杂交蓖麻高产栽培技术

蓖麻是重要的油料作物和能源作物.蓖麻种子含油率高达46%～56%,是其它油料作物所不能及的.蓖麻油具有特殊的稳定性,因而成为航空、航天最重要的润滑油;蓖麻油还是生产生物柴油和石油化工的重要原料,因此人们将蓖麻称为"可再生的能源作物".目前,全世界蓖麻种植面积约为110万hm2左右,均产825 kg/hm2左右.我国年种植面积35万hm2,年产蓖麻籽30万t左右.根据国内蓖麻加工厂家的加工能力计算,全国年需蓖麻籽60万t左右,目前缺口达一半以上,主要依赖从印度等国家进口.     

白城市蓖麻产业发展现状及对策研究

蓖麻是白城的特色优势作物,随着蓖麻加工业的发展,国内外市场需求量不断加大。白城市蓖麻种植面积正逐步增加,经济效益连年增高,加工能力显著提升,产销合作实行定单模式,市场潜力空间也较大,但白城蓖麻产业还存在管理粗放、品种混杂、单产低,种植基地分散,加工产品研发慢、产业链条短、整体带动能力弱等问题,为此,笔者要采取：突出龙头带动、扩大基地规模、加强科技服务、强化协会建设等措施,把白城蓖麻这一特色优势作物深度开发,充分发挥资源优势,不断提高白城蓖麻身价,做大做强蓖麻产业。     

蓖麻高产栽培技术及病虫害防治

蓖麻是世界十大油料作物之一,经济价值较高,用途广泛,精制蓖麻油可用于飞机、轮船和高度精密车床,目前从蓖麻油中提炼并衍生出用途不同的精细化工产品200余种,国外每年从我国进口大量蓖麻粉作原料,我国年生产30万吨,但仍不能满足国内需求,市场需求潜力巨大.我们看准这个市场,结合伊犁地区农业生产状况,近年来把蓖麻作为种植业结构调整中一个较为重要的项目,引进、选育适合我区栽培的品种及配套技术措施.     

关于蓖麻栽培措施优化的探讨

通辽地区是我国蓖麻主产区,产量占全国的1 /4。当地有国内最大的蓖麻深加工企业“通华蓖麻化工有限责任公司”,年加工蓖麻子8000万kg,产品出口美国、日本、韩国及至西欧、东南亚等国家,全国30余个省市自治区。龙头企业带动了蓖麻基地迅速扩大,种植面积达到6.7万hm² 。形成了公司 +基地 +农户的产业化新格局。为了稳定蓖麻基地建设,提高蓖麻栽培水平,增加农民收入,我们从1998年开始进行蓖麻密度、氮肥、磷肥用量的综合试验研究。目的在于通过建立蓖麻产量与密度、氮、磷诸因素的数学模型,优化出在本地区条件下蓖麻的最佳种植密度以及在这个密度下的氮磷经济合理用量,……     

蓖麻杂交种淄蓖麻7号

蓖麻是一种经济价值很高的世界十大油料作物之一,具有十分广阔的发展前景.我国主要在山坡、丘陵和盐碱地种植.淄博市农科院率先在国内开展蓖麻杂交育种研究,育成了杂交种淄蓖麻1-9号.蓖麻新品种推广到吉林、内蒙、新疆等20余个省市自治区和老挝、印尼、马来西亚等10余个国家,取得了较好的经济效益.2008年经山东省科技厅鉴定,淄博市农科院杂交育种项目居同类研究的国际先进水平.2010年3月,淄博市农科院院育成的蓖麻新品种--淄蓖麻7号顺利通过审定,审定编号:鲁农审2010047号.     

