北京地区鲜食玉米种植技术简介

正鲜食玉米是指具有甜、糯品质和独特风味的一类专用鲜嫩玉米,在乳熟末期或蜡熟初期进行采收。与普通籽粒玉米相比,鲜食玉米具有甜、糯、嫩、香等特点。鲜食玉米根据食用特点划分为甜玉米和糯玉米。高品质甜玉米色泽光鲜靓丽,口感甜爽脆嫩,皮薄且无渣,可生食。糯玉米口     

甜玉米子粒果皮厚度变化规律的研究

针对我国目前甜玉米育种的问题—果皮厚、柔嫩度差，本试验以超甜玉米、普甜玉米和普通玉米等3种不同基因型的7个玉米自交系、4个杂交种作研究材料，在摸索甜玉米果皮厚度测定方法的基础上，对甜玉米果皮厚度的变化规律作了较系统的研究。结果表明，在甜玉米子粒发育过程中，果皮厚度呈抛物线状动态变化。即授粉后随着子粒发育果皮逐渐变厚，到乳熟后期或蜡熟期达最大值，然后随子粒脱水，果皮细胞排列紧密而变薄。     

超甜玉米果皮柔嫩度与成分含量动态变化及相互关系

以10份生育期一致、果皮柔嫩度存在梯度差异的超甜玉米自交系为材料,探讨果皮柔嫩度和果皮主要成分在籽粒发育过程中的动态变化及其相互关系。结果表明,在湖北武汉和海南陵水2种不同环境下,果皮柔嫩度好、中、差的3份自交系PE10、T105、S33205在授粉后第12~24天内,果皮柔嫩度值（打孔读数）均呈由小到大的曲线变化,且各测定时间点的柔嫩度均值均为S33205>T105>PE10;环境条件影响果皮柔嫩度变化速率。在2种环境下的测定时间段内,3份自交系果皮半纤维素含量均逐渐增大,木质素含量呈现单峰曲线变化,而纤维素含量始终在24%上下波动,果胶与灰分含量变化不大,且没有明显的规律,主要成分含量均值始终为半纤维素>纤维素>木质素。无论是在籽粒发育过程中,还是在最适采收期,果皮半纤维素和木质素含量均与果皮柔嫩度呈极显著正相关,是影响果皮柔嫩度的化学成分因子。     

甜糯型鲜食玉米品种新糯玉15号选育及栽培技术

新糯玉15号是以自选白糯玉米自交系F 304(wxwx)为母本、自选白甜糯玉米自交系Z白5(sh₂sh₂wxwx)为父本，杂交组配育成的新型甜糯型玉米单交种，该品种果穗美观，粘中带甜，果皮较薄，口感好、风味佳。本文介绍了甜糯型鲜食玉米特点和新疆鲜食玉米应用现状，及新糯玉15号的选育过程、特征特性、产量表现和栽培技术要点。     

超甜玉米果皮结构与籽粒柔嫩性的关系

为探讨果皮结构与籽粒柔嫩性的关系，研究了T4、T5、T19、T38和T39等5个超甜玉米(Z. mays subsp. mays)自交系籽粒不同发育时期的解剖结构。结果表明甜玉米果皮由多层细胞构成，最外层细胞排列紧密，细胞壁角质化。食用品质口感良好的T38和T39自交系具有果皮薄、细胞层数少、果皮细胞壁纤维化和木质化程度低等特征；T4和T5具有果皮厚、构成果皮的细胞层数多和果皮细胞壁纤维化和木质化程度高等特点，口感较差；T19果皮细胞密度大，细胞纤维化和木质化程度极高，在这5个自交系中口感最差。     

彩色甜加糯玉米新品种晶彩花糯5号的选育

以甜糯玉米自交系765-4为母本、紫糯玉米自交系SN-10为父本配制而成的彩色甜加糯玉米新品种—‘晶彩花糯5号’,于2012－2013年参加福建省鲜食玉米区试、2014年参加生产试验,比对照增产9.01－13.71%,达极显著水平;品质评分84.88分,与对照相当;抗病、抗倒性强,于2015年6月通过福建省审定,是符合当前鲜食玉米市场需求的优良新品种。     

鲜食玉米的栽培技术

鲜食玉米要求糯性好、果皮薄、口感细腻,商品性状好、果穗中等,适合蒸煮和速冻加工.目前市场上销售的鲜食玉米有糯玉米、甜玉米、黑玉米、彩色玉米及普通玉米等,商品性状不一,造成鲜食玉米价格参差不齐,生产效益差别较大.而增加鲜食玉米的收益,必须选用对路的优良品种和适宜的栽培技术.     

