转基因烟草,而氢离子外排速率显著低于转基因烟草。综上所述,发达的根系和较高的K+转运体活性综合作用显著提高了转基因烟草根部对K+的吸收。     

施氮量对滨海改良盐土棉花钾累积利用的影响

以长江流域大面积种植的转基因棉湘杂棉8号为材料,在江苏省大丰市稻麦原种场(33.2°N,120.5°E)滨海改良盐土上研究施氮量(0、150、300、375、450、600 kg N hm–2)对棉株钾素吸收、利用和分配的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥提高不同生育阶段棉株钾的吸收量,以盛花到见絮期的钾积累增量最大,并改变生育期间的钾吸收比例,使出苗到盛花期的钾吸收比例降低,盛花到吐絮期的钾吸收比例升高;同时,增加施氮还降低生育后期中上部果枝钾浓度的下降速率,但对下部果枝影响较小。随施氮量增加,各部位果枝氮对钾吸收的边际效应(每增施1 kg氮促进钾的吸收量)呈先升高后降低趋势,且果枝部位越高,基于最大边际效应的施氮量越高。在300~375 kg hm–2施氮量范围内,干物质和钾在经济器官中的分配比例提高,钾浓度和钾累积量动态特征参数比较协调,中部和上部果枝氮素对钾吸收的边际效应和钾的皮棉生产效率较高,利于高产形成。高于375 kg hm–2的施氮量导致皮棉产量增幅下降,氮素对钾吸收的边际效应和钾的皮棉生产效率较低;低于375 kg hm–2的施氮量降低干物质和钾经济系数,不利于高产形成。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

Inheritance of fruit colour in a wild Russian red raspberry seedling

Summary A new gene, i, from a self-incompatible wild Russian Rubus idaeus seedling is described. The gene i interacts with the fruit colour gene T, Tii plants having apricot instead of red fruits, and spines, leaves and stems pigmented to varying degrees. A deficit of apricot-fruited seedlings in progenies segregating for i could be explained by linkage between i and the self-incompatibility S locus with a crossover value of approximately 26.7%.Segregations for spine colour in crosses and backcrosses of the Russian seedling with two green-spined (ttII) raspberries selected for their yellow fruit colour, showed that both the latter carried the spine colour intensifier gene P. This suggests that earlier authors were incorrect in attributing the apricot fruit colour developed by some tt plants to a pleiotropic effect of P.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.