大葱种子人工老化与自然老化的活力变化比较研究

以大葱种子为材料,通过定期测定人工老化(45℃、100%RH)和自然老化(室温贮藏)各项活力和生理生化特性的变化,研究大葱种子衰老过程中的活力变化规律及两种研究方式的差异。结果表明,经人工老化处理的大葱种子,其发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和CAT活性随老化时间的延长而逐渐下降,POD活性随老化时间先下降后上升,种子活力在老化初期下降较快,后期下降较慢,而SOD活性和自由基含量变化不明显。自然老化状态下大葱种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、CAT和POD活性均随自然贮藏时间下降显著,说明种子的活力丧失明显。在发芽率变化一致的情况下,自然老化大葱种子发芽势、发芽指数、CAT活性、POD活性下降明显快于人工老化的种子,人工老化与自然老化的老化规律不完全一致,不能完全替代自然老化。     

甲醇老化处理对棉花种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响

以中棉所42为实验材料,用50％甲醇人工老化处理棉花种子0(ck),30,60 min和90 min,测定其发芽指标(发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数)和生长指标(主根长度和幼苗鲜重)以及相对电导率.结果表明:随着老化程度的加深,发芽指标均呈现下降趋势,各指标在老化处理后与对照相比分别降低6.00％～19.34％、4.00％～24.66％、0.36％～4.49％和5.04％～14.06％.老化过程中,幼苗主根长度和鲜重随着老化时间的延长总体均降低,而相对电导率随老化时间的延长总体逐渐升高.     

甜瓜种子老化对种子活力的影响

采用人工老化处理的方法对当年采收的甜瓜种子进行48h～216h中8个时间段的处理,加对照、1993和1986年种子,经恒温发芽、低温发芽、TTC测定和田间出苗试验,结果显示:甜瓜种子活力随人工和自然老化的时间延长而降低,其中短期处理种子的发芽率,出苗率下降不太明显,而反映发芽速度、幼芽生长状况的相应指标出现变化提前。长期处理的种子上述几种指标均有明显下降。种子活力越低,种子的适应性越差。POD、CAT活性随种子老化程度的加重而降低;MAD含量则随种子的活力降低而升高。认为室内选用发芽率与发芽速率或幼芽生长指标相结合的方法能够较为实际的反映出种子的活力。     

老化湿度和老化时间对狗尾草种子活力指标的影响

以狗尾草种子为材料,研究了老化湿度和老化时间交互效应对其休眠特性种子活力指标的影响,为具休眠特性种子人工加速老化方法筛选提供理论依据.实验设定4个老化湿度(50％、60％、70％、80％)和4个老化时间(3,7,11,15 d),共16个处理.活力指标包括累计萌发率、发芽指数和活力指数.结果表明:适当增加老化湿度和延长老化时间促进种子萌发,可有效解除狗尾草种子休眠.老化7d的种子发芽指数和幼苗活力指数均随老化湿度的增加呈显著性增加,其它处理间交互效应表现为先促进后抑制.老化处理对苗和根的生长总体上呈抑制作用,影响不显著.     

高温高湿老化处理对不同豆类种子活力及生长能力的影响

以大豆、绿豆和红小豆种子为试验材料,采用高温45±1℃、高湿度(95%相对湿度)条件对种子进行老化处理,测定老化后种子的发芽势、活力指数等发芽和活力指标,明确老化处理后不同豆类种子表现的差异性。结果表明:全部豆类品种经高温高湿老化处理,都会表现发芽、活力及生长能力下降,但不同豆类间下降程度存在明显的差异。3个大豆品种经过96h老化后均无发芽能力,而绿豆和红小豆所有品种的发芽率在88%以上,仍然具有种用价值。     

不同棉花品种种子活力对低温和人工老化胁迫的反应差异

为探讨棉花种子活力的品种差异及不同种子活力测定方法对棉子活力结果的影响,以17个棉花主栽品种(系)为材料,用简化的标准发芽、低温发芽和人工老化发芽3种方法测定棉花种子活力,并分析种子物理性状与种子活力的相关性。结果表明:3种活力测定方法下不同品种间种子活力均存在较大差异,各活力指标表现趋势也不一致,低温条件主要抑制种子幼苗的生长势,老化条件则主要抑制种子的发芽率。简化的标准发芽的活力指数与2种逆境发芽下的活力指数间的相关性较低。对3种测定方法的种子活力指标进行聚类分析,筛选出中棉所102、新陆中42、湘杂7号、XG39K5、屯杂6号及皖杂9号等高活力品种。低温和人工老化发芽条件显著降低了种子活力与种子各物理性状间的相关性。种子密度和健子率在不同发芽条件下均与种子活力关系最密切,可作为判断棉花种子活力大小的物理指标。     

人工老化对水稻种子活力的影响试验研究

以水稻品种农大603、农大37为供试材料,采用高温(45±1)℃、高湿(相对湿度95%)密闭人工加速老化的方法进行处理,研究在老化过程中种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数等指标的变化,明确老化处理对种子发芽指标、活力特性等方面的影响。结果表明:短期(12~24 h)的高温高湿处理,可以促进某些水稻品种的活力指标,但是总体上,随着老化时间的延长,两个水稻品种的发芽率和活力指标都有所降低,可以看出不同水稻品种的抗老化能力存在一定的差异。     

两个高粱品种及其三系种子老化过程中发芽及活力的变化

以623×276、7501×283高粱杂交种及其三系亲本种子为材料,采用人工加速老化的方法,研究了种子在老化过程中发芽、种子活力、电导率的变化,结果表明:(1)(54±1)℃高温、高湿(100%相对湿度)密闭处理,时间低于36h,种子的多项发芽指标、种子活力下降不明显。当处理达24h,623×276、623B、283R的多项发芽指标和种子活力比其对照明显升高。处理达36h623A比其对照也明显升高。(2)种子在老化过程中,随老化处理时间的延长种子的电导率并不一定等速率升高,在某处理时间段则下降。(3)从种子的发芽,活力、电导率变化综合分析,两个品种及其三系种子耐老能力存在差异,632×276、623A、623B、283R、7501×283相对较耐老化而其它三系种子抗老化能力较弱。     

不同老化处理时间对棉花种子生理生化的影响

以鲁棉10号棉花种子为实验材料,用LH-80型人工老化箱处理棉花种子0(ck),2,4,6,8d和12d,测定其发芽指标(发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数)和生化指标(SOD、POD和MDA活性)以及相对电导率.结果表明:随着老化程度的加深,发芽指标均呈现下降趋势,与对照相比分别降低7.66％～30.00％、3.34％～28.00％和2.27％～14.82％.老化过程中,SOD和POD活性随着老化时间的延长总体均降低,而MDA活性和相对电导率随老化时间的延长总体逐渐升高.     

烟草种子的老化规律研究

以烟草种子(云烟97)为材料,研究比较老化温度(30,35,38,40℃)和时间(24,36,48,60,72,84,96 h)、100％RH(空气湿度)处理对种子发芽率的影响,筛选确定烟草种子进行人工加速老化测定的适宜条件是40℃老化72h.同时研究了烟草种子老化过程中的种子活力及生理生化特性的变化.结果表明:随着种子老化程度的加深,烟草种子的发芽势,发芽率,发芽指数和活力指数均显著下降,种子内的过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等氧化酶活性呈显著降低趋势,而种子的相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量则呈上升趋势.这些生理生化研究,为烟草种子贮藏和生产实践上活力的保持提供实际参考和理论依据.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.