多普勒雷达产品在2次短时强降水过程中的对比分析

为了提高荆州地区强对流天气的预报预警能力,提升气象服务农业生产水平,利用2015年荆州多普勒雷达资料,对比分析发生于2015年5月15日和2015年6月1日的2次短时强降水过程。结果发现:(1)2次过程的雷达回波最大反射率强度均在50 d Bz以上,并且比较稳定,回波移动过程中均产生了"列车效应";(2)2次过程均出现中尺度辐合,速度图上中尺度辐合区与强回波位置一致;(3)2次过程中的风暴云底高度大部分时间在2~3 km,云顶高度在12 km附近。风暴生成前期均存在明显的VIL跃增和回波顶高跃增现象,VIL跃增量分别为10、20 kg/m2,顶高跃增为3 km和9 km;(4)风暴发展阶段垂直积分液态含水量均比较稳定,分别为40~50 kg/m2和30~40 kg/m2。回波质心高度和最大反射率高度除6月1日出现下沉以外,其余大部时间2次过程回波质心高度均在4~5 km,最大反射率高度在3~6 km;(5)经过风暴追踪等信息的综合分析推断,6月1日可能还出现下击暴流。     

关中北部冰雹天气环境参量及雷达特征预警指标

为了提高当地冰雹预报预警及防御能力，利用地面气象观测资料、探空和双偏振雷达资料，分析2011—2020年关中北部的冰雹个例，总结冰雹天气环境发生的参量预报预警指标和雷达识别特征。结果表明：关中北部冰雹集中发生在5—8月，且6月和7月为高发时段；具有明显日变化特征，主要发生时段为14:00—18:00。暖季降雹的不稳定条件预警指标为K指数≥25.0℃，850 hPa和500 hPa的温差≥25.3℃，沙氏指数≤-1.1℃；能量条件预警指标为对流有效位能≥562 J/kg；水汽条件预警指标为500 hPa温度露点差≥9.0℃；垂直风切变预警指标为0～6 km深层风垂直切变≥7.3 m/s或0～3 km低层风垂直切变≥4.3 m/s；特殊层高度预警指标为0℃层和-20℃层高度分别为3.4～4.0 km和7.2～8.1 km。双偏振雷达识别特征预警指标为回波强度超过53 dBz，回波顶高超过10 km，回波悬垂高度超过1.8 km，且出现三体散射长钉，长钉长度超过5.2 km；速度场上低层有辐合，辐合强度超过10.5 m/s；垂直液态水含量VIL最大值高于15 kg/m²...     

一次前倾槽下混合强对流天气关键信息分析

为加强防灾减灾能力，克服强对流过程预报失误问题，本研究综合利用多源气象观测资料，对2018.6.29浙江省中南部一次混合强对流过程进行分析。结果表明：前倾槽、地面辐合线及地形抬升，导致新生对流的发展、维持；前期不稳定能量累积明显，高Cape、θse能量大值区和925 hPa比湿都对此次强对流强度有较好的指示意义，但逆温层及干侵入导致K指数参考意义差；降雹风暴中气旋出现了9个体扫并伴有强风切变，同时VIL跃增相对降雹时刻有18 min提前量，为短临预报争取了预警时间；本次过程ρVIL表现出高敏感性，将估测冰雹直径≥5和ρVIL≥4结合会对冰雹有更好的指示意义；VIL指数结合VILmax和ρVILmax可推断出风暴性质；风暴承载层抵消作用导致此次雹云风暴移动发展受限。     

“6?13”强冰雹天气雷达特征分析及对农业的影响

为了找寻冰雹天气发生的原因及对农业的影响，利用多普勒雷达的反射率因子、径向速度、垂直累积液态水含量(VIL)等产品，结合高低空环流形势及地面资料，对发生在长治市2016 年6 月13 日的强冰雹天气过程进行分析。结果表明：（1）此次冰雹天气是由高空冷槽和与地面暖低压共同作用结果；（2）强回波与三体散射(TBSS)对提前预报强冰雹有较好的指示意义；速度场的辐合辐散可以判断回波未来发展趋势，增强预判准确性；当TBSS出现一定的持续性时，TBSS可以作为强冰雹预警的辅助指标；VIL是判别冰雹的有效工具之一，且对冰雹的预报有较好的指示作用；（3）加强冰雹监测，通过及时的“点”监测，实现“面”预警，是减少冰雹对农业生产造成灾害的一种有效的补充手段。     