"都市丽人"加甜糯鲜食专用玉米杂交种的选育

为解决糯玉米不甜,甜玉米不糯的缺陷,培育出在同一玉米果穗上的子粒中既有糯质的,也有甜质的,糯、甜子粒随机相间排列的优质鲜食玉米,根据谢孝颐(1990)提出的选育糯甜玉米的方法,我们利用在糯玉米中出现的糯质甜玉米基因突变体材料,选育出了加甜糯鲜食玉米品种"都市丽人"(原名加甜美玉(糯)1号).该鲜食玉米组合的母本糯质,父本甜质(糯超甜) ,杂交种表现为纯白糯质.F1植株果穗上3/4的子粒是糯粒 ,1/4是甜粒.为了区别现有的糯玉米和甜玉米,我们把这种在同一个果穗上既有糯粒又有甜粒的玉米称之为加甜糯玉米.     

做好鲜食玉米试验的几项关键技术

鲜食玉米是指以收获青嫩玉米果穗当水果食用或经烹饪、蒸煮食用的一类玉米,或者说是指在未完全成熟时采摘作为食物的一类玉米,主要是甜玉米和糯玉米。鲜食玉米具有独特的口感、丰富的营养及一定的防病保健效果,其特有的色、香、味倍受人们青睐。     

双色鲜食玉米甜糯8010选育和应用

正甜糯8010是甘肃省张掖市农科院选育的双色、鲜食甜加糯玉米杂交种。2010年通过甘肃省农作物品种审定委员会审定。1品种来源及选育过程甜糯8010是甘肃省张掖市农科院以自育糯玉米自交系N19为母本,以引进改良的甜玉米自交系T27为父本杂交选育而成的双色、鲜食甜加糯玉米杂交种。2005年试配组合,2006年进行种植鉴定,2007年进行品种比较试验,2008~2009年参加甘肃省区试。2010年通过甘肃省     

Variation in sweet corn kernel characteristics associated with stand establishment and eating quality

Summary A better understanding of the relationships between kernel characteristics associated with eating quality and stand establishment could be helpful in selection of superior genotypes by the sweet corn industry. A set of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) inbred lines with different endosperm mutations (su1, su1 se1 and sh2) were evaluated for field emergence and seedling growth rate at two locations over two years. Kernel characteristics associated with eating quality (kernel moisture concentration, kernel tenderness, sugars, phytoglycogen and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) concentrations were determined for the same inbreds by laboratory analysis from ears harvested at 18 and 22 days after pollination (DAP). Amounts of sugars, phytoglycogen and starch were also measured in mature dry kernel samples of the same inbreds. Extensive genetic variability was found among endosperm mutations and among genetic backgrounds within the different endosperm groups for most of the characteristics under study. Most of the kernel attributes associated with eating quality were uncorrelated indicating that selection to improve specific eating quality characteristics can be conducted simultaneously. A negative correlation between field emergence and sugar concentrations in immature kernels suggests that in breeding programs designed to develop germplasm with improved germination and stand establishment, concurrent attention must be given to the fresh quality of the harvested product. This information is of value to breeders and commercial growers for selection of sh2 and su1 se1 lines with superior field emergence and eating quality.Abbreviations (DAP) days after pollination - (DMS) dimethyl sulfide     

QTL analysis for eating quality-related traits in an F2:3 population derived from waxy corn × sweet corn cross

In order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the eating quality of waxy corn and sweet corn (Zea mays L.), QTL analysis was conducted on an F₂ population derived from a cross between a waxy corn inbred line and a sweet corn inbred line. Ten QTLs for pericarp thickness (PER), amylose content (AMY), dextrose content (DEX) and sucrose content (SUC) were found in the 158 F₂ families. Among them, four QTLs, qAMY4 (10.43%), qAMY9 (19.33%), qDEX4 (21.31%) and qSUC4 (30.71%), may be considered as major QTLs. Three of these, qAMY4, qDEX4 and qSUC4, were found to be located within a region flanked by two adjacent SSR markers on chromosome 4 (umc1088 and bnlg1265), making this SSR marker pair a useful selection tool for screening the eating quality traits of AMY, DEX and SUC. The QTL for amylose content was found to be located between markers phi027 and umc1634, raising the possibility of its identity being the Wx1 gene, which encodes a granule-bound amylose synthase. The new QTLs identified by the present study could serve as useful molecular markers for selecting important eating quality traits in subsequent waxy corn breeding studies.     

