Design and FPGA Implementation of animproved structure of digital matched filter

An improved structure of digital matched filter(DMF)is presented. Two same pseudorandom spread spectrum sequences with the length of N are used to spread the same baseband symbol at the transmitter, which is equal to spread the baseband symbol with a spread spectrum sequence with the length of 2N. At the receiver, only a spread spectrum sequence with the length of N is needed to de spread the data, and then cumulates the two correlation peaks and exports to the output. The detection probability(Pd)and the false alarm probability(Pf)are analyzed and simulated. The improved structure of DMF is implemented based on the recursive and folded principle. Experimental results show that, for the same spread gain, the improved structure has the same Pd and Pf as the basic DMF, while saves the hardware resources greatly compared with the recursive and folded structure.     

Effect on Safety Factors in Different Definitions Based on Strength Margin

There are two kinds of definitions for safety factors based on strength parameters of c tan(Definition 1) and geotechnical parameters of a, k(Definition 2) in limit equilibrium analysis with dual safety factors. The influence of different definitions on the calculation of slope safety factors is analyzed with strength dual reduction finite element method(FEM). It is shown that the safety factors are different in two kinds of definitions while the reduction rates of strength parameters(c tan) and geotechnical parameters(a, k) are in same proportion. The different D P yield criteria are related to the parameters of a and k. If circumcircle D P yield criterion is adapted, the safety factors with Definition 1 are approximate to the ones with Definition 2 on all kinds of soil slope. And if D P yield criteria of the plane strain matching and criteria of homalographic circle are adapted, the safety factors are slightly lower with Definition 2 than those with Definition 1 for clay slope and much lower for landslide zone or slip with rough broken stone     

Objective evaluation methods of automobile riding comfort

There is much difference between GB4970 1996 Method of random input running test Automotive ride comfort and international evaluation methods, and the characters of automobile riding comfort is not discussed in detail. The measurement and evaluation methods are discussed. The ten axis vibrations exposed to human body in automobile are measured throughout road testing, and then the characteristic of automobile riding comfort is analyzed. An objective measurement and evaluation method of automobile riding comfort are presented. The results show that the difference generated by frequency weighting factors ωk and ωb is very little. The crest factor of vibration in automobiles is about 4~8 by time domain analysis. The percentage of each axis vibration is calculated, the results show that vertical vibration (z axis) at seat surface, horizontal vibration (x axis) at backrest and pitch vibration (rx axis) at seat surface are most important for comfort. The evaluation method in GB4970 1996 underestimates the vibration expose on the human body about 3 dB, which should be revised. Based on the results, a simple and convenient method for measuring vibration on automobiles is presented.     

Parameters Restricting the Coefficient of Performance of Centrifugal Refrigerating Units

We used the variance analysis method to analyze the effects of the proportion of the actual operated load, the pulse on degree of guide baffles, the temperature of cold water of the outlet, and outdoor relative humidity on the coefficient of performance (COP) of centrifugal refrigerating units. When the confidence level is set as 95% and 99%, respectively, the results of single factor variance analysis of the above four parameters show that the test statisticF of the pulse on degree of guide baffles is higher than its critical value F0.01 (r-1,n-r), which establishes that its influence on the COP is quite remarkable. The test statistic F of the proportion of the actual operated load and the outlet temperature of cold water are higher than their own critical value F0.05 (r-1,n-r), which shows that their influence on the COP is remarkable. The test statistic F of outdoor relative humidity is lower than its critical value F0.05 (r-1,n-r), which demonstrates that its influence on the COP is unremarkable. The results of the two factor variance analysis of the cold water outlet temperature and outdoor relative humidity show that the test statistic F of their interaction is higher than its critical value F0.01 (r-1,n-r), which indicates that influence of their interaction on the COP is very remarkable. The actual COP value of centrifugal refrigerating units can increase by 6.885% in average on the condition of the invariable refrigerating capacity after adjustment according to the analytical results.     