广西 2次雷暴大风天气过程的成因及异同分析

为了加深对华南地区雷暴大风天气形成原因的认识,为此类天气过程预报提供参考。笔者利用常规气象资料、自动站资料、多普勒雷达资料及NCEP再分析资料,分析了2014年3月30—31日广西连续2天大风天气的成因及差异。主要结论：(1)“3.30”过程发生于暖区中;“3.31”过程由地面锋面触发形成。（2）两次过程都具有强的潜在不稳定层结、风暴潜势和中低层垂直风切变,“3.31”过程强度更强。（3）层结廓线均表现为低层湿层明显,湿层之上干层清晰特征,“3.31”过程湿层较浅,比湿较大,干层较深厚。（4）对流风暴均是在地面辐合线附近生成并沿着辐合线移动发展,或者风暴移到辐合线上得到加强。“3.31”过程辐合线尺度大,移动缓慢。（5）雷达回波特征显示,“3.30”过程由局地生成发展的强单体风暴或多单体风暴造成,“3.31”过程由组织性强的飑线（弓形回波）造成,具有相似大风特征。结果显示,有组织性风暴与单体风暴在层结不稳定、中低层垂直风切变的强度及结构、地面辐合线的尺度和移动速度上有明显差异。     

2015年5月晋豫强降雹过程的诊断分析

从天气背景入手,结合多普勒雷达资料,分析2015年5月6日天气形势。结果发现：（1）此次过程主要为东北冷涡型,低层切变配合上干下湿不稳定层结,导致从西北地区来的对流云团到晋豫两省境内上空不断加强发展,最终形成飑线型风暴。（2）大气层结的不稳定性在K指数、CAPE值、SI指数、强的垂直风切变、近地面逆温层等方面均表现明显,0和-20℃层高度也有利于冰雹的产生。同时冷暖平流的垂直结构使得大气层结变得更不稳定。（3）>60 dBz强回波中心先后以“弓状回波—飑线—横倒着的“人”字型回波—飑线”的形式演变,“人”字型的顶端位置对流发展最为旺盛。（4）此次过程为飑线型的风暴群。沿着雷达方向上有非常明显的“V”型缺口和三体散射,三体散射前后持续约2 h,回波特征为低层弱回波区上空的强回波悬垂。（5）回波顶高持续在11 km以上且范围大。此次过程是多个超级单体风暴组成的风暴群,强度大、面积广、持续时间长,在历史上实属罕见。     

浙江一次副高边缘强对流天气过程分析

为进一步探究浙江强对流天气的成因,提升气象为农服务能力,利用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料及多普勒天气雷达资料等分析了2017 年8 月17 日浙江发生的一次大范围大风及冰雹天气过程,结果表明：（1）此次强对流天气过程产生于弱对流条件下,高空槽东移、西南气流增强改善了动力条件、热力条件和水汽条件,加强了不稳定层结;局地热对流、低层切变和地面辐合线为触发条件。（2）雷达垂直积分含水量密度是产生冰雹的一个重要指标,浙江本地VIL/ET≥3.9 时产生冰雹概率极大。（3）雷暴回波质心快速下降标志着大风天气的产生。雷暴后侧较干入流急流利于系统的发展加强,形成飑线。雷暴单体减弱后的大片层状降水回波长时间维持是强降水的主要成因。（4）大风天气爆发主要有2 个阶段,一是由飑线东移造成,二是飑线减弱后的单体风暴入海增强造成。飑线内部的弱中气旋是造成杭州湾沿岸大风的主要成因之一。飑线减弱后入海增强可能为海陆热力性质差异导致。     