消费者在甜玉米种质食味品质鉴评中的偏好性初探

甜玉米的蒸煮品质品尝鉴评是评价食味品质的重要环节。了解普通消费者评价甜玉米食味品质的标准及偏好性可以使育种家在改良甜玉米品质和培育优质品种时更有针对性。以17份甜玉米种质为试验材料，在专业鉴评的基础上，请95名普通消费者进行了品尝鉴评，并对获得的评价数据进行调查。普通消费者的评价结果总体上和专业鉴评结果相一致；与好吃程度相关性最高的是风味和甜度，相关系数均在0.950以上；女性普通消费者中果皮厚度与好吃程度的相关系数高达0.930以上，显著高于男性的0.892，而女性消费者中好吃程度与光泽度的相关系数则只有0.501，明显低于男性的0.666。上述结果表明，与普通消费者整体喜好度相关性最高的是风味和甜度；女性消费者对果皮厚度的重视程度高于男性，而男性消费者对光泽度的重视程度高于女性。这些初步调查结果可为育种家们开展更有针对性的甜玉米食味品质改良提供参考依据。     

双隐性甜糯玉米的主要农艺及品质性状

利用糯玉米(wxwx)分别与普甜玉米(su1su1)和超甜玉米(sh2sh2)杂交,在F1代的果穗上分离出纯合双隐性甜糯玉米(su1su1wxwx或sh2sh2wxwx),再同时种植双隐性甜糯玉米及亲本普甜玉米、超甜玉米和糯玉米,观测了一系列农艺性状,并分析了甜糯双隐性基因的互作效应.主要结果如下:(1)双隐性甜糯玉米的三叶期出现最迟,株高较高.(2)大部分     

Variation of sugary1 and shrunken2 gene frequency in different maize genetic backgrounds

Genotypes affect the survival of mutant genes in segregating populations. This study elucidates the effect of different maize genetic backgrounds on variation in gene frequency in sweet corn, sugary1 (su1) and sugary enhancer1 (se1), and supersweet corn, shrunken2 (sh2). Four sweet corn inbred lines and a supersweet synthetic were crossed to six field corn inbreds from diverse heterotic groups. The crosses were self‐pollinated and the F₂ population was recombined twice. Gene frequencies were calculated from grain frequencies. Variation of su1 frequency differed significantly from random drift and a significant linear reduction was observed for half of the su1su1Se1Se1Sh2Sh2 × Su1Su1Se1Se1Sh2Sh2 crosses. The su1 and sh2 frequencies suffered a significant linear reduction for most su1su1se1se1Sh2Sh2 × Su1Su1Se1Se1Sh2Sh2 and Su1Su1Se1Se1sh2sh2 × Su1Su1Se1Se1Sh2Sh2 crosses, respectively. Also, the residual sums of squares, due to deviations from the linear trend, were significant for some crosses due to frequency‐dependent selection and genotypic interactions. Viability of su1 and sh2 depended on the specific sweet × field corn genotype combination but was not related to field corn heterotic groups. The se1 gene could have a detrimental effect on su1 viability.     

140份甜玉米自交系耐铝性鉴定

以华南农业大学选育的140份甜玉米自交系为材料,利用0.4 mmol·L-1的AlCl 3溶液处理玉米幼苗,测定其相对根长、相对叶绿素含量、相对株高、相对鲜重和相对干重等值并汇总排序,进行耐铝性鉴定分析评价。结果表明,系统聚类分析将140份甜玉米自交系分为4个类群,类群Ⅲ中自交系平均耐铝水平较高。分析140个甜玉米自交系的各项指标相对值和总值,大部分甜玉米自交系的总比值小于5,对铝胁迫较为敏感,小部分自交系的总比值大于5,对铝胁迫有较强的耐性。其中,五项比值总和最大的10份自交系为K 117、K 77、K 83、K 56、K 91、K 99、K 138、K 86、K 92、K 94,说明这10份自交系对铝毒有较强的抗性,可为后续耐铝自交系的选育提供材料,丰富耐铝毒的玉米种质。     

超甜玉米自交系主要农艺性状及鲜穗产量的主成分分析

为了研究影响超甜玉米鲜穗产量和主要农艺性状间的主次关系，应用多元统计方法，以30个超甜玉米自交系为试验材料，对株高、穗位高、叶片数、茎粗、秃尖长、穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、百粒重、出籽率、鲜穗产量等12个性状进行主成分分析。分析结果表明，前7个主成分的累计贡献率大于85%，说明前7个主成分就可以基本表达原12个性状所代表的遗传特征。前7个主成分主要包括产量因子、穗行数因子、穗粗因子、粒重因子、株高因子、茎粗因子和秃尖长因子，这些因子大致代表了供试自交系的综合指标，为超甜玉米自交系的性状综合选择提供了依据。