Effects of nitrite on the growth and competition of Microcystis aeruginosa and Scendesmus quadricauda

Not only population densities of phytoplankton but also its community structure can be influenced by nitrite concentration.To investigate this effect,the growth and competition of Microcystis aeruginosa and Scendesmus quadricauda under different nitrite concentrations are studied by using batch cultures,and the competition relation is analyzed by the competition parameters.The results indicate that there is competition between M.aeruginosa and S.quadricauda in present experiment conditions,and S.quadricauda is dominant in competition.Meanwhile,the increase of nitrite concentration can strengthen S.quadricauda dominance,because under high nitrite concentration (20 mg/L,30 mg/L),M.aeruginosa is more damaged and the allelopathy between M.aeruginosa and S.quadricauda is intenser.     

Experimental Analysis on the Deformation of Sandstone underPore Pressure and Constant Time

In order to discuss the deformation characteristics of rock mass under different water levels changing between 145 and 175 meter in the Three Gorges reservoir area, an experiment was carried out for the studying sandstone deformation under the conditions of three different axial stresses(σ1=55.54,34.18,12.82 MPa), two cyclic pore pressures(Pmin=2 MPa,Pmax=6 MPa) and two kinds of constant time(the upper limit time and the lower limit time(ΔT=120,240 s).With ε1-T curves and p-T curves, as well as p-ε1  hysteresis curves, it was found that the curves were continuous sine wave-shaped curves.At first, the strain decreased with loading pore pressure.And then, it decreased to valley value with pore pressure at stable upper limit.Next, it increased with unloading pore pressure and increased to peak value with pore pressure at stable lower limit.The p-ε1  hysteresis curves of the sandstone had two typical stages.And one was caused by the closure of some primary pores and crack under increasing compaction, in which the strain did not form obviously hysteresis curves, and the other was pore pressure coupling stage which showed obvious hysteresis curve in form of the anti-clockwise from the dispersed to the dense.In addition, Δε-n curves in four sections (loading, unloading, steady upper limit, steady lower limit) of p-ε1 curves were compared and respectively ananlyzed in the condition of various axial stress and different constant time .     

Numerical simulation of solid liquid flow of Yangtze River water in a semi annulus reentry tube

The flow of Yangtze River water in a semi annulus reentry tube was numerically simulated using a Eulerian Two phase Flow Model and computational fluid dynamics. The results show that, for Reynolds number Re=28×104, silt particles with representative diameter ds=0030 3 mm are separated in reentry tubes of all curvature (R/r) sizes, while silt particles with ds=0010 2 mm separate only slightly. Silt particles with ds=0108 5 mm, which posses a strong separation effect, are separated relatively less in reentry tubes of R/r=10~40 than in tubes with other R/r sizes.     

The Mechanism and Kinetics of Parathion Degradation under High Frequency Ultrasonic Irradiation

The mechanism and kinetics of parathion degradation was investigated under high frequency ultrasonic irradiation in aqueous solution. The pseudo first order kinetic model and the response surface methodology (RSM) were proposed to evaluate the effect of ultrasonic frequency, power and initial concentration on sonochemical degradation of parathion. With the response surface experiments and quadratic fitting model, it was clearly indicated that the quadratic model was significant (P=0.000 2) and the lace of fit was not significant (P=0.113 6). The R2 of the model was 0.973 3. Ultrasonic power, initial concentration and the square of ultrasonic frequency were significant items for the model. And it was also indicated that there was an optimal frequency for parathion degradation with the operating conditions and the degradation rate of parathion was found to decrease with increase of initial concentration and decrease of power.     