基于产业链视角的中国蓖麻产业发展的分析

对中国蓖麻生产、产品加工和产品销售的产业链进行分析,研究认为现有蓖麻产业链在产业环境、原料供应、产品加工和销售方面存在四大瓶颈,提出创造良好的产业环境、扩建原料供应基地、扩大产品开发利用、刺激市场供求等促进蓖麻产业发展的对策。     

塔穗蓖麻栽培技术

塔穗蓖麻又叫长果穗蓖麻,原产日本。1981年引进忻州地区种植。在黄土丘陵沙梁地种植,亩产达240公斤;在滩地种植,亩产可达280公斤,比当地品种增产20~40％。1985年全地区种植10万余亩,占蓖麻种植面积的一半以上,是外贸出口的主要产品。     

“欧盟未来化学品政策战略白皮书”对我国农药行业的影响及对策

<正> 一、我国农药行业现状1.我国农药行业概况到2002年底,我国共有农药生产企业2000多家,其中原药生产企业约500家,农药加工企业1600家。2.生产情况2002年我国农药产量82.17万吨,其中杀虫剂45.94万吨,杀菌剂7.47万吨,除草剂20.24万吨,其他8.53万吨(以上为国家统计局数字)。销售收入304.35亿元,实现利润11.00亿元。     

通辽地区蓖麻综合高产栽培技术

通辽市是我国蓖麻主产区,具有悠久的栽培历史,历年播种面积都在6万hm2以上,产量占全国的1/4.在种植结构调整中,蓖麻仍占有重要地位.长期以来在品种、生产条件、栽培技术等方面都有了很大改进,但还没有完全摆脱习惯生产意识和传统种植方式,耕作粗放,广种薄收,平均单产只有2010kg/hm2.我国加入WTO以后,蓖麻油及其系列产品销售渠道增多,国内、国际市场前景广阔,推动了蓖麻产业化的发展.为了稳定蓖麻基地建设,提高栽培管理水平,增加农民收入,我们以多年蓖麻栽培试验结果为依据,总结出"通辽地区蓖麻综合高产栽培技术",为蓖麻生产提供技术指导.     

蓖麻RAPD-PCR反应体系的正交优化

以东北蓖麻为材料建立蓖麻RAPD反应优化体系,用于蓖麻遗传多样性分析.用CTAB提取蓖麻基因组DNA,采用正交试验对影响蓖麻RAPD-PCR扩增的反应组分浓度进行优化.结果表明最佳的蓖麻RAPD-PCR反应体系(25μ1)中含10xbuffer 2.5μ1,模板DNA 4ng/μ1,dNTP 0.4mmol/L,引物0.321μmol/L及Taq酶0.1U/μ1.扩增程序为94℃预变性2min;94℃变性30s,35℃退火30s,72℃延伸1min20s;40个循环;72℃延伸5min.通过正交体系优化,获得了较优的蓖麻凡RAPD-PCR反应体系,为蓖麻RAPD分子标记提供了理论基础.     

Uniparental inheritance of purple leaf and the associated resistance to leafminer in castor bean

Leafminer ( Liriomyza trifolii Burgess), Diptera Agromyzidae, is one of the insect pests that causes economic damage to castor bean ( Ricinus communis L.) foliage. Green leaf type is a common phenotype in castor bean and highly susceptible to leafminer. The rare purple leaf type germplasm accessions showed stable resistance to leafminer. Studies were carried out to understand the inheritance of purple leaf and the associated leafminer resistance. Direct and reciprocal crosses were made between a purple leaf parent RG1930 and a green leaf parent RG2788. RG1930 is resistant to leafminer while RG2788 is susceptible. Reciprocal differences were noted in segregation pattern of purple leaf colour as well as resistance to leafminer. Purple leaf phenotype was obtained only in purple × green (RG1930 × RG2788) cross where the female parent was a purple leaf phenotype. The reciprocal cross green × purple (RG2788 × RG1930) produced only the green leaf phenotype. Uniparental inheritance was observed for purple leaf phenotype and resistance to leafminer in F₁, F₂, F₃ and backcross generations. Progenies with a dark purple leaf were resistant to leafminer while those with a green leaf were susceptible. Visual association between a purple leaf and resistance to leafminer and their uniparental inheritance were clearly established. The role of heritable epigenetic effects are discussed in expression of purple pigment in offspring.     