广西一次强冰雹天气诊断和预警特征分析

为了提升冰雹天气的短时临近预报和预警服务水平,本研究利用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料以及多普勒雷达资料,对广西2013年一次强冰雹天气过程的环境条件和雷达回波结构特征进行分析。结果表明：500 hPa高原槽和南支槽、低层切变线以及地面冷锋是此次强对流天气的影响系统。高空槽前正涡度平流、0~6 km强垂直风切变、较强的大气层结不稳定度、0℃层和-20℃层高度都有利于大冰雹的产生,强对流风暴发生在水汽强辐合区中。产生大冰雹的对流风暴为典型的超级单体风暴,具有低层钩状回波、有界弱回波区、三体散射(TBSS)及持久深厚的中气旋等特征。显著的三体散射回波、60 dBz回波持续扩展到-20℃层高度以上、风暴顶强辐散这些判据可作为判别强冰雹的雷达特征指标。     

长治市一次强冰雹天气雷达特征分析及对农业的影响

为了找寻冰雹天气发生的原因及对农业的影响,利用多普勒雷达的反射率因子、径向速度、垂直累积液态水含量(VIL)等产品,结合高低空环流形势及地面资料,对发生在长治市2016年6月13日的强冰雹天气过程进行分析。结果表明:(1)此次冰雹天气是由高空冷槽和与地面暖低压共同作用结果;(2)强回波与三体散射(TBSS)对提前预报强冰雹有较好的指示意义;速度场的辐合辐散可以判断回波未来发展趋势,增强预判准确性;当TBSS出现一定的持续性时,TBSS可以作为强冰雹预警的辅助指标;VIL是判别冰雹的有效工具之一,且对冰雹的预报有较好的指示作用;(3)加强冰雹监测,通过及时的"点"监测,实现"面"预警,是减少冰雹对农业生产造成灾害的一种有效的补充手段。     

广西汛期2次暖区暴雨成因的对比分析

为了加深对华南暖区暴雨的认识,提高此类暴雨的预报准确率,利用常规气象观测资料、广西中尺度站逐时雨量资料及NCEP1°×1°格点再分析资料,对广西2015 年5 月14—15 日（简称“5.14”）和6 月13—14 日（简称“6.13”）2 次暖区暴雨天气过程进行对比分析。结果表明：2 次过程均发生在850 hPa 一致的偏南气流中,暴雨发生前有不稳定能量的积蓄,低层925~850 hPa 较强的垂直风切变加强了对流系统的发展,中尺度地面辐合线是不稳定能量释放的触发机制。所不同的是：“5.14”暴雨过程期间副高加强西伸,中尺度对流系统呈现出准静止的特点,对流云发展旺盛,属于积状云为主的混合降水回波;锋前?型高能舌区较为宽广,低空急流强盛且伸展高度较高,有利于大气中低层水汽的输送以及垂直运动的发展。“6.13”暴雨过程期间副高减弱东退,“列车效应”造成持续降水,对流回波伸展高度较低,属于层状云和积状云混合降水;整层高湿的环境降低了蒸发率,有助于出现范围较大的降水。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Inheritance of fruit colour in a wild Russian red raspberry seedling

Summary A new gene, i, from a self-incompatible wild Russian Rubus idaeus seedling is described. The gene i interacts with the fruit colour gene T, Tii plants having apricot instead of red fruits, and spines, leaves and stems pigmented to varying degrees. A deficit of apricot-fruited seedlings in progenies segregating for i could be explained by linkage between i and the self-incompatibility S locus with a crossover value of approximately 26.7%.Segregations for spine colour in crosses and backcrosses of the Russian seedling with two green-spined (ttII) raspberries selected for their yellow fruit colour, showed that both the latter carried the spine colour intensifier gene P. This suggests that earlier authors were incorrect in attributing the apricot fruit colour developed by some tt plants to a pleiotropic effect of P.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.