Adaptive window smoothing method for 4f system imagesin wavelet domain

Due to the features of limited frequency band and existing noise for the output images of the conventional 4f information optics system, it is required to protect the image detail regions much better when restoring the images. Based on the classic AWM method, an adaptive window smoothing method which can adaptively adjust the shape of the smoothing window in wavelet domain is proposed to remove the random noise in the system output images. The method utilizes the direction of the high pass sub images decomposed by wavelets to determine the direction of the smoothing window, and adjusts the size of the smoothing window based on the advantage of energy concentration characteristics of sub images in wavelet domain to adjust the shape of the window adaptively. The output image of the 4f system is smoothed with the adjusted windows. The theoretical analysis and experiments show that the method can de noise the image in visual sensation and protect the image detail well, while PSNR is improved about 2 dB. It is suitable for the cases which require a certain image precision and has low pass characters, such as the 4f optic system.     

四倍体小麦与六倍体小麦杂种的染色体遗传特性

四倍体栽培小麦(Triticum turgidum L., AABB)和普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L., AABBDD)是两种目前主要的小麦栽培种。通过远缘杂交转移利用四倍体小麦(或六倍体小麦)基因是六倍体小麦(或四倍体小麦)遗传改良的重要方法。然而,两者杂种F1为基因组组成不平衡的五倍体,其中A和B基因组染色体均为两套,而D基因组染色体仅一套。亲本间的遗传差异,包括核基因组和细胞质基因组,可能影响五倍体杂种的染色体传递效率。本研究以多个不同遗传背景的四倍体小麦和六倍体小麦为亲本,配置正反交五倍体杂种F1,采用多色荧光原位杂交技术分析自交F2代植株的染色体组成规律。结果表明,杂交亲本的遗传背景对杂种F1自交结实率影响显著;不论是以四倍体小麦还是六倍体小麦做母本, AB基因组染色体在F1自交过程中相对稳定, F2后代的数目均接近28条(27.9 vs. 28.0);以四倍体小麦为母本F2平均保留的D基因组染色体数显著多于以六倍体小麦为母本的后代(7.0 vs. 2.9)。因此,以四倍体小麦为最终目标后代时,应优先以六倍体小麦为母本进行杂交组合的配置;以六倍体小麦为最终目标后代时,应优先以四倍体小麦为母本开始最初的杂交组合配置。     

Genomic constitution of a partial amphiploid OK7211542 used as a source of immunity to barley yellow dwarf virus for bread wheat

A combination of genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and meiotic pairing analysis of crosses between a series of 2n= 56 partial amphiploids confirmed that the alien genome of the BYDV-immune Agro-tricum line OK7211542 is derived from Thinopyrum ponticum and not from Thinopyrum intermedium. The evidence from meiotic pairing analysis indicated that the chromosome constitution of OK7211542 is similar to another Agrotricum line, ORRPX, which was derived from a cross of wheat and Th. ponticum, but different from other Agrotricum lines, Zhong 5 and TAF 46 which were derived from the crosses between wheat and Th. intermedium. The GISH analysis confirmed that OK7211542 contained one complete set of 14 Th. ponticum chromosomes, in which no S chromosome was present in the alien genome. GISH also detected a small alien translocation attached to one of the wheat chromosomes, a result that was consistent with the pairing data.     

Identification of the spontaneous 7BS/7RL intergenomic translocation in one F1 multigeneric hybrid from the Triticeae tribe

The F1 AABBRH^ch hybrids studied here were produced by crosses between the Portuguese triticale cultivar 'Douro' (AABBRR) and the tritordeum line HT9 (AABBH^chH^ch). Fluorescent in situ hybridization performed with genomic DNA probes genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) from rye and Hordeum chilense allowed the unequivocal parental genomes discrimination in all hybrids. Among 55 plants, one presented a spontaneous wheat–rye translocation which was successfully detected after GISH. Recombinant chromosomes identification was made after reprobe with pTa71 and pSc119.2. Nine rDNA loci were detected by pTa71 and pSc119.2 identified the chromosome arms involved in the translocation, after comparing the observed hybridization patterns with those described by several authors. We identified the spontaneous wheat–rye translocation as being the 7BS/7RL. Many wheat–rye translocations have been found (e.g. 1BL.1RS and 1AL.1RS), but as far as we know, this is the first time that this translocation is reported. We considered it helpful for wheat breeding programmes as it could provide the transference of interesting agronomic characteristics from rye (e.g. leaf rust resistance) to wheat.     