关于当前我国开发蓖麻生产问题的探讨

蓖麻在我国已有1400多年种植历史,也是我国十大油料作物之一,被誉为特种油料作物。其特点是耐干旱、抗逆性强、适应性广,对土壤及栽培条件要求不高,即使在沙质土壤及瘠薄地上种植也能正常生长,栽培管理简便,生产成本低,收益快。在我国辽阔的土地上,从东到西、由南到北均可种植。近年来,随着我国农业产业结构的调整,抗旱节水农业技术的应用推广,蓖麻已成为我国旱薄地区的优势作物,种植面积不断扩大。生产上对蓖麻优良品种的要求越来越迫切。目前我国蓖麻生产上应用的大部分品种品质差、单产低、杂种分离现象严重、稳定性差,严重的影响了农民…     

黑甜糯玉米新品种晶糯818

1品种特性晶糯818系将甜质基因导入黑糯玉米种质,经系统选配培育的黑色甜糯玉米杂交种,经过多年的试种比较,结果表明:该品系品质优、产量高,综合评价优于苏玉糯1号。品质优该品系既甜又糯,口感独特,既具有甜玉米的风味,又具有糯玉米的品质;综合各项品质指标优于苏玉糯1号;籽粒富含人体必需元素—硒。产量高穗长18～19cm,穗粗4.6cm,平均单穗重为220g,667m2产800kg以上,比对照(苏玉糯1号)增产30%。2栽培要点播种前的准备选择排灌方便土壤疏松的田块,周围300m以内不得种植其它玉米。土地要冬耕冻垡,结合耕作,667m2施100kg复合肥。播种南京地区…     

蓖麻主要数量性状相关性的通径分析

根据25个蓖麻杂交种15个主要数量性状的测定结果，应用逐个选入显著自变数的逐步回归方法，得到包括门桩穗长、一级分柱粒重、单株粒数在内的最优多元线性回归方程，再对入选的3个主要性状进行通径分析。结果表明，要提高蓖麻单株产量，首先要从提高一级分枝粒重着手，其次是从提高单株粒数着手，再次是使门桩穗长适当。     

Isolation and characterization of 28 polymorphic SSR loci from castor bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ricinus communis</Emphasis> L.)

Castor bean (Ricinus communis) is cultivated for seed oil throughout tropical and subtropical regions but the understanding of its genetic variability is limited. Because applicable microsatellite markers are not sufficient, we isolated and characterized polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci acquired from a microsatellite-enriched genomic DNA library of castor bean. Finally, 28 SSR loci revealed polymorphisms in a castor bean collection consisting of 72 accessions. A total of 73 alleles were detected, with an average of 3.18 alleles per locus, and the polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.03 to 0.47 (mean = 0.26). Values for observed (H_O) and expected (H_E) heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 0.19 (mean = 0.11) and from 0.04 to 0.54 (mean = 0.31), respectively. To understand genetic relationships within the castor bean collection, a dendrogram was constructed based on profiles of the 28 SSR loci. These newly developed SSRs will be useful tools for assessing genetic diversity and population structure in castor bean.     

以色列蓖麻品种引种鉴定试验报告

为了鉴定和筛选适于滨州地区夏季播种的优良蓖麻品种进行产业结构调整,采取3次重复、随机排列的方法,进行了品种比较试验。试验表明,从以色列引进的4个蓖麻品种综合性状优良,均适宜无霜期在120d以上的滨州地区种植,其中,C-1012和C-856与对照品种淄蓖9号相比产量相当,早熟优势明显,适合夏播与小麦轮作进行种植结构调整,建议加大密度引种推广。     