Fluorescent in situ hybridization — a useful aid to the introduction of alien genetic variation into wheat

Summary Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of DNA to plant chromosomes has proved to be a powerful cytogenetic tool. The value of fluorescent in situ hybridization of total genomic DNA (GISH) of related species is demonstrated in the determination of wheat/alien chromosome pairing in hybrids. Its use for assessing the relative merits of the various genes that affect chromosome pairing is also shown.The ability of GISH to identify the presence in wheat of whole alien chromosomes or alien chromosome segments is illustrated. The potential of FISH for detecting repeated DNA sequences, low copy sequences and single copy genes is discussed.Abbreviations FISH fluorescent in situ hybridization - GISH genomic in situ hybridization - PRINS primer-induced in situ hybridization     

Identification for H. villosa chromatin in wheat lines using genomic in situ hybridization, C-banding and gliadin electrophoresis techniques

Detection of H. villosa chromosomes in telosomic addition and translocation lines of common wheat was undertaken using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), C-banding techniques and polyacrylamide gels electrophoresis. The result of GISH on mitotic metaphase cells of the addition line `95039' indicated that the added telochromosomes originated from H. villosa, and it was probably 6VS or 7Vs of H. villosa according to the C-banding pattern. Furthermore, the analysis of gliadin profiles demonstrated that the telochromosome was 6VS. A pair of 1RS/1BL translocation chromosome was also found in `95039'. In addition, mitotic GISH analysis showed that the 6VS/6AL translocation chromosome remained unchanged after being transferred into new wheat background. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Identifying the alien chromosomes in wheat – Leymus multicaulis derivatives using GISH and RFLP techniques

Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to identify the Leymus multicaulis (XXNN, 2n = 28) chromosomes in wheat-L. muliticaulis derivatives. Fifteen lines containing L. multicaulis alien chromosomes or chromosomal fragments were identified. All alien chromosomes or fragments in these 15 lines were from the X genome and none were from the N genome. Eleven L. multicaulis disomic addition lines and four translocation-addition lines were identified with chromosome rearrangements among homoeologous groups 2, 3, 6 and 7. Only homoeologous group 1 lacked rearrangements in addition or translocation chromosomes. The results revealed that translocation in non-homoeologous chromosomes widely exists in the Triticeae and therefore it is necessary to identify the alien chromosomes (segments) in a wheat background using these combined techniques. During the course of the work, probe PSR112, was found to detect X genome addition lines involving L. multicaulischromosomes. This may prove to be a valuable probe for the identification of alien chromosomes in a wheat background. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Characterization of Triticum aestivum/Psathyrostachys juncea derivatives by genomic in situ hybridization

Using the genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) technique, one translocation line, seven translocation-addition lines, five translocation plus translocation addition lines and two ditelosomic addition lines were identified in backcross progenies of Triticum aestivum L. -Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski intergeneric hybrids. No complete P. juncea chromosomes were detected in the 25 lines studied. The results suggest that intact P. juncea chromosomes may be difficult to isolate in a wheat background. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小麦-黑麦1RS/1BL新易位系的创制和分子细胞遗传学鉴定

利用普通小麦（Triticum aestivum L．）品种小偃6号与黑麦（Secale cereale L．）品种德国白粒杂交，选育出一批带有黑麦抗病性状的小偃6号类型种质材料。应用连续C-分带-基因组原位杂交（sequent C-banding-GISH）技术对上述材料进行染色体组成分析，筛选出2个小麦-黑麦1RS/1BL纯合易位系BC152-1-1和BC01-89-1。其中，BC152-1-1（2n=42）除含有1对1RS/1BL易位染色体外，未见其他染色体变异；BC01-89-1（2n=43）除含有1对1RS/1BL纯合易位染色体外，还附加1条两端缺失的3R染色体。高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）组成分析和品质分析结果表明，BC152-1-1和BC01-89-1不仅含有来自小偃6号的14＋15优质亚基，而且其蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和SDS沉降值等品质性状都得到显著改良。     

基因组原位杂交技术在植物研究中的应用

基因组原位杂交是以亲本之一的总基因组DNA做探针,另一亲本的基因组DNA做封阻,在荧光原位杂交技术的基础上发展起来的一种染色体/染色质检测技术。在其发展的十几年里,已在植物的基因组研究中发挥了重要的作用。应用这一技术可对多倍体中基因组之间的亲缘关系、基因组组成及起源进行研究;对杂交种中染色体组的组成进行分析;对代换系、附加系和易位系进行有效的鉴定,并对其中的外源染色体或染色体片段的来源、大小、数目及发生位点进行检测和定位。此外,利用基因组原位杂交技术还有助于确定物种间的同源性;研究杂交种中来源不同的染色质在核中的分布;探索B染色体的起源、染色体间的配对、重组、交换等现象。随着基因组荧光原位杂交技术体系的不断发展、完善和改进,其应用范围不断拓展,在植物基因组研究领域中发挥了越来越重要的作用。     

普通小麦与Elymus rectisetus异附加系的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

Elymus rectisetus (Nees in Lehm) A. Löve et Connor是目前小麦族中发现的唯一的无融合生殖种,为了鉴定和标记从普通小麦与E. rectisetus BC₂F₂衍生后代中选育的2n=44株系1026A1、1057A1和1035A2的外源染色体,应用细胞学、基因组原位杂交和RAPD方法进行了研究。经细胞学鉴定,3个株系花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ（PMC MⅠ）染色体构型均为2n=22Ⅱ,与普通小麦Fukuhokomugi杂交F₁的PMC MⅠ染色体构型均为2n =21Ⅱ+1Ⅰ,两两杂交F1的PMC MⅠ染色体构型均为2n=21Ⅱ+2Ⅰ,表明它们是分别附加了1对互不相同外源染色体的普通小麦-E. rectisetus二体异附加系。标记E. rectisetus品系1050的基因组DNA为探针DNA,对3个异附加系进行原位杂交,分别鉴定出附加的1对E. rectisetus染色体。应用13个引物对2个亲本和3个异附加系进行RAPD分析,获得了可分别用于检测1026A1和1057A1中所附加的E. rectisetus染色体遗传物质的分子标记OPB-14_900bp、OPE-09_750bp和OPB-14_1000bp。     

Characterization of a partial amphiploid between Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring and Thinopyrum intermedium ssp. trichophorum

A partial amphiploid, TE-3, between Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring (CS) and Thinopyrum intermedium ssp. trichophorum was characterized by cytological observation, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), seed storage protein electrophoresis and disease resistance screening. The TE-3 plants were deeply covered with pubescence, which is characteristic of the Th. intermedium ssp. trichophorum parent. Feulgen staining of the somatic metaphases revealed that the chromosome number varied from 52 to 56. TE-3 pollen mother cells (PMCs) regularly showed two to four univalents and 25 to 27 bivalents, indicating a degree of cytological instability. Giemsa-C banding showed that the Thinopyrum chromosomes in TE-3 produced strong heterochromatin bands. GISH analysis suggested that the alien chromosomes in TE-3 consisted of eight St chromosomes, four J^s chromosomes, and two J genome chromosomes, as well as two St-J translocation chromosomes. Seeds storage proteins separated by acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (APAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulphate – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed that TE-3 expressed some of Th. intermedium ssp. trichophorum specific gliadin and glutenin bands. When inoculated with stripe rust and powdery mildew isolates, TE-3 expressed resistance derived from its Thinopyrum parent. It appears that TE-3 can be used as a donor source in wheat breeding programs to introduce novel variation for quality and disease resistance.