海滨盐土接种不同比例AM真菌和解磷真菌对蓖麻磷吸收和根际土壤酶活性的影响

为了探索复合接种微生物对海滨盐土改良以及促进生长植物的作用机理,本研究利用盆栽试验考察在海滨盐土中接种不同比例的AM真菌和毛霉菌(Mortierella sp.)对蓖麻生长、叶绿素含量、磷吸收和土壤速效磷含量、pH值、土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明：AM真菌和毛霉菌混合接种可显著降低土壤pH值,增加土壤速效磷含量,提高土壤脲酶、转化酶、中性和酸性磷酸酶活性,同时提高了叶片叶绿素含量并增加了蓖麻对磷营养的吸收,在盐胁迫下有效促进了蓖麻幼苗生长。温室条件下在海滨盐土中接种AM真菌和毛霉菌促进蓖麻生长最有效的混合比例是28.56:(11.5×105)（AM真菌孢子数:毛霉菌落数）。本研究结果证明了适当比例的AM真菌与解磷真菌具有提高海滨盐土质量并促进蓖麻生长的潜力。     

Development of crop coefficient models of castor and maize crops

Castor and maize are the most commonly cultivated crops in the Rajendranagar region of Andhra Pradesh, India. The study aims to develop a crop coefficient (K_c) models for these crops, using Lysimeter measured daily crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) data and daily reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) computed using FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (PM) method. K_c values obtained using relationship K_c = ET_c/ET₀, crop coefficient curves were derived as a function of days after sowing and polynomial model was fitted. The performances of the models were tested using performance indicators. The models performed well for both the crops. These models can, therefore, be used for estimating K_c values of castor and maize crops for any day after sowing in the study region.     

Selection for non-branching in castor, Ricinus communis L.

A 5-year selection programme was conducted to obtain an unbranched type of castor plant suitable for efficient mechanical harvesting. Each population (S_n) consisted of several progenies obtained from the selfed main raceme of unbranched plants selected in the previous generation (S_n-1). After self-fertilization of all individuals, selection was conducted in the autumn, at the end of the cycle, so as to have fully developed plants. Unbranched plants were counted in each generation. Comparisons between populations showed significant differences owing to increased recovery of the selected phenotype over the generations. The final population could be useful as a source for the development of improved cultivars in future breeding programmes.     

Breeding the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for resistance to bean common mosaic virus: alternatives to backcrossing

A series of field experiments was undertaken in order to determine whether resistance to bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) could be incorporated into genotypes of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) suitable for cultivation in Zimbabwe without recourse to backcrossing. Six inbred genotypes carrying the resistance-conferring alleles at the loci I and Bc-3 were crossed with five locally-adapted inbred genotypes. The first experiment comprised F₃ progeny rows, each derived from a single unselected F₂ plant, the second, F₃ bulks selected for resistance, and the third, a comparison of selected and unselected F₂-derived F₄ lines. The number of days to flowering and to maturity, the incidence of mosaic and necrosis symptoms, seed yield and seed size were recorded. There was evidence that late flowering and maturity were associated with BCMV resistance in some crosses, though not strongly enough to present an obstacle to plant breeding. The incidence of virus symptoms and seed yield were influenced by genetic factors additional to the major resistance genes, and variation in seed yield was present not only between bulk populations of crosses, but also between single-row plots of lines within crosses. This indicates that early-generation selection for yield in the presence of BCMV, even among progeny selected for BCMV-resistace, is likely to be effective. However, the variation in yield among F₄ lines was least in the highest-yielding crosses, which may represent a limit to successful selection for yield. Seed size was partly under additive genetic control, but there was also evidence of non-allelic interactions. There was no association between large seed size, preferred by consumers, and susceptibility to BCMV in the progeny, indicating that the association between these characters in the parent lines is fortuitous and will not present an obstacle to plant breeding. It is noted that a considerable amount of useful genetic information can be obtained without recourse to elaborate crossing schemes, provided that unselected progeny are included in experiments as controls. The evidence presented indicates that resistance to BCMV can be combined with appropriate values of maturity date, yield and seed size without the need for backcrossing.